UNST-245S-W36, GROUP 2 - FINAL

1. Technology & Protest
PRESENTATION BY
GINGER HUIZAR AND MAIKO DELGADO

2. FILMS
Ghost in the Shell, 1995 Robots, 2005

3. GHOST IN THE SHELL
Ghost in a Shell is about two cyborgs, Major
Motoko Kusanagi and Batou. A cyborgs job is much
like a police officers’ job. They patrol public
safety. Major Motoko Kusanagi and Batou are
assigned the task of finding a hacker that goes
by the name, Puppet Master. While everyone in
the film looked like humans, they were actually
shells. These shells are completely robotic, but
house the souls of individuals. The Puppet Master is responsible for creating
illegal shells via hacking his way into functioning shells.
When the two cyborgs get a hold of The Puppet Master they try to disconnect
him from his shell, but The Puppet Master has also been hacked into a long time
ago, so he no longer knows his true identity.
Major Motoko Kusanagi and Batou are representatives of people who enforce
societal rules and The Puppet Master is an example of technology and the crime
that can come with being in a technological world.

4. ROBOTS
Robots is an American
PG computer animated
film released in 2005. It
was a joint effort that was
directed by Chris Wedge
and William Joyce. The
film was originally to be
created after William
Joyce’s children’s book
Santa Calls, but evolved
into a work of its own
about robots. There were
6 credited film writers
and its voice crew Winner of 2006 ASCAP Award for Top Box Office Film
featured an all star cast
with Ewan Winner of 2005 MTV Movie Award for Favorite Song for a Movie
McGregor, Halle
Berry, Mel Brooks, Paula Nominated for 13 other awards
Abdul, Drew
Carey, James Earl The American Film Institute nominated Robots for its Top 10
Jones, Jay Leno, Al Animated Films List
Roker, and Robin
Williams.

5. ROBOTS
ROBOTS IS A FILM ABOUT A YOUNG INVENTOR, RODNEY, WHO IS BORN INT O
A TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED WORLD OF ROBOTS, POOR BUT BRILLIANT.
HE LEAVES HOME AGAINST HIS MOTHERS WISHES TO GO TO THE CITY TO
MEET THE ICONIC INVENTOR, MR. BIGWELL, IN HOPES OF GETTING A JOB
AS AN INVENTOR. BIGWELL HAS THE CLASSIC SAYING “SEE A NEED, FILL A
NEED” , AND RODNEY LIVES BY THESE WORDS.
RODNEY ENDS UP WITH A GROUP OF MISFITS ONCE IN THE CITY WHO OFFE R
HIM A PLACE TO STAY. HE SOON COMES TO FIND THAT THE COMPANY IS
DOING AWAY WITH OLD PARTS AND BOTS. HE WANTS TO SPEAK UP, BUT
EVERYONE IS SCARED OF GOING TO THE CHOP SHOP FOR SPEAKING OUT.
RODNEY TAKES THE LEAD AND LEADS A PROTEST INSISTING ON CHANGE, S O
THAT EVERYONE IN ROBOT CITY HAS A CHANCE, NOT JUST NEW SHINY
BOTS. HE GIVES THE BOTS A VOICE, A MEANING, AND A LEADER, IN AN
ATTEMPT TO PROTEST TECHNOLOGY THAT IS BEING USED THE WRONG
WAY, SO THAT HE MIGHT HELP AID IN TECHNOLOGY THAT FITS MR.
BIGWELLS SAYING IN AN INCLUSIVE SOCIETY.

6. FILM LINKS
GHOST IN THE SHELL:
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=XHFS7OQ_CWK
ALSO VISIT THEIR WEBSITE:
HTTP://WWW.GHOSTINTHESHELL.TV/
ROBOTS:
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=N8U2L-CQHX8&FEATURE=RELATED
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=YQXJM0APQ_C&FEATURE=RELATED
OTHER RELATED FILMS WITH SIMILAR THEMES
REAL STEEL:
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=GXKJQ9NSOBS
I, ROBOT:
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=S0F3JEDVEEO

7. Social and technological
progress is overseen by those
in charge within a society. If
our leaders are wrong in
their execution to achieve
progress, someone often
pays the price. Because we
are a class system, those who
pay the greatest price are the
poor, uneducated, minority
groups first because they are
the most expendable.
We must constantly move
forward to achieve change.
Sometimes that requires that
we go against the social
norm. We may risk our
lives, our reputations, and
challenge others to do so as
well. But, we have to ask
ourselves, what is more
important, equality, or
reputation, and where do I
draw the line? This is a
problem faced in the films
and in our society.

8. SYNOPSIS

9. SYNOPSIS cont.
 Both films revolve around the main characters who are
facing a moral demine, left to fight on the side of good
against bad within their society. This is a common
storyline plot within many films, but also within many
cultures and societies.
We will examine American culture with examples of
moral derived dilemma in our society . We will take a
look at how this has shaped social movements in this
country from the beginning to the present. By looking at
these examples we are able to see how protest and
progress are connected, as discussed in the film
overviews and in American history.

10. SYNOPSIS cont.
 The central theme of each film revolves around
technology and progress . The main characters in the
films are fighting against technology, yet not exactly
against progress, just the way society is attempting
progress.
In American history we have many individuals who
made brilliant contributions to society and our
countries advancement through science and social
sciences. They too were often found on the fighting
end of their careers, seeking progress that they
believed in when the majority did not support it.

11. SYNOPSIS cont.
 In American society, we have a class system. Like Rodney
in Robots, many of America’s brilliant inventors and
social activists and leaders derived from poor
backgrounds at the bottom of that system. They believed
in change and the hard work and tenacity required from
everyone in order to obtain a more advanced society.
It has been addressed from both groups how their
intentions were to help and to inspire the next generation
like themselves. These examples reiterate how
imperative it is not to discriminate against
someone, whether it be race, class, or sex. We all deserve
a chance to be brilliant!

12. SYNOPSIS cont.
 In the end, our films exemplified examples of protest
and technology in different realms, cultural
context, and plots. But, they share the same
messages.
More importantly we seen how when power in
society is given to one group over another they are
often pitted against each other. By protesting, it
enable there to be a shift in power, helping the
minority individuals create a stronger platform to be
understood. This has also been the case in many
American protests.

13. The History of American
Protest
AMERICA IS A YOUNG COUNTRY IN RELATION TO
OTHERS AROUND THE WORLD. AND LIKE MOST
ICONIC VERSIONS OF YOUTH, AMERICA IS
RAPIDLY ADVANCING.
IN THE PAST 100 YEARS WE HAVE SEEN MANY
CHANGES WITHIN OUR SOCIETY. THOSE
CHANGES HAVE OFTEN BEEN QUITE
SIGNIFICANT AND HAVE NOT COME EASILY AND
WITHOUT PROTEST.

14. Change.
Is it Fair? Is it necessary?
American Airlines employees protest the
company’s restructuring plan at Dallas-Fort
Worth International Airport in
Grapevine, Texas.

15. The History of American
Protest cont.
TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION, ANTI -WAR
PROTESTS, WOMEN’S RIGHTS, MINORITIES
RIGHTS, LABOR RIGHTS, AND NOW AS WE SETTLE INTO
A NEW CENTURY, OUR COUNTRY IS EXPERIENCING A
NEW SOCIAL UPROAR, THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT.
WHEN PEOPLE IN THIS COUNTRY ARE FACED WITH A
SOCIALLY MORAL DERIVED DILEMMA , WE HAVE SEEN
THEM BAN TOGETHER AND FORM A VOICE IN ORDER
TO ADDRESS OUR POLITICAL FOREMEN, SOCIAL
LAW, AND THE REST OF THE COUNTRY.

16. The History of American
Protest cont.
PROTESTS ARE OFTEN NOT MAJORITY SUPPORTED IN
THIS COUNTRY. THEY HAVE TURNED VIOLENT AND
DEADLY. THEY HAVE BEEN LONG AND DRAINING FOR
BOTH SIDES. THEY HAVE DRAWN LINES IN THE SAND
BETWEEN PEOPLE.
BUT, THEY HAVE ALSO HELPED TO CREATE REAL AND
NECESSARY PROGRESSIVE CHANGE WITHIN SOCIETY.
AND EACH GENERATION TO FOLLOW HAS REAPED THE
FRUITS OF THE LABOR DERIVED FROM GENERATIONS
BEFORE US.

17. PROTEST MAKES A DIFFERENCE
High school students are hit by a high-pressure
A multi-cultural class anywhere in
water jet from a fire hose during a protest in
Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 America, circa 2000

18. The History of American
Protest cont.
TECHNOLOGY MIGHT EQUATE PROGRESS, BUT
PROTEST ALSO EQUATES PROGRESS FOR AMERICA.
JUST AS THE COUNTRY HAS USED TECHNOLOGY TO
MOVE FORWARD INTO ONE OF THE MOST
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD, OUR
CITIZENS HAVE ALSO USED PROTEST TO MOVE
FORWARD INTO ONE OF THE MOST SOCIALLY
PROGRESSIVE COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD.

19. The Boston Tea Party, December
16, 1773
The Boston Tea Party was the
original American protest.
Citizens were fed up with the
increasing taxation that the
British imposed on all tea
imported. British Americans
did not vote in
elections, however the British
parliament was still able to
impose heavy taxes on the
British colonies in the
Americas.
When a law was passed that
gave the East India Company a
monopoly on tea, the company
was required to sell Britain the
tea at wholesale, while they in
turn resold it at a considerable
inflation to British Americans.
When colonists heard about the
severe injustice they threw the
tea in the Boston The Original American Protest
Harbor, hence the name The
Boston Tea Party. This action
can be seen as the start of the
American Revolution, and the
first notable protest .

20. Long after the American
Revolution women were still
denied the right to vote. Without
the right to vote women were not
being viewed as true American
citizen’s, but as owned
property, as was their income
and any inherited property since
she was not allowed to ownership
rights, per Coventry Laws.
Naturally, many women were
dissatisfied with having no voice
in their country. Gradually
momentum was built and women
began protesting. The NAWSA, or
National American Women's
Suffrage Association was formed
in 1916. This group pioneered the
way for women to obtain equal
rights. They began silent protests
at the White House until their
needs were met. By 1920 women Women’s Suffrage
were given the right to vote with
the passing of the 19th
Amendment.

21. The United Auto Workers, or
UWA, is one of the largest labor
unions in the country. Founded in
the 1930s, in Flint, Michigan, the
UWA was created out of necessity
for poorly treated autoworkers of the
General Motors Factory. During the
early 1930s, America was reeling
from the harsh times of the Great
Depression. As a result of the stock
market crash, employee wages and
the demand of cars being low.
General Motors implemented new
regulations that would decrease the
worker’s weekly wage in half and
began sending work to plants that
were not apart of a union.
One night the workers of the Fischer
body plant stopped
production, locked the factory
doors, and sat down next to their
machines. They refused to leave
until their needs were met. General
Motors put up a large fight. They
turned off the heat with temps
reaching almost zero, called
authorities and threatened legal
action to all the workers involved.
The strike lasted forty days and
ended in favor of the workers. With Behind the United Auto Workers
the help of the mayor and president
Roosevelt The workers demands
were met and they were also given a
(UWA)
five percent pay increase.

22. The Civil Rights Movement of the
1950’s and 60’s forever changed
America. The movement is best
known for its nonviolent methods
of struggle taken from Gandhi, to
achieve change that was lead by
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. It
aimed at outlawing racial
discrimination against African
Americans and restoring voting
rights. The movement lasted nine
years from the time Rosa Parks sat
down and refused to give her seat
up to a white passenger to the time
that Congress outlawed Jim Crow
Laws and restored voting rights
and the right to integrated, equal
education.
The Civil Rights era was a trying
and dangerous time for many
Americans. As a matter of fact
Birmingham alone experienced
over 50 bombings between 1947
and 1965 as a result to the Civil
Rights Movement. But, the
movement worked. Dr. King’s
death and the death and abuse of
so many victims did not go without The Civil Rights Movement
a purpose that has been burned
into our American history.

23. The Occupy Movement is
becoming widely publicized as
it has continued on. It started
September 17, 2011 in New
York City as a protest in
Zuccotti Park. From there it
grew into a show of protests
around the country in a move
of solidarity.
The groups are against the
social and economical
inequality in this country. They
feel that there is greed and
corruption between the
corporations and the
government that is effecting
the quality of life of the
American. Their slogan is “We
are the 99%”. It refers to the
wealthiest 1% that owns the
majority of the country.
The Occupy Movement is The Occupy Movement
young, and as we have seen
with the Civil Rights, Women's
Suffrage, Welfare Rights, ect.
These movements take time to
see change. So America waits.

24. PROTEST
IN THE END, AS WE SEEN IN THE FILMS, AND IN
OUR COUNTRY'S HISTORY, SOMETIMES PROTEST
IS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE PROGRESS.

25. TECHNOLOGY
WHEN WE HEAR THE WORD TECHNOLOGY, WE ARE
INCLINED TO THINK OF THE NEWEST COMPUTERS AND
GAMING SYSTEMS. BUT, AMERICAN MADE
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS BEGAN LONG BEFORE
THAT. IT CAN BE SEEN IN A VARIETY OF FORMS IN
AMERICAN HISTORY.
THESE ADVANCEMENTS HELPED CATAPULT AMERICA
INTO THE FOREFRONT OF “CUTTING EDGE” AND
ESTABLISH OUR PLACE IN THE WORLD ECONOMY, AS
WELL AS CHANGE LIFE AROUND THE COUNTRY AND
THE WORLD.

26. TECHNOLOGY cont
.
AMERICAN MADE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
CAN BE BROKEN INTO THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES:
INDUSTRIALIZED TECHNOLOGY, IMPROVED LIVING
TECHNOLOGY, AND MODERN AGE TECHNOLOGY.
THESE ARE ALL INTERDEPENDENT BECAUSE WITHOUT
ONE, YOU LIKELY WOULD NOT HAVE ANOTHER.
* PLEASE NOTE THAT THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE NOT ALL THE AMERICAN
INVENTIONS, BUT THE MOST NOTEWORTHY WHEN LOOKING AT PROGRESS *

27. AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIZED TECHNOLOGY

28. AMERICAN INDUSRTIALIZED TECHNOLOGY
 1752, Benjamin Franklin invents the  1839, Charles Goodyear invents rubber
lightening rod (Precursor to electricity) vulcanization
 1776 , David Bushnell invents the  1842, Joseph Dart builds the 1st grain
submarine , used during The elevator
Revolutionary War (also invents the 1st  1862, Richard Gatling patents the
time bomb) “machine gun”
 1786, John Fitch invents the steamboat  1879, John Moses Browning invents
 1794, Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin semi-automatic shotgun (including the
 1831, Cyrus McCormick invents the reaper lever-action repeating rifle, semi-
(an invention considered to revolutionize automatic shotgun, .22 caliber rifle, the
farming) Browning 1919 .30 caliber and M2 .50
 1834, Henry Blair patents a corn planter caliber machine guns (MGs), and the
and in 1836 cotton planter. (Henry Blair Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR).
was the only inventor to be identified in Perhaps his most famous weapon, the
the Patent Office records as "a colored BAR was adopted by the military and
man” and signed with an “X” because he famously used by soldiers in World
could not write.) War I.)
 1836, Samuel Colt invents the revolver  1903, Michael J. Owens invents a bottle-
(used in the Mexican War and The Civil making machine
War, His manufacturing methods also at  1903, the Wright brothers invent the 1st
the forefront of the Industrial Revolution gas motored and manned airplanes
because he was the 1st industrialist to
successfully employ an assembly line)  1904, Benjamin Holt invents a tractor

29. AMERICAN INDUSRTIALIZED TECHNOLOGY cont.
 1906, Lewis Nixon invents a sonar  1952, Edward Teller and team build
device hydrogen bomb
 1908, Henry Ford sold the 1st Model T  1954, Caplin, Fuller and Pearson invent
car (also invented 1st automatic the solar cell
conveyer built)
 1911, Charles Kettering invents 1st
automobile electrical ignition system
 1914, Garrett A. Morgan invents the gas
mask (1923 a traffic light)
 1916, Henry Brearly invents stainless
steel
 1920, John Thompson patents the
Tommy gun
 1926, Robert Godard invent liquid-
fueled rockets
 1936, Sanuek Colt patents the coldt
revolver’
 1945, US creates the Atomic bomb

30. AMERICAN IMPROVED LIVING TECHNOLOGY

31. AMERICAN IMPROVED LIVING TECHNOLOGY
 1780, Benjamin Franklin invents Bi-  1851, Issac Singer invents 1st
focal eye glasses “automatic” sewing machine
 1834, Jacob Perkins invents ether ice  1857, George Pullman invents the
machine (early refrigeration device) “sleeping car” for train travel
 1835, Solymon Merrick patents the  1858, Hamilton Smith patents the
wrench rotary washing machine
 1845, Elias Howe invents 1st successful  1868, George Westinghouse invents air
“modern” sewing machine (his brakes
machine contained 3 essential features  1873, Joseph Glidden invents barbed
still found in today's machines) wire
 1846 , Dr. William Morton 1st to use  1876, Melvile Bissell patents the “carpet
anesthesia for tooth extraction sweeper”
 1848, Waldo Hanchett patents the  1884, Lewis Edison Waterman invents
dental chair the fountain pen
 1849, Walter Hunt invents the safety  1886, Josephine Cochrane invents 1st
pin automatic dishwasher
 1850, Joel Houghton given 1st patent  1889, Joshua Pusey invents the
for a hand crank dishwasher matchbook

32. AMERICAN IMPROVED LIVING TECHNOLOGY cont.
 1893, W.L. Judson invents the zipper  Dow Corp invests silicone breast implants
 1891, Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator  1969, Paul Winchell invents the artificial
 1896, H. O’Sullivan invents the rubber heart.
soled heel  1980, Baruch Blumberg invents Hepatitis
 1902, Willis Carrier invents the air vaccine
conditioner  1986, Gregory Gallico invents synthetic
 1903, Mary Anderson invents windshield skin
wipers  1992, Jerome Schentag invented the smart
 1913, Mary Phelps Jacob invents the bra pill
 1913, Gideon Sundback invents the  1994, Hoffman LaRoche Inc. invented
modern zipper HIV protease inhibitor
 1915, Lloyd Copeman receives the patent  2001, Dr. Kenneth Matsumura invents
for the electric stove artificial liver
 Clearance Birdseye invents frozen food  2002, Francisco Guerro invents date rape
 1930, Richard Drew patents scotch tape drug spotter
 1954, Oral Contraceptives invents “the  2004, Robert Langer invents
pill” SonoPrep, is a device that will deliver
medication by sound waves rather than
 1954, Dr. Jonas Salk invents Polio vaccine injection

33. AMERICAN MODERN AGE TECHNOLOGY

34. AMERICAN MODERN AGE TECHNOLOGY
 1829, W.A. Burt invents a typewriter  1898, Edwin Prescott agents the roller
 1837, Samuel F.B. Morse invents the coaster
telegraph (1838 he also invents Morse  1902, James Mackenzie invents the
code) polygraph
 1867, Christopher Scholes invents the 1st  1923, John Hardwood invents the self
modern typewriter winding watch
 1876, Alexander Grahm Bell patents the  1927, Philo Taylor Farnsworth invents a
telephone (1881 a metal detector) complete electronic TV system
 1877, Thomas Edison invents the  1929, Paul Galvin invents the car radio
phonograph (1896 1st projector, 1910 1st  1930, Vannevar Bush invents an analog
talking motion picture) computer
 1884, George Eastman patents paper strip  1932, Edwin Herbert Land invents
photographic film (1888 a handheld Polaroid photography
portable Kodak camera)  1933 Edwin Howard Armstrong invents
 1884, James Ritty invents the cash FM radio
register  1936, Bell Labs invents voice recognition
 1887, Emile Berliner invents the aching
gramophone (sound recording system that  1937, Chester Carlson invents the photo
recorded on records) copier

35. AMERICAN MODERN AGE TECHNOLOGY cont.
 1940, Peter Goldmark invents a modern  1957, John Backus invents Fortran
color TV system (computer language)
 1942, John Atanasoff and Cliford Barry  1959, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invent
build 1st electronic digital computer the microchip
 1946, Percy Pencer invents the microwave  1962, Steve Russell invents Spacewar, the
oven 1st video game
 1947, AT&T and FCC invent 1st mobile  1965, Jack Russell invents the CD
phone (1979 Motorola invents 1st publicly  1968, Douglas Englebart invents the
usable cell phone, 1986 CTIA invents 1st computer mouse
digital cell phone )  1969, Charles Herzfeldt invented Arpanet
 1950, Ralph Schneider invents the credit (1st internet)
card  1970 , Alan Shuggart invents the floppy
 1952, James Woodlan and Bernard Silver disk
patent the bar code  1973, Robert Metcalfe and Xerox invent
 1953, RCA invents 1st musical synthesizer Ethernet (computer network)
 1953, David Warren invents the black box  1976, IBM invents laser printer
- flight recorder  1981, IBM and Bill Gates invents IBM-PC
 1953, Texas Instruments invents  1983, Steve Jobs creates Apple Lisa
transistor radio

36. AMERICAN MODERN AGE TECHNOLOGY cont.
 1984, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
invent Apple Macintosh
 1985, Microsoft creates Windows
 1992, IBM creates 1st Smartphone known
as IBM Simon
 1997, Larry Page and Sergey Bring create
Google Search Engine
 2000, Dean Kamen invents “Ginger” now
known as the Segway
 2000, Microsoft unveils Xbox
 2001, Apple invents iPod
 2002, Richard Merrill invents camera chip
 2004, Adidas invents thinking shoes with
built in microprocessor that decides how
soft or firm support the wearer needs
 2007, Steve jobs and Apple creates the
Iphone, the 1st multitouch interface phone

37. TECHNOLOGY
MANY OF THE GREAT INVENTORS OF THIS COUNTRY HAVE
FOUGHT AT TIMES AGAINST SOCIETY AND BEEN DEEMED
“MADMEN”, BEEN JAILED, BEEN BANKRUPT, IN GREAT DEBT
AND INVOLVED IN LAWSUITS, AND BEEN OUTCASTE AS A
RESULT. THEIR BRILLIANCE WAS NOT SEEN UNTIL
AFTERWARDS.
THIS IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND WHEN WE DISCUSS
TECHNOLOGY AND PROTEST BECAUSE THESE GENIUSES
OFTEN HAD TO PROTEST AGAINST MAJORITY POINTS OF
VIEW, VERY MUCH LIKE SOCIAL PROGRESS AND ACTIVISTS
HAD TO. BOTH OFTEN EXPERIENCED SIMILAR
RIDICULE, SLANDER AND WERE THE TARGET OF OTHERS
HARSH JUDGMENTS.

38. Final Thoughts from Great
Minds…
“THE WORLD HATES CHANGE, BUT IT IS THE ONLY THING THAT
HAS BROUGHT PROGRESS.”
- C H A R L E S K E T T E R I N G , I N V E N T O R O F T H E 1 ST E L E C T R I C A L S T A R T E R
MOTOR, 1911
“WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL IS PROTESTING SOCIETY'S REFUSAL TO
ACKNOWLEDGE HIS DIGNITY AS A HUMAN BEING, HIS VERY ACT
OF PROTEST CONFERS DIGNITY ON HIM.”
– BAYARD RUSTIN, CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER, VIETNAM WAR PROTESTOR
AND GAY RIGHTS ACTIVIST, 1910 - 1987

39. QUESTIONS
 How is change achieved  What trend have we seen
through protest? in American History
technology over the past
 How is change achieved
200 years?
through technology?
 Is protest still relevant to
 How did the employees
our society?
of GM implement
protest and technology in  What does progress
order to achieve what mean to you?
they wanted?

40. REFERENCES
 Adams, M., Warwick, K. Northern Kentucky University; Civil Rights Era – Racial and Ethnic Attitudes. (1995-
1999).<http://www.nku.edu/~eng/history/civil.html >.
 American Inventors (2008) . <http://www.american-inventor.com/dr-jonas-salk.aspx>.
 Bellis, Mary. About.com Inventors, 20th Centurey Timeline. (Retrieved March 1, 2012).
<http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/modern_4.htm >.
 Cloward, R.A, Piven, F.A. (1977). Poor People’s Movements; Why They Succeed, How They Fail. New York:
Vintage Books.
 Foner, Eric (2009). Give Me Liberty! An American History. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
 The Franklin Institute. Resource for Science Learners (2012). http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/bell.html
 IMDb. Retrieved March 1, 2012. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0358082/awards
 Wikipedia. (Retrieved March 1, 2012). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventors
 http://dpsinfo.com/women/history/timeline.html

41. Ginger Huizar
Maiko Delgado
GROUP 2
UNST 254T-W37
MENTORED INQUIRY WORKSHOP
MARCH 2012