1. Human-To-Human Relationship Model
Joyce Travelbee

2. Central Theme
A sick person finding
meaning in illness and
suffering and human-to-
human relationship.

3. Basic Concepts
1. Suffering
"An experience that varies
in intensity, duration and depth
... a feeling of unease, ranging
from mild, transient
mental, physical or mental
discomfort to extreme pain and
extreme tortured ..."

4. 2.Meaning
Meaning is the reason as
oneself attributes

5. 3.Hope
Nurse's job is to help the patient to
maintain hope and avoid hopelessness.
Hope is a faith that can and will be
change that would bring something better
with it.
Hope's core lies in a
fundamental trust the outside world, and
a belief that others will help someone
when you need it.

6. Six important factors characteristics of hope are:
• It is strongly associated with dependence on other
people.
• It is future oriented.
• It is linked to elections from several alternatives or
escape routes out of its situation.
• The desire to possess any object or condition, to
complete a task or have an experience.
• Confidence that others will be there for one when
you need them.
• The hoping person is in possession of courage to be
able to acknowledge its shortcomings and fears and
go forward towards its goal.

7. 4.Communication
"a strict necessity for good nursing
care"

8. 5.Therapeutic use of self
The ability to use one‟s
personality consciously and in full
awareness in an attempt to establish
relatedness and to structure nursing
interventions.
Refers to the nurse‟s presence, “a
physical „being there‟, and
psychological being with a patient for
the purpose of meeting the patient‟s
health care needs.”

9. Human-To-Human Relationship
Model

10. Original Encounter
First impression by the
nurse with the ill person.

11. Emerging Identities
Nurse and patient
perceive each other as a
unique person. Bonds begin
to form.

12. Empathy
The ability to share in
the other person‟s
experience.

13. Sympathy
The nurse has the desire
to alleviate the cause of the
patient‟s illness or suffering.

14. Rapport
Nursing actions are done
to relieve the patient‟s
distress.

16. Person
A unique irreplaceable
individual who is in a
continuous process of
becoming, evolving and
changing.

17. Environment
Not defined.

18. Health
It includes the individual‟s perception of
health and the absence of disease.
Is subjective and objective.
Subjective health is an individually defined
state of well being in accord with self-appraisal of
physical-emotional-spiritual status.
Objective health is an absence of discernible
disease, disability of defect as measured by physical
examination, laboratory tests and assessment by
spiritual director or psychological counselor.

19. Nursing
The critical work of psychiatric
nursing is to help people develop a
sense of self through a healing
interpersonal relationship.
The instrument for the delivery
of interpersonal nursing is the
therapeutic use of self.