Arsenic Poisoning in Bihar - Problem and Mitigation
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The crucial global issue of arsenic contamination in the ground water reserves alone has been stated to be “one of the worst environmental disasters in the history of mankind”. It is resulting in fatal health impacts through direct consumption of contaminated water, or through contaminated food chain, or both. An increasing number of persons in the affected areas are suffering from melanosis, leuco-melanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, dorsum, oedema, gangrene and skin cancer. Melanosis (93.5%) and keratosis (68.3%) are the most common presentations among the affected people. Patients of Leucomelanosis (39.1%) and hyper-keratosis (37.6%) have been found in many cases. Few cases of skin cancer (0.8%) have also been identified among the patients seriously affected by arsenic poisoning. The occurrence of arsenic diseases depends on the ingestion of arsenic compounds and their excretion from the body. It has been reported that 40% to 60% arsenic can be retained by the human body. It indicates that the level of hazards will be higher with the greater consumption of arsenic contaminated water. Arsenic mitigation is a complex task given the heterogeneity of the occurrence of arseniferrous aquifers, their geochemistry, social and economic scales of the affected population, and responses of the different stakeholders. A suitable arsenic mitigation strategy will have to take into account the social and economic status of the concerned area, utilize local resources and build sustainability to the project through adoption of green technology, all these being underlined by community acceptance and mobilization. Such an approach can act as a catalyst of bringing about a change in the community’s outlook and development
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Arsenic Poisoning in Bihar - Problem and Mitigation
- 1. Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water Dr.Ashok Ghosh Professor -in-Charge Dept. of Environment and Water Management A. N. College, Patna Arsenic Poisoning in Bihar – Problem and Mitigation
- 2. www.ancollege.org Arsenic Poisoning - Did Arsenic Kill Napoleon? • Officially, Napoleon Bonaparte died of stomach cancer at the age of 51 • But two French scientists say they have new evidence that the French emperor died of arsenic poisoning while in exile on the island of St. Helena • The scientists said strands of hair showed levels of arsenic about 35 times higher than normal
- 3. www.ancollege.org Origin of arsenic crisis in Indian subcontinent [switching from surface water to underground water] People used surface water until 1970s Poor quality due to pollution High prevalence of water-borne diseases Millions of tubewells installed Underground water became widely popular Reduction of infant and child mortality Best option: underground water High infant and child mortality Demand for pathogen free safe drinking water Poses severe health problems Affects almost whole country Problems arose due to arsenic contamination
- 4. 4 High arsenic release by MiningActivity -Anthropogenic High arsenic concentration in groundwater - Geogenic Arsenic – A Natural Element Global Distribution
- 5. Tibet Plateau Himalaya Ganga Bay of Bengal GMB Plain Area 569749 sq km Population >500 million
- 6. 1976 - Chandigarh 1983 - West Bengal 1995 - Bangladesh 2001 - Nepal 2002 (June) - Bihar 2003 (October) - Uttar Pradesh 2003 (Dec)–2004 (Jan) - Jharkhand 2004 (Jan–Feb) - Assam 2006 - ManipurCourtesy:Dr.D.Chakravorty
- 7. www.ancollege.org Ganga NEPAL Indian Craton BIHAR - Play Ground of Rivers Arsenic in Bihar - Highly Arsenic Infested
- 8. www.ancollege.org East Champaran Sitamarhi Madhubani Supaul Araria Kishanganj Purnia Katihar Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Sheohar Saran Siwan Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa Madhepura Gopalganj Bhojpur Rohtas Kaimur Buxar Patna Jehanabad GayaAurangabad Nalanda Nawada Jamui Banka Munger Lakhisarai Sheikhpura Begusarai Bhagalpur Khagaria West Champaran Arsenic Map of Bihar - 2002 1 Arsenic Affected District
- 9. www.ancollege.org East Champaran Sitamarhi Madhubani Supaul Araria Kishanganj Purnia Katihar Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Sheohar Saran Siwan Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa Madhepura Gopalganj Bhojpur Rohtas Kaimur Buxar Patna Jehanabad GayaAurangabad Nalanda Nawada Jamui Banka Munger Lakhisarai Sheikhpura Begusarai Bhagalpur Khagaria West Champaran Arsenic Map of Bihar -2004 2 Arsenic Affected Districts
- 10. www.ancollege.org East Champaran Sitamarhi Madhubani Supaul Araria Kishanganj Purnia Katihar Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Sheohar Saran Siwan Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa Madhepura Gopalganj Bhojpur Rohtas Kaimur Buxar Patna Jehanabad GayaAurangabad Nalanda Nawada Jamui Banka Munger Lakhisarai Sheikhpura Begusarai Bhagalpur Khagaria West Champaran Arsenic Map of Bihar -2005 4 Arsenic Affected Districts
- 11. www.ancollege.org East Champaran Sitamarhi Madhubani Supaul Araria Kishanganj Purnia Katihar Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Sheohar Saran Siwan Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa Madhepura Gopalganj Bhojpur Rohtas Kaimur Buxar Patna Jehanabad GayaAurangabad Nalanda Nawada Jamui Banka Munger Lakhisarai Sheikhpura Begusarai Bhagalpur Khagaria West Champaran Arsenic Map of Bihar -2007 12Arsenic AffectedDistricts
- 12. www.ancollege.org East Champaran Sitamarhi Madhubani Supaul Araria Kishanganj Purnia Katihar Darbhanga Muzaffarpur Sheohar Saran Siwan Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa Madhepura Gopalganj Bhojpur Rohtas Kaimur Buxar Patna Jehanabad GayaAurangabad Nalanda Nawada Jamui Banka Munger Lakhisarai Sheikhpura Begusarai Bhagalpur Khagaria West Champaran ArsenicMap of Bihar -2009 16 Arsenic Affected Districts
- 13. www.ancollege.org Sources of arsenic affecting human health
- 14. www.ancollege.org Arsenic Ingestion Routes •Drinking Water •Irrigation Water - Food Chain •Burning Cowdung Cake
- 15. www.ancollege.org The Hottest Arsenic Hand Pump of Bihar 1860 ppb - Panday Tola,Bhojpur Arsenic Concentration of 1861 ppb Panday Tola – 100 % hand pumps with arsenic> 50 ppb Krishna Kumar Panday
- 16. www.ancollege.org Maximum As. Conc. In Different Districts of Bihar in mg/lt
- 17. www.ancollege.org BIHAR FINDINGS (Ghosh et.al.-2008) • 7,218 of 27,061 hand pumps tested had arsenic contaminated water of>10 ppb.[26.67%] • Highest As. Value Recorded – 1861 ppb • A total of 16 Bihar districts ( 57 blocks) are affected by high level of arsenic in the groundwater • Trivalent arsenic 87 % in ground water of Bihar • Worst-affected districts are Bhojpur, Buxar, Vaishali, Bhagalpur, Samastipur, Khagaria, Katihar, Chapra, Munger and Darbhanga.
- 18. www.ancollege.org Arsenic in food chain of Bihar Food Chain Maize:Total As -0.24 ug As g-1 Rice - 0.36 ug As g-1 Irrigation Tube well =As 980 ppb
- 20. www.ancollege.org Consequences of arsenicosis (Health ) Health consequences Dermatological Respiratory Gastrointestinal Cardiovascular Hepatic Neurological Haematological Renal Mutagenesis Reproductive Cancer Mental health
- 21. www.ancollege.org Consequences of arsenicosis (Social )Social consequences Social hazards/instability Marriage related problems Stigmatization Superstition Poverty
- 22. www.ancollege.org A few arsenic poisoning symptoms in Bihar detected by my research group
- 23. www.ancollege.org Ram Ashan Panday – Ex Army Man – Developed Symptoms after his Return to native village - Panday Tola,Bhojpur Gift of home coming………Keratosis Keratosis
- 24. www.ancollege.org Diffuse and Spotted Keratosis on Palm
- 25. www.ancollege.org Gift of home coming…… Kisan Panday Ex army man developed symptoms after his return to native village,PandayTola, Bhojpur six years ago. Keratosis
- 26. www.ancollege.org Wife of Munna Panday [25 years old with 4 children] – Arsenicosis with low Blood Pressure – Panday Tola, Bhojpur,Bihar Low Blood Pressure and Anemic
- 27. www.ancollege.org Aunty of Munna Panday [45 years] – Panday Tola,Bhojpur,Bihar And Anaemia – Panday Tola ,Bihar Arsenicosis with Low BP
- 28. www.ancollege.org Anuj Panday of Panday Tola with early symptom of arsenicosis has very high BP and depression - due to uncertain future?? Hypertension – Depression
- 29. www.ancollege.org Arsenic Patients – Bhaglpur- Kahalgaon
- 30. www.ancollege.org Arsenic Patients – Khagaria
- 31. www.ancollege.org Arsenic Patients – Bhaglpur- Pirpainti
- 32. www.ancollege.org Chromosomal anomalies Cytogenetic Mutation Genotoxic events Gene Mutation Arsenic Induced Cytogenetic and Gene Mutation Arsenic – A human carcinogen
- 33. www.ancollege.org Genotoxicity of Arsenic in humans Micronucei DNA Damage Chromosomal Aberrations
- 34. www.ancollege.org Some additional findings • Consistent dose-response relationships were found between As. exposure and risk of skin lesions. • Thinner/weaker persons are more likely to be affected by As exposure. • Use of fertilizer and excessive sun exposure increase the susceptibility to risk of skin lesions due to Arsenic exposure. • Tobacco smoking and high level of Arsenic exposure synergistically increase the risk of skin lesions and cancer.
- 35. www.ancollege.org Other emerging health problems identified by our research group •Adverse relationship between arsenic level and intelligence in young children? •Adverse affect on foetus • Low birth weight • Obstructive airway diseases in young adult and children
- 36. www.ancollege.org Factors which may aggravate Arsenicosis • Type of arsenic and level of exposure • Body immunity and genetic configuration plays significant role • Nutritional status and food habit • Low haemoglobin level may enhance ill effects of arsenic
- 38. www.ancollege.org Management of arsenicosis •Arsenic free safe water •Dietary Supplement and anti-oxidant fruits/vegetables/protein is important along with application of ointment (5 – 20% Urea and salicylic) • Complicated cases like skin cancer, ulcer, gangrene needs specialized medical and surgical management • Social, economic and physical rehabilitation. •Mass community awareness and support to develop community based rehabilitation system.
- 39. www.ancollege.org Improvement by Drinking Arsenic Free Water
- 40. www.ancollege.org MAJOR PROBLEMS OF “ARSENICOSIS” MANAGEMENT •Lack of knowledge information and training for case detection and management by field workers •Poor community motivation for safe water use complicated by physical nature of arsenic in water (tasteless, colorless and odorless) •Socio-economic hazards due to ill-conceived idea about “Arsenicosis” •Poor Resource allocation for rehabilitation and treatment •Indiscriminate installation of Tube-well both private and public sector
- 41. www.ancollege.org Lack of Awareness •The unsafe sources (PAINTED RED) are still being used by villagers due to lack of awareness. •Intensive awareness campaign is required in affected villages.
- 43. www.ancollege.org Arsenic mitigation strategies and sustainability Pond Surface •Pollution •Accessibility •Acceptibilty Low Rainwater harvesting Rain •Collection •Preservation •Seasonal variabilty Low Dug well Sub-surface •Bacterial contamination •Acceptability Better Options Water source Problems Feasibility
- 44. www.ancollege.org Arsenic mitigation strategies and …………… Deep well Deep aquifers •Uncertain •Expensive Better but……. Piped water Deep aquifers/treated Surface water •Expensive •No infrastructure Low Arsenic removal filters Arsenic contaminated water •Effectiveness? •Expensive •Environmentally problematic Better Options Water source Problems Feasibility
- 45. www.ancollege.org Most of mitigation strategies have failed in Bihar
- 46. www.ancollege.org All of afore-mentioned schemes, though well-conceived, could not be sustained • The required structures for these mitigation schemes are being constructed randomly, and are insufficient for the dense population. • Water quality monitoring units exist at Panchayat level, but there is a lack of follow-up action and lack of communication between the Panchayats. Hence the concept of a decentralised, demand driven water quality initiatives is being compromised. • Failure of the authorities to undertake monitoring and maintenance work in the post-construction phase has rendered the projects defunct. • District-level water quality monitoring laboratories are not well equipped.
- 47. www.ancollege.org All of afore-mentioned schemes……… • There is a lack of awareness and sensitization to arsenic contamination, and lack of ownership among the largely illiterate population. • These factors have been the biggest contributory factors towards the absence of public participation in these government schemes. • Community mobilisation is the sole answer to proper implementation of these schemes, in which private ownership is to be promoted.
- 48. www.ancollege.org Results of Arsenic Mitigation Strategies REDUNDENT RAINWATER HARVESTING UNIT REDUNDENT RESTORED OPEN WELL DEFUNCT OVERHEAD TANK TO TAP SAFE AQUIFER
- 49. www.ancollege.org Ganga River Piped Water Scheme launched by GoB at Bhojpur Rs.53 Crore GoB initiative in Bhojpur • Ganga Water supply after treatment • Dependent on electric power , a scarce commodity in Bihar • Ganga is shifting from its current location as per our studies
- 50. www.ancollege.org Sustainable arsenic mitigation technologies for rural population [possible alternatives]
- 51. www.ancollege.org Possible alternative I: Gravity driven filter Developed and Tested byAquapal,Sweden & A N College,Patna •Gravity Driven Filter not dependent on electricity •Adsorbent based filter developed by Aquapal,Sweden •Easy to maintain •Easy to operate •Low cost •Household level water supply
- 52. www.ancollege.org Possible alternative II: community- based wellhead arsenic removal unit
- 53. www.ancollege.org Developed and Tested by Lehigh University, USA & A.N. College, Patna • Lehigh University in Bethlehem, USA and A. N. College, Patna have responded to address these constraints by installing the first community-based wellhead arsenic removal unit in a remote village – Ramnagar, Maner • The unit is based on adsorption technology developed by Lehigh University, USA. The project has been funded by Tagore-SenGupta Foundation. • This unit will serve about 200 households of this village with approximately 7,000 liters of treated water produced per day, supplying nearly 1,000 villagers with arsenic-safe water. • This unit can provide water without requiring electricity or external addition of chemicals.
- 55. www.ancollege.org School Children of Maner getting arsenic free water through our initiative & Community participation
- 56. www.ancollege.org Project Well_MMS_June 2009 Possible Alternative III- TRADITIONAL DUGWELLS PROPERLY SANITIZED [Project Well Initiative] Courtesy :Project Well- Dr .Meera H. Smith, USA
- 57. The pvc pipe is shortened after insertion Interior of the dugwell The delivery pipe is flexible for self adjustable water level
- 58. www.ancollege.org The net and the tin cover are used for protection from external debris and tampering.
- 59. www.ancollege.org Muslundpur – West Bengal – Dugwell for Arsenic Free Water
- 60. www.ancollege.orgCourtesy :Project Well- Dr.Meera H. Smith There are 112 PROJECT WELL DUGWELLS as of 2009 in N24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
- 61. www.ancollege.org Possible alternative IV - Double RO System Developed and Tested by University of Applied Sciences, Germany and A.N.College,Patna
- 63. ThisresearchprojecthasbeensupportedbyanErasmusMundusgrantwithintheECprogramEURINDIA INTRODUCTION Study objectives: a) Technology study on reverse osmosis as means of arsenic mitigation technology for groundwater treatment b) Case study to assess socioeconomic and health implications from consumption of arsenic loaded water and to identify capacities to cope with issue Motivation: Contribute to advancement of arsenic mitigation strategies applying a holistic approach Study period: 5 months from April to August 2010 Collaborators: A.N. College of Magadh University Bodh Gaya in Patna, India Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences in Karlsruhe, Germany Resources: Funding by European Commissions EURINDIA program as well as own contributions from collaborators Water chemistry lab of A.N. College for water analytics machine installed in village equipment to be shipped water analytics @ A.N. college lab
- 64. 2.System design for pilot studies 64
- 65. 65 Arsenic Removal System in Bind Toli 477 266 56 8 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Quelle Zulauf Vorfilter Zulauf UO Anlage Permeat Arsenkonzentration[µg/L]→ Arsenwerte 8.54 2.56 0.15 0 2 4 6 8 10 Quelle Zulauf Vorfilter Zulauf UO Anlage Eisenkonzentration[mg/L]→ Eisenwerte 98 % Arsenic Removal 98 % Iron Removal Abbildung 7: Wasserversorgungssystem Bind Toli [5] Arsenic reduction throughout the system, Bind Toli Iron reduction throughout the system, Bind Toli
- 66. Ramnager – Sand Filter Vs Evers Filter 66 Water Supply Ramnager, Sandfilter Water Supply System Ramnager, EVERS EASY FILTRATION
- 67. 67 Project in Ramnager Prefilteration for Iron Removal 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% > 0,06 0,06 0,125 0,25 0,5 1 2 2,8 Distribution[%]→ Particle size [mm] → size distribution de ~ 0,36 mm SONE Sand [6] Sandfilter EVERS EASY 400 de ~ 0,95 mm EVERZIT®N 400 1700 500 [mm] [mm]
- 68. Project Ramnager Water samples before and after pre-filtration Water Tank 1 clear water inflow
- 69. www.ancollege.org Possible alternative V: In Situ Arsenic Treatment [TiPOT technology of Queen's University Belfast, UK] Rangapur, Nilgunj ( WB) Plant Supported by World Bank Shower Head Courtesy - Dr.Bhaskar Sengupta Univ. of Belfast, UK
- 70. www.ancollege.org In Situ Arsenic Treatment……….. •In the in-situ treatment method, the aerated tube well water is stored in feed water tanks and released back into the aquifers. •The dissolved oxygen in aerated water oxidizes arsenite to less-mobile arsenate, the ferrous iron to ferric iron and Manganese(II) to Manganese(III), followed by adsorption of arsenate on Fe(III) and manganese(III) and subsequent precipitation resulting in a reduction of the arsenic content in tube well water. • Oxidation is further enhanced biologically by bacteria living in the subsurface - bioremediation
- 71. www.ancollege.org In Situ Arsenic Treatment……. Courtesy - Dr.Bhaskar Sengupta Univ. of Belfast,UK
- 72. www.ancollege.org In Situ Arsenic Treatment…………….. Courtesy - Dr.Bhaskar Sengupta Univ. of Belfast,UK
- 73. www.ancollege.org Electrochemical Arsenic Remediation (ECAR) – University of Berkley,USA Cutaway rendering of the full 100 L batch prototype Cutaway rendering of the electrode assembly and base plate only.
- 74. www.ancollege.org ECAR…… • A technology best used at a small community scale. • In ECAR, a small amount of electricity is used to quickly dissolve iron (contained in ordinary steel sheets) in water. • The iron forms a type of rust that readily binds to arsenic in the water. As III is rapidly oxidized to As V during the chemical process of rust formation (specifically, as Fe II oxidizes to Fe III, oxidants are created that readily oxidize As III). • The arsenic Laden rust aggregates, forming larger particles that can be removed from the water through filtration or settling.
- 75. www.ancollege.org ECAR…… • A small amount of alum (aluminum sulfate) can be added to accelerate the separation stage at low cost. The water is left iron- and arsenic-free (final arsenic < 10 ppb, or 2 ppb with additional cost). • The efficiency gains from the small particle size of the rust (resulting in a large surface area) make the technology very low cost and capable of operating with very little waste sludge produced. • There is no need for media regeneration, • and the adsorbent is generated onsite from the steel plates (inputs include steel plates, electricity, and alum)
- 76. www.ancollege.org UNRESOLVED ISSUES RELATING TO ARSENIC CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SOURCES • Research into Arsenic speciation, mobilization largely fragmented and repetitive • Almost entire investigation into the hydro-geological aspects of arsenic contaminated aquifers have been confined to Bengal basin, the geological variations along the entire river basins warranting immediate attention. • Lack of knowledge and medical infrastructure relating to diagnosis and treatment of arsenicosis. • Lack of comprehensive database on arsenic contaminated aquifers and its implications • Lack of maintenance and monitoring of mitigation structures • Lack of Community Participation
- 77. Path Forward Development and application of more sustainable technologies Today 1980 2000 20201970 1990 2010 2030 NumberofEarths 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Number of Earths Used by Humanity Number of Earths Available Target pathway Projections Opportunities for innovation
- 78. www.ancollege.org YES Water resource matters because survival of this civilization matters ! THANKS