1. Govt. R. C. College of Commerce & Management
Organizational Behavior
Module -2
FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
Submitted to: Dr. B. Chardashekar
Dept. of Management
Presentation by:
Deepak Kumar S.C
Harshita
Girish.D
Imran
Dilip
Kiran
Iliyas

2. CONTENTS;
 Individual Behavior
 Foundation of Individual Behavior
 Personality
 Self-Concept
 Perception

3. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
“Individual behavior means some concrete action by a person.”
For instance, how a teacher behaves in the class reflects his behavior. The behavior
of an individual is influenced by various factors.
Some of the factors lies within him e.g., his instincts, personality
traits, internal feelings, etc., while some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is a part e.g., events conveying some information, & other
peoples‟ behavior that directly influence his behavior etc.
The environment acts as a „stimulus‟ & the person
responds to it. The teacher is affected by students‟ behavior & in turn affects their
behavior. Thus, individual behavior is not a self-induced phenomenon, but is
affected by a larger system. For Ex: group, family, & the society within which one
functions.

4. Factors Influencing Individual Behavior
 Personality
 Ability
 Perception
 Motivation
 Organizational Factors
 Socio-Culture Factor
Foundation Of Individual Behavior
 Personal Factors
 Environmental Factors
 Organizational Factors
 psychological Factors

5. Psychological
Personal Factors Personality
Age Perception
Sex Attitudes
Education Values
Abilities Learning
Marital status
No. of dependants
Creativity
Emotional intelligence
Individual
Behaviour
Organisational
Systems & Resources Environmental Factors
Physical facilities
Economic
Organisation structure & design
Social norms & cultural values
Leadership
Ethics & social responsibility
Reward system
Political
Work – related behavior
Foundation of Individual Behavior

6. PERSONALITY
Meaning and Definition of personality
According to Schiffman and kanuk: “Personality can be defined as those
inner psychological characteristics that both determine and reflect how a person responds to
his or her environment.”
Nature of personality
 Personality Traits
 Personality Reflects Individual Difference
 Personality is Consistent and Enduring
 Personality can Change

7. Shaping of personality/Stages of personality Development
Stages
Freudian Erikson‟s Cognitive Chris
stage stages stages Argyris
1. Oral stage 1. Infancy 1. Sensorimotor 1. Immaturity to
2. Anal stage 2. Early childhood 2. Preoperational maturity
3. School age 3. Concrete operational
3. Phallic stage 4. Play age
4. Latency stage 4. Play age
5. Formational
5. Young adulthood
5. Genital stage operational
6. Late adulthood

8. Biological Cultural Factors
Factors
Personality
Family and Social
Factors Situational Factors Other Factors
Determinants of Personality

9. Managerial Application Of Personality
 Matching Jobs and Individuals
 Designing Motivation System
 Designing Control System
Personality Dimension
 Locus Of Control
 Authoritarianism
 Machiavellianism
 Introversion and Extroversion
 Bureaucratic Personality
 Problem Solving Style
 Type “A” and Type “B”

10. SELF-CONCEPT
Meaning;
According to Sociologist Viktor Gecas “Self-Concept is the concept the
individual has of himself as physical ,social and spiritual or moral being.
Types of Self-concept/Self-Image
 Actual self-Image
 Ideal self-Image
 Social self-Image
 Ideal Social self-Image
 Expected Social self-Image

11. How Self-concepts Develops
 Self-Appraisal
 Reflected Appraisal
 Social Comparison
 Biased Scanning
Aspects of Self-concept Self-Esteem
Aspects of
Self-concept
Self-Efficiency

12. SELF-ESTEEM
Meaning;
“Self-Esteem means pride in oneself or self-respect. Self-esteem is the extent to
which a person believes that he or she is worthwhile and deserving individual.”
Six pillars of Self-Esteem
Live Consciously
Be Self-Accepting
Take Personal Responsibility
Be Self-Assertive
Live Purposefully
Have Personal Integrity

13. Strategies For Building Self-Esteem
 Free yourself from “Should”
 Respect your own Needs
 Respecting your deeper Needs
 Set Achievable Goals
 Talk to yourself Positively
 Test your Reality
 Experience Success
 Take Chances
 Solve Problems
 Make Decisions
 Develop your Skills
 Emphasize your Strengths
 Rely on your own Opinion of your self

14. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY
ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”
Perception

15. PERCEPTION
“The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through
which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious
experience of objects and object relationship.”
“Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense
of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to
categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing
knowledge.”
“A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.”

16. The Perceptual Process
Sensation
An individual‟s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate
environment.
Selection
The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that
have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.
Organization
The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a
framework for “storage.”
Translation
The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted
and given meaning

17. Components Of Perception
STIMULI
Overt Environment ATTENTION Recognition
Physical Sensory & Mediators &
Socio-cultural Neural mechanisms Physical organisms
Work relation
Covert or internal environment
Sensor
Self
Translation
Response
Organism
Decisions
Performance Behavior
Satisfaction Action Overt
Expectation & Satisfaction Physical Action
Performance evaluation Reaction Covert
Retrospection Mental State

18. Factors Influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Factors in the situation
• Time Perception
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity

19. Perceptual Organization
 It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into
recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.
 Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on
assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the
human brain. These are
- Figure ground
- Perceptual grouping

20. Figure-Ground Illustration
Field-ground differentiation
The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that
is classified as figure as
opposed to background.

21. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
 Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable
pattern.
 It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn.
 Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity
-closure
-proximity
-similarity
Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

22. Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine
whether it is internally or externally caused.
Observation Interpretation Attribution of cause
H
Distictinctiveness External
L Internal
H
Individual External
Consensus
Behavior
L Internal
H Internal
Consistency L External
H –High L- Low

23. Shortcuts In Judging Others
Selective Perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience and attitudes.
Halo Effect: Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single
characteristics.
Contrast Effect: Evaluation of a person‟s characteristics that are effected by
comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the
same characteristics.
Projection: Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.
Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of one‟s perception of the group to which
that persons belongs.

24. Organizational Behavior /
Perception 24

25. Organizational Behavior /
Perception 25

26. Organizational Behavior /
Perception 26

27. Case Study