1. Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009/Orlando Jussi Impiö/NRC/BeijingLab/Africa NRC? 1 min Nokia Research Africa 9 min Bright and Dark Visions 30 min Conclusions 5 min Discussion 15 min

2. Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 Nokia Research Africa Nokia Research Center: Helsinki Lab Tampere Lab Euro Lab (Cambridge UK, Lausanne) Palo Alto (Cambridge, Berkley, Hollywood) Beijing Lab (Beijing, Bangalore (India), Nairobi (Sub-Saharan Africa) 2

3. Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 Nokia Research Africa Nokia Research Africa studies the people in low-income communities in Sub-Saharan Africa To develop services and devices to best suit the needs of African users Focus: 2-6 years ahead Economical and socio-cultural SUSTAINABILITY Field research in and with the communities Concept design and prototyping Field trialing and further development 3

4. Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 Nokia Research Africa New approach to total cost of ownership, business models Services and devices which can spark and accelerate the growth of the grassroots economy and active citizenship Economical and socio-cultural SUSTAINABILITY Affordable devices Beneficiary and profitable services Local content for the local needs 4 Jussi Impiö / National Museum Nairobi / 30.09.2008

6. Micro entrepreneurship and trade

7. Informal banking

8. Mobile payment

9. Mobile Banking

10. TCO

11. 2.) Social / Media:

12. Relevance

13. Trust

14. Control (Peer, NGO, Governmental, etc)

15. Medium

16. 2way (creation, consumption) Research projects intersecting various areas simultaneously 5 Jussi Impiö / National Museum Nairobi / 30.09.2008

18. Usability: 1

19. UI Design: 2

20. Social Sciences: 2

21. Development Economy:1

22. + one more this year… Mokeira, Lucy, Pauline Imelda, Moses, Emmanuel, Billy, Tito, Brian, Wendy, Shihui, Jussi 6 Jussi Impiö / National Museum Nairobi / 30.09.2008

23. VISION: Bright Visions & Dark Visions: AnalogyA: Biology Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 Introducing new species in to the new habitat: Why? What is the benefit of the introduction? What are the potential effects to the environment? Which endemic/localized species are in that same ecological niche? Will they be endangered? How? Attracting and supporting harmful species? Resources: water, nutrition Can the benefits and harmful effects be measured and weighted? Can the harmful effects be controlled? How to make it survive? Is this the only question R&D ever asks?

24. VISION: Bright Visions & Dark Visions: Analogy B: History (human evolution) Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 “All human networks are mixture of co-operation and competition. In the end the communities and their strength is all about communication. Communication allows co-operation between individuals. Because of communication, group of individuals can set and try to achieve common goals and it allows individuals to specialize in what they know best and are most motivated to. The co-operation, created by the improved communication, can make communities much stronger and richer than they otherwise would be. In time, the improved communication leads eventually also towards greater inequality between the communities and within the communities.” Historians J.R. MC Neill, William H. Mc Neill in their book:Human Web

25. VISION: Bright Visions & Dark Visions Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 Education (children) Active citizenship (M-Democracy and Social /Media) Agriculture Health care Micro business Mobile banking Gender equality (empowering of women)

26. VISION 1: Mobile Education: Current Problem areas Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 Problems: school fees + other expences large class sizes (125) Teachers (language /other skills) Outdated educational material Inequality in school: gender, family, tribe, social/economical status + corruption Malnutrition

28. Eductional content timely and relevant for the location and society to the individuals devices

29. Teachers receiving educational content:

30. Access to free/affrodable educational material with individual mobile devices

31. Eductional content timely and relevant for the location and society to individual devices

32. Information about educational opportunities available

34. Resistance from governements

35. Systems too expensive: devices, services inaccesible

36. Content not understandable to the teachers: no cultural relevance, language

39. Language

40. Lack of access to government data/officials

42. language

44. VISION 2: M-Democracy:The Dark Vision Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 Why would it not happen: No business model to sustain the mobile citizen platform in low-income communities No network coverage everywhere Governments resisting expanding of civic rights and open word to secure their position

46. Local cultures and languages are overwritten with more powerful cultures and languages:

47. Monoculture, dominated by English/French and commercial culture influenced by the west

48. Aid dependency increases. Help is not necessary development.

49. Open uncontrolled media platform for the heterogeneous audience with no/limited previous exposure to media or social media:

50. Propaganda: religious, political, tribal

51. Agitation to violent/criminal activity

53. Fragmentation of farming area (heritage of land)

54. Climate change: Draught, floods

55. Access to farming land: landownership

56. Lack of information:

57. Weather

58. New crops adjustable to the climate

59. New cash crops to meet the market needs

60. Market data: channels, prices

62. Weather

63. New crops adjustable to the climate

64. New cash crops to meet the market needs

65. Market data: channels, prices

66. Network of individuals with mobiles creating networks of accurate weather, crop, market prices prediction

67. Direct sales from farmer to the consumer

68. Financed by combination of businesses, governments, NGOs and users.19 © 2008 Nokia V1-Filename.ppt / YYYY-MM-DD / Initials

70. No realistic business model to sustain the agricultural platform in low-income communities.

71. No locally relevant information available (conditions vary greatly within short distances)

72. Understandability and relevance of the farming related data20 © 2008 Nokia Innovation Summit Africa 2008

74. Prices eventually get lower as competition gets tighter and faster: More work needed to gain same income

75. Changes in the structure of commerce as middleman and retail bypassed: changes in social hierarchies and communal dynamics

77. Low resources: lack of facilities, personnel, training, medication

78. Low access to health care due lack of money, long distances and knowledge

80. Early diagnose > early treatment > good results > low cost

81. Low costs: access to health insurance systems

82. Data gathering and analyzing: more effective prevention of epidemics, targeting the medical resources effectively for prevention and treatment

83. Registration of births, deaths and personal health profiles

84. Family planning: controlled population growth

86. No realistic business model to sustain the health care platform in low-income communities.

87. Localized health data too expensive to produce

88. Governments resisting due costs

89. Inexperienced and low in numbers healthcare personnel resisting24

91. Messages not understood > more people die

92. Tools used in marketing medical products

93. Increase in population growth25

95. Lack of specialization > Multitasking

96. Lack of training: book keeping, planning, marketing

97. Access to loans and lack of vision

98. Lack of motivation for expansion: social pressures by fellow business man

100. Book keeping

101. Business training

102. Bank access

103. Marketing and sales

104. Customer relations

105. Time saving = more time for doing the business or expanding and streamlining it

108. Social support mechanisms of micro e´s broken with a direct competition: hierarchies within communities and families challenged > conflicts29 © 2008 Nokia V1-Filename.ppt / YYYY-MM-DD / Initials

110. Savings: Financial security

111. Loans: local development and investment

112. Lack of bank office networks: long distances

113. Banking expenses too high for most

114. ID and address needed

116. No interest paid to the user (but to Safaricom in Kenya)

117. High expenses in maintaining the agent network (12500 in Kenya)

118. No network coverage

119. One operator network keeps the cost high

121. Safety in money handling

122. Direct access to bank

123. More active grassroots economy >more income, wealthier societies31 IMS 16.09.2008

125. Security aspects too difficult to overcome

126. No realistic business model to sustain the ladies platform in low-income communities.

128. Lack of competition keeps the costs high and bop is not reached33

130. Women have no role in decision making in the family or in the community

131. Sexual violence towards women

132. Less education

133. Difficulties in progressing in careers

134. FGM

135. Child marriage

136. Structural changes in societies has diminished the role of men in agriculture:

137. No hunting, smaller fields, less cattle, no warrior status

138. Women's jobs are left and increased

140. Mobile education and services to empower female in entrepreneurship

142. Difficult to get male leaders to get interested

144. As a response: similar systems used in controlling women

146. VISION: Bright and Dark Rules of Thumb: Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 Do enough deep enough research Do cross cultural research Consult local organizations Ask the government Ask journalists Make large, long and controlled pilots Always introduce new features with the most relevant (and politically neutral?) content Educate the users with the (media) skills needed Don't trust your intuition too much “EXPECT the worst” Be real(ideal)istic! 39 © 2008 Nokia V1-Filename.ppt / YYYY-MM-DD / Initials

147. jussi.impio@nokia.com Globicomp/Ubicomp/2009 (Thanks, any questions?)