In contrast to the principle of metadata simplicity and sufficiency, the principle of metadata enriching can be considered a departure from traditional cataloguing approaches where the focus was on metadata simplicity. Metadata created and managed following the principle of metadata enriching better responds to users’ needs. Whilst the principle of enriching results in a potential abundance of metadata, the principle of filtering is used to simplify its presentation by enabling a user-centred/focused/led design.

1. From the principle of sufficiency and
necessity to metadata enriching
Getaneh Alemu
Cataloguing & Metadata Librarian
Solent University
8th December 2021

2. CATALOGUING PRINCIPLES
• The principle of sufficiency and necessity
• The principle of user convenience
• The principle of representation
• The principle of standardisation (Svenonius, 2000; IFLA, 2009)
IFLA (2009). Statement of international cataloguing principles. Retrieved from https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/icp/icp_2009-en.pdf
Svenonius, E. (2000). The intellectual foundation of information organization. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.

3. T H E P R I N C I P L E O F S U F F I C I E N C Y A N D N E C E S S I T Y
• Pioneers of library cataloguing such as Cutter, Panizzi and Lubetzky are said to have advocated for
a metadata approach that caters for simplicity (Svenonius, 2000)
• IFLA used this principle to underpin the design of its Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records (FRBR) model
• IFLA’s principle of economy
(IFLA, 2009; Hoffman, 2009; OCLC, 2009; Spiteri, 2012; Svenonius, 2000)
IFLA (2009). Statement of international cataloguing principles. Retrieved from https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/icp/icp_2009-en.pdf
Svenonius, E. (2000). The intellectual foundation of information organization. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.

4. I F L A S ’ S S TAT E M E N T O F I N T E R N AT I O N A L C ATA L O G U I N G P R I N C I P L E S
( I F L A , 2 0 0 9 )

5. T H E P R I N C I P L E O F S U F F I C I E N C Y A N D N E C E S S I T Y
• “Only those data elements in descriptions and controlled forms of names for
access that are required to fulfil user tasks and are essential to uniquely
identify an entity should be included” (IFLA, 2009, p.2)
• “Slash elements deemed bibliographically insignificant” (Svenonius, 2000, p.76)
• No extraneous data
• Metadata that was considered superfluous was eliminated, resulting in
metadata simplicity

6. OCCAM’S RAZOR
• "Entities are not to be multiplied without necessity" (William of Ockham, c1287-1347)
• "Plurality is not to be posited without necessity“ (John Duns, c1265-1308)
• "If a thing can be done adequately by means of one, it is superfluous to do it by
means of several” (Thomas Aquinas, 1225 -1274)
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/occam.html
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/occams_razor.html

7. OCCAM’S RAZOR
• User, author and machine generated metadata disregarded
• Reliance on one or two international subject headings and authorities
• Objective was to simplify the catalogue, save space and time
• AACR2
• Coats of arms, facsimiles, forms, genealogical tables, maps, music, plans,
and portraits – to be indicated by “ill. (Svenonius, 2000)
• Minimal data element sets

8. THE ROLE OF STANDARDS
(Alemu, 2014)

9. 9
(Alemu, 2014)

10. 1 0
(Alemu, 2014)

11. LIMITATION OF STANDARDS
 Growing library collections
 Ever changing technologies
 Changing user expectations
 Resources (books) often lend themselves to various interpretations and contexts
 “The social space of documents is missing” (Paul Otlet in 1931, cited Wright,
2007)

12. • Human beings, by nature, do not always agree on a single about-ness, interpretation and
classification of things (Shirky, 2008; Weinberger, 2007).
• Metadata is affected by socio-cultural, linguistic, and political factors (Bowker & Star,
1999)
• Metadata is an approximation to the things it represents (Gartner, 2016)
• “Today’s category easily becomes tomorrow’s embarrassment” (Weinberger, 2007)
• Each standard and each category valorises some point of view and silences another”
(Bowker and Star, 1999)
METADATA DIVERSITY

13.  "The solution to the information overload problem is to create more metadata“ (Weinberger,
2007)
 “If a library is a growing organism, it follows that the library catalogue will also be a growing
one. The rate of growth of the catalogue may be said to be six times the rate of growth of the
number of books, as a book requires six entries on average” (Ranganathan, 1957, p.444)
• Metadata diversity better conforms to users’ needs
• Metadata enriching addresses this problem by allowing multiple metadata agents – including
authors, publishers, librarians, machines and users
METADATA DIVERSITY

14. CONTENT VS INTERFACE
 Delineation between content (enriching) and discovery (filtering)
 Simplicity is a usability concern
Peter Morville's (2004) User Experience Honeycomb (Source:
http://semanticstudios.com/user_experience_design/)
Nielsen (2012) uses the following usability
criteria:
• Satisfaction – Does it solve problems?
• Learnability – is it easy to learn and use?
• Efficiency – does it save time?
• Degree of errors – is it free from errors?
• Memorability – is it easy to remember?

16. 1 6

17. M E TA D ATA F I LT E R I N G
Maeda, J. (2006). Laws of Simplicity. MIT Press.
“More appears like less by simply moving it far, far away. Thus an experience is made simpler by
keeping the result local, and moving the actual work to a faraway location” (Maeda, 2006).

18. USER SEARCH BEHAVIOURS ACTIONS
Users search and browsing behaviours
• Non-linear
• Iterative
• Dynamic
• Evolving (Bates, 1989)
Users employ various techniques
• Searching
• Browsing
• Footnote chasing
• Citation searching
• Journal run
• Area scanning (Bates, 1989)
A berrypicking, evolving search model (Bates, 1989)

19. Kuhlthau (1991) model (user-centred):
• Initiation (recognise information need)
• Selection (identify general topic)
• Exploration, formulation
• Collection (gather information on the subject)
• Presentation (complete information search)
USER SEARCH BEHAVIOURS ACTIONS
Users entertaining multiple thoughts
and actions :
• Dilemma
• Confidence
• Confusion
• Uncertainty
• Satisfaction
• Dissatisfaction (Kuhlthau, 1991)

20. USER SEARCH ACTIONS (SOLENT UNIVERSITY’S PRIMO)
Action Aug 2020 Sep 2020 Oct
2020
Nov
2020
Dec
2020
Jan
2021
Feb
2021
Mar
2021
Apr
2021
May
2021
Jun
2021
Jul
2021
Aug
2021
Sep
2021
Oct
2021
Nov
2021
Basic search 11,577 20,511 41,586 61,128 49,549 51,920 32,325 46,933 47,090 31,759 13,371 11,282 9,593 16,501 35,578 45,310
Advanced search 529 1,016 2,206 3,237 2,316 2,168 1,423 1,982 1,876 1,293 769 730 375 620 1,568 2,186
Newspaper
search
30 94 197 309 214 201 105 231 271 137 69 64 49 48 98 155
Browse page 35 135 306 204 126 126 136 202 147 112 61 40 39 92 171 187
Browse authors 21 61 163 149 69 117 72 122 116 79 35 12 30 24 121 108
Browse related
records
20 88 132 165 65 94 88 111 73 79 18 24 20 39 93 66
Browse titles 4 84 83 84 29 35 46 58 36 34 10 11 7 25 51 67

21. 2 1
USER ACTIONS (SOLENT UNIVERSITY’S PRIMO)

22. METADATA ENRICHING
• Enriching as a new metadata principle in contrast the principle of metadata sufficiency and
necessity
• Metadata enriching is about continuously enhancing the effectiveness of your discovery
services or any information management function through a methodical creation, ingesting,
updating, correcting, cleaning, linking, sharing, and re-using your metadata
• It is a conceptual framework to support an iterative, continuous, and community-driven effort
of ensuring your metadata is consistent, accurate, rich, and valuable.

23. METADATA ENRICHMENT
ExLibris Alma Refine Application

24. METADATA ENRICHMENT - MARCEDIT

25. METADATA ENRICHMENT - MARCEDIT
=650 0$a Communication.$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85029027
=650 0$a Computer games $0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85029499
=650 0$a Computers $0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85029552
=650 0$a Video games $0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85143202
=700 1$a Ahn, Sun Joo, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/1808150470087404330002
=700 1$a Bessarabova, Elena, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb
=700 1$a Bogost, Ian, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2005077139$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/85210141
=700 1$a Burgoon, Judee, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82110157
=700 1$a De La Hera, Teresa, $eeditor.$4 edt$4 http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt
=700 1$a Deen, Menno, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb
=700 1$a Dunbar, Norah E., $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb
=700 1$a Elizondo, Javier, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n92006748$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/38563580
=700 1$a Ferri, Gabriele, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2014076707$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/313283033
=700 1$a Flanagan, Mary, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80040904$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/85953374
=700 1$a Grace, Lindsay D., $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2019014355$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/22155343865206310282
=700 1$a Hera, Teresa de la, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2019142052$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/41156988917061001696
=700 1$a Jacobs, Ruud, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/284213838
=700 1$a Jansz, Jeroen, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/112489786
=700 1$a Jansz, Jeroen, $eeditor.$4 edt$4 http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/112489786
=700 1$a Jensen, Matthew, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/87431275
=700 1$a Kaufman, Geoff, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2017055117$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/7150565692406252458
=700 1$a Ketel, Cas, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb
=700 1$a Kors, Martijn, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb
=700 1$a Lee, Yu-Hao, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/15156856198949601029
=700 1$a Miller, Claude H., $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2012053969$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/245890079
=700 1$a Muijres, Eline, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb
=700 1$a Raessens, Joost, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/63352278
=700 1$a Raessens, Joost, $eeditor.$4 edt$4 http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/63352278
=700 1$a Schouten, Ben, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nb2009000825$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/26600953
=700 1$a Schouten, Ben, $eeditor.$4 edt$4 http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nb2009000825$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/26600953
=700 1$a Seidman, Max, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2016035561$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/130146094353800332706
=700 1$a Sicart, Miguel, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/41317666
=700 1$a Soliz, Jordan, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/160219328
=700 1$a Spek, Erik D. van der, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb
=700 1$a Valacich, Joseph, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb
=700 1$a Wertley, Chad Michael, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2016168053$1
http://viaf.org/viaf/44148449752215691230
=700 1$a Wichmand, Mette, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/8150807368718862849
=700 1$a Wilson, Scott, $econtributor.$4 ctb$4 https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/ctb$0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n97076853$1 http://viaf.org/viaf/85864986

26. 2 6
dct:creator http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50044283 Brenton, Howard, 1942- (see details below)
dct:creator http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|n50044283 Brenton, Howard, 1942-
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85056605 Great Britain Politics and government 1945-1964 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85106681 Prime ministers Great Britain Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50042715 Macmillan, Harold, 1894-1986 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|n50042715 Macmillan, Harold, 1894-1986 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79066408 Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|n79066408 Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50036961 Chamberlain, Neville, 1869-1940 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|n50036961 Chamberlain, Neville, 1869-1940 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2009078486 Boothby, Robert John Graham, Baron, 1900-1986 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|no2009078486 Boothby, Robert John Graham, Baron, 1900-1986 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr89014688 Lloyd, Selwyn, 1904-1978 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|nr89014688 Lloyd, Selwyn, 1904-1978 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79045376 Eden, Anthony, Earl of Avon, 1897-1977 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|n79045376 Eden, Anthony, Earl of Avon, 1897-1977 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78085430 Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|n78085430 Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nb2004302330 Crookshank, Harry, 1893-1961 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|nb2004302330 Crookshank, Harry, 1893-1961 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50043983 Knox, Ronald Arbuthnott, 1888-1957 Drama.
dct:subject http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC|n50043983 Knox, Ronald Arbuthnott, 1888-1957 Drama.
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85103365 Play
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85134522 Theatre
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85117645 Satire
dct:subject http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85039316 Drama
https://open-na.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/alma/44SSU_INST/bibs/990096933740204796

27. 2 7
ACCESS POINTS

28. ACCESS POINTS
4 editors
66 authors

29. 2 9
ACCESS POINTS

30. 3 0
A C C E S S P O I N T S : “ H Y P E R A U T H O R S H I P "
https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.191803

31. 3 1
STRUCTURING METADATA USING IFLA LRM
IFLA LRM entities and their relations (Based on Riva, Le Boeuf & Žumer, 2017)

32. 3 2
STRUCTURING METADATA USING RDA
RDA relationships (Based on RDA Toolkit, 2021)

33. 3 3
Ontology
Equivale
nt
relation
ship
Different
values
Associative
relationship
Broad
er
relatio
nship
Narrow
er
relatio
nship
Inverse
relation
ship
Transitive
relationship
Symmetric
relationship Domain
Rang
e Constraints
Alter
nativ
e
nam
e Annotation
OWL
sameAs
owl:equi
valentCl
ass
owl:differen
tFrom
owl:inve
rseOf
owl:Transitiv
eProperty
owl:Symmet
ricProperty
minCardinality
maxCardinality
unionOf
intersectionOf
complementOf
one of
owl:versionIn
fo
SKOS
sameAs
exactMa
tch
related
relatedMatch
closeMatch
broadMatch
narrowMatch
topCo
ncept
Of
hasTop
Concep
t
altLa
bel
scopeNote
historyNote
note
vhangeNote
definition
editorialNote
example
RDFS rdfs:seeAlso
rdf:cla
ss
rdf:sub
ClassOf
rdf:sub
Propert
yOf
rdfs:do
main
rdfs:r
ange
rdf:A
lt
rdfs:comment
rdfs:label
rdfs:isDefined
By
Schema.o
rg sameAs
inverseO
f
domain
Include
s
range
Inclu
des
alter
nate
Nam
e description
ENRICHING USING ONTOLOGIES

34. BIBFRAME vocabulary – WORK

35. BIBFRAME Instance (Generated using https://app.gra.fo/)

36. Mapping BIBFRAME’S Identifier class (Generated using https://app.gra.fo/)

37. BIBFRAME Editor (Retrieved from https://bibframe.org/bfe/index.html#e4062813)

38. LIBRARY SYSTEMS – AS PLATFORMS
• Library software as a platform
• Integration and Interoperability
• Cloud-based applications (Library Apps, APIs)
• Community idea, metadata exchange and
development

39. ENRICHING
• Enhancing existing metadata quality
• Transforming semi-structured data into structured data
• Extending access points (Zeng, 2019)

40. ENRICH THEN FILTER
In the final analysis, metadata that is enriched, linked, open
and filtered drives usage of resources; and this needs to be our
value proposition as cataloguers and metadata experts.

41. B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Alemu, G., & Stevens, B. (2015). An emergent theory of digital library metadata: Enrich then filter. Waltham, Massachusetts: Chandos
Publishing.
Bates, M. J. (1989). The Design of Browsing and Berrypicking Techniques for the Online Search Interface. Online Review, 13, 5, 407-24.
Retrieved from https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/berrypicking.html
British Library. (2018). British Library data model. Retrieved from http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/pdfs/bldatamodelbook.pdf
Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring digital libraries: Foundations, practice, prospects. London: Facet Publishing.
Carpenter, T. (2017). Enriching book metadata is marketing in the digital age. Scholarly Kitchen. Retrieved from
https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/12/07/enriching-metadata-is-marketing/
Clarke, M and Harley, P. (2014). How Smart Is Your Content? Using Semantic Enrichment to Improve Your User Experience and Your Bottom
Line. Science Editor. Vol. 37. Jan. 2014, pp. 40–44.
Cousins, S. (2019). NBK data model. Retrieved from https://libraryservices.jiscinvolve.org/wp/2019/04/nbk-data-model/
Daquino, M., Mambelli, Peroni, Tomasi, & Vitali. (2017). Enhancing Semantic Expressivity in the Cultural Heritage Domain: Exposing the Zeri
Photo Archive as Linked Open Data. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH), 10(4), 1-21.
DATASIFT. (2019). Our data enrichments. Retrieved from https://datasift.com/platform/data-enrichments/
de Boer, V., Melgar, L., Inel, O., Ortiz, C. M., Aroyo, L., & Oomen, J. (2017). Enriching media collections for event-based exploration. In E.
Garoufallou, S. Virkus, R. Siatri & D. Koutsomiha (Eds.), Metadata and semantic research: 11th international conference, MTSR 2017, Tallinn,
Estonia, November 28 – December 1, 2017, Proceedings (pp. 189-201). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70863-
8_18 Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70863-8_18
De Rosa, C. (2006). College students' perceptions of libraries and information resources: A report to the OCLC membership. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC
Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved from https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/reports/pdfs/Percept_all.pdf
Dunsire, G., Harper, C., Hillmann, D., & Phipps, J. (2012, Linked data vocabulary management: Infrastructure support, data integration, and
interoperability. Information Standards Quarterly, 24, 4-13. Retrieved from
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1709495584?accountid=13969
Europeana.eu (2016). Definition of the Europeana Data Model v5.2.7. Retrieved from
https://pro.europeana.eu/files/Europeana_Professional/Share_your_data/Technical_requirements/EDM_Documentation/EDM_Definition_v5.2
.7_042016.pdf

42. B I B L I O G R A P H Y
IFLA (2009). Statement of international cataloguing principles. Retrieved from https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/icp/icp_2009-en.pdf
Haynes, D. (2018). Metadata for information management and retrieval : Understanding metadata and its use. London: Facet Publishing
IXXUS. (2019). Semantic Enrichment. Retrieved from https://www.ixxus.com/solutions/semantic-enrichment/
Kroeger, A. (2013). The road to BIBFRAME: The evolution of the idea of bibliographic transition into a post-MARC future. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 51(8),
873-890. doi:10.1080/01639374.2013.823584
Lagoze, C. (2010). Lost identity: The assimilation of digital libraries into the web Available from Lost Identity: the Assimilation of Digital Libraries into the Web.
Retrieved from http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/dissertation/CarlLagoze.pdf
Library of Congress. (2019). ID.LOC.GOV – Linked Data Service. Retrieved from http://id.loc.gov/
Meadows, A. (2019). Better metadata could help save the world! Scholarly Kitchen. Retrieved from https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2019/06/11/better-metadata-
could-help-save-the-world/
Metadata2020.org Retrieved from http://www.metadata2020.org/
Mitchell, E. T., PhD. (2015). The current state of linked data in libraries, archives, and museums. Library Technology Reports, 52(1), 16,2.
Nielsen, J. (2001). Usability 101: Introduction to Usability. Retrieved from: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-101-introduction-to-usability/
O'Beirne, R. (2017). Academic libraries, open access and digital scholarship–a Delphi study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield).
Park, J., Richards, L. and Brenza, A. (2018), "Benefits and challenges of BIBFRAME", Library Hi Tech, Vol. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-08-2017-0176
Pennington, D. R., & In Spiteri, L. F. (2019). Social tagging in a linked data environment. London: Facet Publishing.
Perrin, J. M., Clark, M., De-Leon, E., and Edgar, L. (2014). Usability Testing for Greater Impact: A Primo Case Study. Information Technology and
Libraries, 33(4), pp. 57–66. Retrieved from: http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ital/article/view/5174
Perruso, C. (2015). Undergraduates' Use of Google vs. Library Resources: A Four-Year Cohort Study. Retrieved: http://crl.acrl.org/content/early/2015/11/05/crl15-
826.full.pdf
Shirky, C. (2008). Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations. London: Allen Lane.
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