urban environmental planning

1. Strategic Urban Environment Planning
and Management
UPM611 Cr.Hr. 3

2. “A city should be built to give its inhabitants
security and happiness” – Aristotle

3. Course Description
 The course aims at exposing students to current urban
strategic planning practices to manage complex urban
problems.
 It also enables to strategically identify appropriate
corrective measures to minimize adverse effects and
overcome problems caused by rapid urbanization.
 It covers emerging issues in urban environmental
planning and management, integrated urban waste
management, and strategic urban environmental
management.
 It presents state-of-the art planning strategies to address
urban environmental problems in a systematic and
planned manner.

4.  Specifically it deals with urban environment, urban
ecology and urban environmental problems and
causes, urban solid waste management, the green-
brown agenda and it also gives detail explanation on
urban environmental management options.
 Computer-aided land information systems (LIS) will
also receive attention as well as policies designed to
address access to land by the poor.
 The course includes case studies on urban waste
minimization and technology alternatives, public
participation in urban waste management.

5. 1. INTRODUCTION
 A successful city cannot operate efficiently in isolation
from its environment.
 It must balance social, economic and environmental
needs.
 Poor urban planning and management can have grave
results for the urban economy, the environment and
society.
 A well-managed urban environment is a key to
economic development and poverty

6.  Take any of today's environmental problems faced by
the inhabitants of Earth, and its causes and pressures
can easily be traced back, directly or indirectly, to
urban areas.
 The forces and processes that constitute 'urban
activity' have far-reaching and long-term effects not
only on its immediate boundaries, but also on the
entire region in which it is positioned.
 In a very broad sense, the urban environment
consists of resources, human and other; processes,
that convert these resources into various other useable
products and services; and effects of these processes,
which may be negative or positive.

7. Resources Processes Effects
•Human Resources
•Sunlight
•Land
•Water
•Minerals
•Electricity
•Fuels
•Finance
•Intermediary
products
•Recyclable materials
•Manufacture
•Transportation
•Construction
•Migration
•Population Growth
•Residence/Living
•Community Services
(Education, Health ...
Negative Effects
Pollution - air, water,
noise Waste
Generation - garbage,
sewage Congestion,
overcrowding
Positive effects
Products,
Value-addition,
Increased
knowledgebase/
education,
Access to better
services

8. The three dimensions in urban environments

9. 1. Natural Environments
 Resources, processes and effects related to flora and
funa, human beings, minerals, water, land, air, etc.
2. Built Environments
 Resources, processes and effects related to buildings,
housing, roads, railways, electricity, water supply, gas
etc.
3. Socio-economic Environments
 Resources, processes and effects related to human
activities, education, health, arts and culture,
economic and business activities, heritage - urban
lifestyles in general.

10.  It is the intersection and overlay of these three
dimensions that constitutes an 'urban environment'.
 Taking any one dimension at the exclusion of the other
two poses the inevitable danger of missing the forest
for the trees - the interdependency and inter
disciplinarity of the three dimensions have to be fully
understood in the development of coherent and
sustainable policies and programmes for the urban
environment.

11. 1.1 Definition, Concept and Component of
Environment
 Environment is the sum total of conditions that
surrounds us at a given point of time and space.
 It is comprised of the interacting systems of physical,
biological and cultural elements which are interlinked
both individually and collectively.
 An urban environment is the environment of a city;
usually characterized by many buildings in a limited
amount of space, with a high per capita per square mile.
 Most of the living spaces, working spaces, shopping
areas, educational facilities, services, etc. are grouped in
close proximity to each other.

12.  It is usually characterized by limited open areas (green
spaces) in specifically planned areas or places that have
been abandoned because of the higher value of real
estate in urban areas.
 An urban area is often plagued by lack of space for
parking vehicles (both personal and commercial) and a
higher cost for leasing space for regular parking of
vehicles because that also requires use of expensive real
estate.

13. 1.2 Concepts and Component of Urban
Environmental Planning
Urban Planning is a large-scale concept concerned
with planning and development at all levels
(architectural, infrastructural, ecological, economic,
and even political).
Urban Planning is a
technical and political process concerned with
the development and use of land, protection and
use of the environment, public welfare, and the
design of the urban environment, including air,
water, and the infrastructure passing into and out
of urban areas, such as transportation,
communications, and distribution networks

14. • Urban planning is a valuable force for city
leaders to achieve sustainable development.
– It is a means to bring about a difference;
– Planning helps make the most out of municipal
budgets by informing infrastructure and services
investments, balancing demands for growth with the
need to protect the environment.
– It distributes economic development within a given
territory to reach social objectives and creates a
framework for collaboration between local
governments, the private sector and the public at
large.

15. Urban planning is a framework that helps
leaders transform vision into implementation,
using space as a key resource for development
and engaging stakeholders along the way.
Physical aspects such as buildings, roads, land
use, etc., play an important role in urban
planning, at the same time social, economic and
technological forces should also be considered
while planning so that a healthy environment is
created in the city/town.

16. Urban Planning:- design and regulation of the
uses of space that focus on the physical form,
economic functions, and social impacts of the
urban environment and on the location of
different activities within it.
It involves goal setting, data collection and
analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking,
and public consultation.
Three actors have main role in urban planning
– The decision-makers
– The technicians
– The users

17.  The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the
organization of all elements of a town or other urban
environment.

18. Urban Planning Aspects
• Aesthetics
• Safety and security
• Infrastructure
• Environmental factors
• Green spaces
• Transport
• Slums
• Decay
• Reconstruction and renewal
• New master-planned cities
• Scope of zoning act

19. What are the advantages of urban
planning?

20.  People have comfortable places to live.
 All facilities can be consume with out any effort.
 Reduce the pollution of environment (Waste
management)
 Eye catching environment for peoples mental
consideration.

21. City without urban
planning
Well planned city with
protecting natural beauty

22. Contrasting Urban Scenario

23. The facilities which are developed in urban
planning.
– Transportation.
– Infrastructure.
– Waste management.
– All facilities equally distribute within consumers.
• School facility
• Hospital facility
• Security facility

24. Strategic Urban Environmental
Planning

25. Strategic urban environmental planning
 Strategic planning can be a key tool in dealing with
urban problems and achieve a better future in terms of
social, economic, cultural and environmental.
 Planning deals with action in future deals with the
allocation of resources and is the conscious effort that
applies through organizations in order to achieve the
specific objectives with problem solution.
 Strategy is considered as a set of measures and policies
that determine the general direction and achievement to
great goals.
 On this base, strategic planning is a stage that during it,
missions, opportunities and threats, strength and
weakness points and also organization strategies as its
main elements were identified and developed.

26.  Maleky (2005) considers strategic planning as
organized effort and orderly to perform basic decisions
and substantive measures which form activities of an
organization with other institutions in the legal
framework shape.
 The cause of processing of strategic planning is in the
type of plans that planned for them.
What distinguishes strategic planning from other
forms of planning?

27. Strategic planning involves:
 The process for selecting collected information of
targeted analysis
 Formulation of objectives and policies,
 The participation of main decision-makers,
 Setting and evaluations of options,
 Assessment of future potential option
 Finally focusing on manner of doing (implementation)
and ensure its successful completion.

28.  In paranel view (1994), specifications of strategic
planning include:
• Introversion and extraversion,
• functional integration,
• participation of key individuals,
• using analytical techniques,
• creativity in planning and focusing on control
 In addition to the foregoing, strategic planning
including processes and step that will follow by a
description.

29. Strategic Planning Stages
Mazur (1998) considered four basic steps in
strategic planning that including;
1. Vision
2. Mission
3. Goals
4. Strategy
5. Monitoring and Assessment

30. Identification of Mission
 Mission is defined by the team that orients the
organization.
 It defines the reason and responsibility of the
organization, but not the process.
 In historic environments, the mission is to provide the
sustainability of historic environment by increasing
quality of urban life

31. Identification of Vision
 Vision symbolizes the future of organization.
 It is the assertive, challenging and expressive definition
of the point that the organization wants to achieve in
the long run.
 For historic environments, a statement of vision can be
to create a healthy, safe, diverse and sustainable urban
environment and to integrate this with environment,
culture, community and economy through the
participation of different actors

32. Definition of Principles and Values
 Basic values are legal and administrative tools and
standards that orient planning approach.
– To diminish threats through strong quality management and
control mechanisms in order to protect environmental quality,
– To set measures to protect natural and cultural values and to
create an accessible environment,
– To increase public awareness on urban quality,
– To reach high-level design in historic environment,
– To create a safe and attractive environment that in compatible
with development densities and urban standards,
– To provide a spatial pattern that responds to different
demands and that suits to economic use of public space,
– To perform efficient economic assessment of proposed
design.

33. Development of Basic Strategies: Strategic Goals and
Objectives
 In the quality improvements, the actions that focus only
on physical interventions are not efficient and
sustainable.
 The policies for the improvement in urban quality should
be accomplished and integrated with comprehensive
plans.
 These plans should have long-lasting relevant and
applicable objectives.
 Especially in historic environment, integrated action
planning is essential to provide the sustainability and
continuity of actions.
 Therefore, the SPM puts forward an integrated
framework in which spatial, functional, economic, social
and structural dimensions work together

34. Strategic Goals

35. Preparation of Strategic Plans and Projects
 Seventh stage is for preparing the design proposals
according to identified strategies.
 There appear several fundamentals in the development
of proposals within the context of accessibility,
effectiveness, comfort and socialization.
These are:

36.  To design for increasing public security, decreasing
crime and long-term safety,
 To increase and/or balance competitiveness,
 To increase mixed use and service variation,
 To provide reuse of existing building stock,
 To prevent unfair treatments of different income groups,
 To protect and improve quality of life,
 To support mixed use to enhance pedestrian-oriented
development and settlement identity.

37. Actions and Implementation Tools

38. Monitoring and assessment
 Monitoring and assessment provide the control of integrated
design proposals and implementation in diverse action areas
from urban fabric to building scale.
 Strategic decisions and actions should continuously be
traced and assessed within the perspective of community
benefit, durability, continuity and feasibility.
 In particular, the following questions should be answered:
– What has been done?
– How can we understand success?
– How effective is the implementation?
– Is there anything missing?
 Regarding the results of this stage, if action plans and
projects are realized as wanted, implementation can
continue.
 If there are any unexpected situations, the plan is
reconsidered, updated, approved and continued for its
implementation.

39. Strategic Planning Processes

41. Challenges of Strategic Planning
 Generally, in every planning there are obstacles and
limitations that can be imply to events and environmental
crises, internal resistances and costly planning.
 Therefore the planning is a hard work and troubled, and need
to high skill, creativity, the ability to analyze and great
conclusion.
 Some of the major obstacles and bottlenecks in the
application of strategic planning model in urban planning
include:
– unstable socio-economic substructures of the city,
– in consistencies in the planning and management of development,
– issues of property rights and land operational regulations,
– the bases weakness of city management,
– local planning and lack of participation in urban development.

42. Challenges of
strategic planning

43. What are the Environmental issues
when planning an urban area?

44.  Trees have to cut down for construction.
 Have to use environment unfriendly materials for
construction work (Plastic, Steel, Concrete)
 Chemicals will added to the soil.
 Some time we have to remove animals in particular
areas.

45. The most important adverse impacts on the
urban environment affecting people and caused
by man and nature are:
 Water pollution and depletion
 Energy use and wastage
 Air pollution:
- Outdoor, by industrialization and
motorization emissions
- indoor, from household and occupational
sources

46.  Solid waste, especially hazardous waste, when
improperly discharged by households and industries.
 Resource Losses:
- Groundwater contamination and depletion
- Land and ecosystem degradation
- Degradation of historic structures and cultural
resources
 Environmental hazards:
- Natural disasters (e.g. hurricane, earthquake, volcano,
flooding,..etc.)
- Man-made hazards (e.g. chemical spills and other
industrial accidents)

47. Bad effects of urban development
without planning?

48.  Water table of soil will goes down.
 Natural beauty will vanish.
 Flood, earthquakes and other natural diseases will
occur.
 Global worming.
 Soil will unfertilized
Because of that natural environment is very
important in urban planning

49. Well planned city with protecting natural beauty-Kandalama
hotel in Sri Lanka

50. Three components of Environmental Planning
 Environmental planning seeks to improve and protect
environmental quality for urban residents - both through
controlling the generation of pollution and through
segregating activities that are environmentally
incompatible [Miller and Groot, 1997:3]
 Effective environmental planning requires the effective
interaction and overlay between three components -
hardware, software and heartware.

51. 1. Hardware consists of the physical fabric of a city -
infrastructure, buildings, railway, roads, ports etc.
2. Software consists of sets of rules, and regulations, laws
and legislation, ordinances, including habits, ethics, and
traditionally established codes of conduct.
3. Heartware is an individual's emotional mechanism,
behaviour and conduct, which determines his or her needs,
wants and wishes. It also determines the process by which
the individual's interaction with the surrounding
environment takes place

53. Why is the natural environment is
important in urban planning?

54.  The environment is important because everything that
supports the survival of human beings is dependent on
it.
 It is simply the only home of mankind, making it the
most important aspect in life.
 Wellness of the environment directly relates to the
wellness and health in human beings and every other
species.
 In addition, the environment provides remarkable
beauty.

55. Urban environmental problems are threats to present
or future human well-being, resulting from human-
induced damage to the physical environment,
originating in or borne in urban areas.
• This definition includes:
– Localized environmental health problems such as
inadequate household water and sanitation and indoor
air pollution.
– City-regional environmental problems such as ambient air
pollution, inadequate waste management and pollution of
rivers, lakes and coastal areas.
– Extra-urban impacts of urban activities such as ecological
disruption and resource depletion in a city’s hinterland,
and emissions of acid precursors and greenhouse gases.
– Regional or global environmental burdens that arise from
activities outside a city’s boundaries, but which will
affect people living in the city

56. Aggravating Factors
 Factors aggravating urban environmental degradation or
perpetuating the lack of appropriate preventive and
curative environmental actions, are:
 Lack of public and political awareness
 Need for public pressure and political will
 Lack of effective public education and participation
 Inadequate governance e.g.
• Weak institutional capacity,
• Poor inter-sectoral coordination,
• Lack of effective public accountability,
• Inadequate regulatory policies,
• Unclear property rights,
• Inefficient economic policies,
• Insufficient knowledge and information,
• Shortage of environmental professionals.

57. 1.3 URBAN ECOLOGY – DEFINITIONS
AND CONCEPTS
 Urban ecology is understood as a multidisciplinary
approach to improving living conditions for the human
population in cities, referring to the ecological
functions of urban habitats or ecosystems for people –
and thus including aspects of social, especially
planning, sciences.
 From a broader view, cities can be considered as
emergent phenomena of local-scale, dynamic
interactions among socio-economic and biophysical
forces.

58.  These are both complex ecological entities that have
their own unique internal rules of behavior, growth, and
evolution, and important global ecological forcing
influences.
 Urban ecology is the study of ecosystems that includes
humans living in cities and urbanizing landscapes.
 It investigates ecosystem services which are closely
linked to patterns of urban development

59.  Urban ecology is an interdisciplinary field that supports
societies’ attempts to become more sustainable.
 It has deep roots in many disciplines including
geography, sociology, urban planning, landscape
architecture, engineering, economics, anthropology,
climatology, public health, and ecology.
 Because of its interdisciplinary nature and unique focus
on humans and natural systems within urbanized areas,
‘urban ecology’ has been used variously to describe the
study of humans in cities, nature in cities, and the
coupled relationships of humans and nature

60. 1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment
Meaning
Significance
Parameters for EIA
Framework
Project cycle and timing of the EIA
Methodologies

61. Definition
 Environmental Impact Assessment is a tool designed to
identify and predict the impact of a project on the bio-
geophysical environment and on man's health and well-
being,
• to interpret and communicate information about the
impact,
• to analyze site and process alternatives and
• to provide solutions to mitigate the negative consequences
on man and the environment

62.  EIA is a means of avoiding environmental disturbances
that are always much more expensive to correct after
their occurrence than before.
 Today, there is world-wide evidence that man cannot
ignore the quality of the environment.
 Thus environmental issues must be addressed as soon as
possible during project planning.
 There should not be any hesitation in abandoning a
project or a process at an early stage, or in proposing
alternatives to any project which would have very
detrimental impact on the environment, as is the case for
projects which are not economically or financially
viable.
 In the same way as economic, financial, institutional, or
technical analyses, EIA is an integral part of the project.

63. Contents of an EIA
1. Executive summary:
 In a few pages it allows anyone (specialist or not) to
understand the different repercussions of the project
(on the environment, human well-being and safety)
and to be informed of the alternatives chosen and the
mitigating measures that have to be implemented.
2. Project description, and legal and administrative
framework:
 A brief description of the project is necessary with all
off-site extensions and their interaction with natural
and social components.
 All the regulations implemented within the EIA must
be detailed here.

64. 3. Scoping and screening
 It is important that people in charge of the protection of
the environment (ministries, borrowers, donors, NGOs,
associations, inhabitants…) can outline to the investor
the limits of the EIA, in time, space and the type of
impact to be addressed (as well as the way of evaluating
them), and identify the alternatives.

65. 4. Description of the existing environment
 Precise data relevant to the site is required, describing:
intended uses, quality, physical, biological, social, and
economic conditions.
 This description must include other existing or
proposed developments.
 The use of maps, graphs, drawings… is very important
for a better understanding of the situation.
 Key data gaps and uncertainties must be identified
here.

66. 5. Analysis of alternatives and basis for the selection of
the alternative proposed
 The project description is completed by a precise
description of the different choices concerning
processes, site and all alternatives that the investor has
examined for a better protection of the environment
and populations concerned.
 A comparison of these different alternatives, in term of
their potential impact and cost/benefit analysis, is
required.
 The basis on which each alternative is chosen must be
stated.

67. 6. Environmental issues of the project
 Once the project is defined and all alternatives
thoroughly studied, this section presents the
environmental issues around the final project.
 Each area of positive or negative impact must be
defined in terms of its magnitude, reversibility, period
of occurrence and nature (primary, secondary…).
 At this stage it is important to outline in detail the
different phases of the project and to address all the
environmental repercussions linked with each phase.
 All the drastically negative repercussions that cannot
be eliminated must be identified and mitigating
measures must be proposed in the next chapter.

68. 7. Mitigating measures
 For all remaining negative repercussions, mitigating
measures have to be proposed (and must be undertaken
as soon as the project starts).
 These measures must be realistic both technically and
economically.
 The efficiency of each measure in reducing significant
negative effects to an acceptable level must be
assessed.
 An estimation of the required investment is necessary
at this stage to verify the feasibility of the proposed
measures.

69. 8. Environmental management and training and
environmental monitoring plan:
 In order to try and prevent environmental accidents, it
is necessary to prepare a document to define the role
of each person or group in the environmental
management team of the future company and the
monitoring and training procedures undertaken to
enhance the capabilities of the staff and workers.
 These documents will naturally be updated once the
plant is built.

70. 9. Appendices
 All documents needed for understanding the chosen
methodology, the references, the meetings with
ministries, scientists, managers, affected groups, the
names and qualifications of the authors of the study,
need to appear under this heading.

71. .
Construction
Construction
Conception/Design
Conception/Design
Feasibility study
Feasibility study
Pre Feasibility
Pre Feasibility
First Investigations
First Investigations
Identification
Identification
Project cycle and timing of the EIA

72. Methodologies for Predicting Impact in an
EIA
 The EIA must provide the decision makers and the
population with all the necessary analytical data, for
their information and awareness.
 As superfluous details are unprofitable, the assessment
has to pinpoint the important parameters to be studied,
the others are only mentioned.
 For these major parameters, it is often necessary to
follow some guidelines in order to have as objective a
thinking as possible.
 Though this may not be necessary for small projects
where good practice of EIA and common sense can be
sufficient, it is a necessity for large scale projects
principally when they include integrated forest
development.

73. There are various methods available to guide the EIA.
1. The check-list method or the EIA type
2. The matrix method
3. The Battelle environmental evaluation system

74. 1. The check-list method or the EIA type
Various check-lists, or EIA type methods, are
available world-wide.
Generally check-lists are more widely used in
developing countries while EIA type methods are
often used in developed countries by authorities to
guide the EIA authors in their thinking.
The principle of these two methods is to give a
framework to EIA authors so that they do not forget
any important point.
Check-lists, or EIA type methods, are good tools but
they cannot take into consideration all particular
cases that can be met during an EIA.
However, they are generally sufficient for small
scale projects.

75. These methods can be combined with the use of
environmental guidelines, widely proposed by
authorities or donors agencies
While EIA type methods are available for
different activities, check-lists are provided
both for various sectors of activity (industries,
forestry, agriculture…) and for the different
types of areas affected (wetlands, tropical
forests, coastal zones…).

76. 2. Matrix method
 The Leopold matrix is the best known matrix
methodology available for predicting the impact of a
project on the environment.
 It is a two dimensional matrix cross-referencing:
i. the activities linked to the project that are
supposed to have an impact on man and the
environment.
ii. the existing environmental and social
conditions that could possibly be affected by the
project.

77.  The activities linked to the project are listed on one axis:
raw material production, building construction, water
supply, energy supply, raw material preparation, pulp
and paper mills processing, gaseous emissions, liquid
effluents, cooling water discharges, noise, solid wastes
treatment and disposal, transportation.
 The environmental and social conditions are listed on
the other axis, and divided in three major groups:
• physical conditions: soil, water, air…,
• biological conditions: fauna, flora, ecosystems…,
• social and cultural conditions: land use, historical and cultural
issues, populations, economy…

78.  The Leopold matrix proposes a three-step process to
estimate the impact:
First step :
 For all the interactions considered significant by the
authors, the first step is to mark the corresponding boxes
in the matrix with a diagonal line.
Second step :
 once the boxes with supposed significant interactions are
slashed, the author evaluates each box by applying a
number from 1 to 10 (1 is the minimum and 10 the
maximum) to register the magnitude of the interaction.
 This number is transferred to the upper left hand corner.
 It represents the scale of the action and its theoretical
extent

79. Third step :
 the final step for this method is to mark (from 1 to 10), in
the lower right hand corner, the real importance of the
phenomenon for the given project.
 It then gives an evaluation of the extent of the
environmental impact according to the assessor's
judgment.
 Once the matrix is established the EIA gives a precise
description of each important impact in the matrix (with
the larger numerical values for magnitude and
importance).
 The discussion must also address columns and rows with
large numbers of interactions.
 They show activities, or elements, in connection with the
environment which are particularly significant or
sensitive.

80. 3. The Batelle method
 First designed for water resource development, the
Battelle method can easily be used in other projects.
 The principle lies in splitting the environmental
impacts in four major categories: ecology, pollution,
aesthetics and human interest.
 These categories are divided into thematic data as
shown:
Ecology
• Species and populations,
• Habitats and communities,
• Ecosystems.

81. Pollution
• Water pollution,
• Air pollution,
• Land pollution,
• Noise pollution.
Aesthetics
• Land,
• Air,
• Water,
• Biota,
• Man made objects,
• Composition.

82. Human interest
• Educational/scientific packages,
• Historical packages,
• Cultures,
• Mood/atmosphere,
• Life patterns,
• Composition
 These thematic data are divided into environmental
indicators.
 The principal advantage of this method is that it gives a
comparative analysis between several situations, thus it
is particularly efficient when effecting choices between
alternatives.

83.  Once the environmental indicators are chosen, the method
follows three steps:
First step
 At this stage, the goal of the method is to transform
environmental indicators into environmental quality.
 The notation table defines a number from 0 to 1 (0 for poor
quality and 1 for good quality).
 Thus it is possible to quantify evolution both in the wrong
or right direction (environmental deterioration or
improvement).
Second step
 a total of a 1,000 points (or Parameter Importance
Units: PIU) are shared among the indicators by the
authors of the EIA.
 They reflect the relative importance of each parameter.

84. Third step
the comparison between the situation with and
without the project is done in Environmental
Impact Units (EIU).
It can even reflect benefits or losses in terms of
environmental conditions.