Building Technology 1

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 [ARC3514 / ARC3512]
NAME: GERTRUDE LEE YUE SIEW
STUDENT ID: 0306265
TUTOR: MR ADIB RAMLI

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 DESIGN MODIFICATION
2.1 FLOOR SYSTEM
2.1.1 PRECEDENT STUDIES
2.1.2 MATERIALS
2.1.3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
2.2 WALL SYSTEM
2.2.2 MATERIALS
2.3 ROOF SYSTEM
2.3.2 MATERIALS
2.4 BASEMENT
2.4.1 MATERIALS USED
3.0 WORKING DRAWINGS
4.0 REFERENCES
3
4-7
8
9
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
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33

1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project is about designing a Nature Appreciation Centre and it is located at Belum Rainforest Resort. The function of the Nature Appreciation Centre is to
allow visitors and tourists to experience and appreciated nature as Belum Rainforest is a forest reserve area. As for this module, we were required to bring this design project to
discuss with the lecturer on which portion of the building that can be utilized for this assignment. We are required to change the original construction systems and building materials,
to replace with a more complex construction system.
This project concentrates on the construction system of the building after a part of the building chosen. The types of construction system changes that are
suppose to be carried out are :-
i. Floor system
ii. Wall system
iii. Roof system
iv. Basement level (which is to be shown in the section)
Before picking out any construction system, we are required to conduct precedent studies regarding the construction system that is going to be applied to the building. We are also
required to provide detail description of all construction system used as well as analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of both existing systems and the new system proposed.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 [ARC 3514 / ARC 3512] 3

2.0 DESIGN MODIFICATION
As we were required to take out a part of the building and change the original construction systems and building materials, to replace with a more complex construction system, the
diagram below shows the original design and proposed design.
ORIGINAL FIRST FLOOR PLAN

PROPOSED FIRST FLOOR PLAN

ORIGINAL SECOND FLOOR PLAN

PROPOSED FIRST FLOOR PLAN

2.1 FLOOR SYSTEM
Floor system is one of the important structural element of a typical multi-storey building. A typical floor system is made up of beams, columns, floor slab and if it is on the ground floor,
there would be a foundation. As for my original design, the floor system that was used in my design is timber flooring. As for my proposed design, the floor system that was used in my
design is concrete hollow core slab.
Original design : Timber Flooring System Proposed design: Hollow Core Concrete Slab Floor System

Building: Bergen Fire Station
Architects: Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter
Location : Bergen, Norway
This building is a curved shaped building as this follows the outer edge of the site in order to keep
the area as wide as possible. This also helps to create a dense screen against traffic and it helps
create sheltered space in front.
Concrete is the main material used for this building as this can be seen from the base as the entire
base is made of cast-on-site concrete. The secondary materials used are steel and aluminium.
The structural elements used to construct the floor system are steel structure and hollow core slab.
Figure 1 : Bergen Fire Station, Bergen
Source : http://www.archdaily.com/97807/bergen-fire-station-stein-
halvorsen-sivilarkitekter/
Figure 2 : Section of Bergen Fire Station, Bergen
Source : http://de.urbarama.com/project/main-fire-station-bergen
As can be seen from Figure 2, which is the section of the building, the floor system used is hollow
core slab supported by I-steel beam. Hollow core slab is also know as voided slab is one of the
typical floor systems used to construct floors in multi-storey building such as apartments.
Hollow core slab provides maximum structural efficiency with the use of concrete and at the same
time having low energy consumption. Hollow core slab is an ideal structural section as it also reduce
deadweight. It is also possible to be reuse and recycle which will help in less material wastage making
It environmental friendly.
Concrete is used to make hollow core slab. Concrete is a very versatile building material as it is
durable. Each floor units using hollow core floor system are averagely 1200mm wide and up to 20m
long. This is why hollow core floor system are normally used in buildings which has a larger span.

For my proposed design, for the floor system, I proposed hollow core concrete slab to replace the timber flooring. Hollow core
concrete slab floor system must have suitable materials and structural elements in order for the system to work well.
MATERIALS / STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
MANUFACTURER PROPERTIES
HOLLOW CORE CONCRETE
SLAB
SPC INDUSTRIES SDN
BHD
o Provides maximum structural efficiency with utilization of high
strength concrete
o Low material consumption
o Mainly used in buildings with larger span. E.g apartments,
hospitals schools
o Favourable cost rate and fast erection
I – STEEL BEAM BESTWELD STEEL
SYSTEM SDN BHD
o Resist shear forces
o Very efficient form for carrying bending and shear load
o Can be used as both beams and columns
2.1.2 MATERIALS / STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Original design : Timber floor system
2.1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Good quality timber will last for decades  Will be damaged if exposed to excessive
moisture
 Easy to construct  Regular maintenance as to prevent termites
from attacking
 Cost efficient  Regular polishing every 3-4 years
 Good aesthetic
 Good sound absorber
Proposed design : Concrete hollow core floor system
 Has longitudinal core that helps reduce the
weight of the floor
 Health problem will be an issue if air supply is
not released from the duct as it has to be
cleaned from time to time
 Commonly used in large span building as it is
durable
 Handling and transporting. Being precast, it
will be heavy and fragile
 Excellent fire resistance
 High speed of erection as it is pre-cast
 High load capacity
Figure 3 : Timber Floor System
Source: www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au
Figure 4 : Concrete Hollow Core Floor System
Source: hubhomedesign.com

Wall system is another important structural element of a typical multi-storey building. My original design of the space is actually timber wall façade and as for my proposed design of
the space, I decided to change it to glass curtain wall.
Original Design : Timber Façade Wall System
Original Design : Glass Curtain Wall System
2.2 WALL SYSTEM

Building: Dolomites House
Architects: JM Architecture
Location : Dolomite Mountains, Italy
The existing building has a very large and high entry hall with rooms and it also allows users to
experience the space as it is necessary to walk through the entry hall in order to move around the
house. Clear glass envelope and gyp wall was inserted in order to separate one space from another
after the whole ground floor is being demolished
Figure 5 : Dolomites House, Dolomite Mountains, Italy
Source : http://www.archdaily.com/4806/dolomites-house-jm-
architecture/
The architect decided to replace the facades with glass
curtain wall to allow the maximum amount of light into the
room as before this they could not get enough light into
the house.The glass curtain wall used for this building has
the base and head of mullion flush with the floor and
ceiling.
Glass curtain wall is defined as thin, aluminium-framed
wall, containing in-fills of glass and it is attached to the
building structure. It also does not carry the weight of the
floor or roof. Glass curtain wall method of glazing allows
glass to be used in large uninterrupted areas creating
consistent attractive facades.
Figure 6 : Dolomites House, Dolomite Mountains, Italy
architecture/
Figure 7 : Detail Drawing of Curtain Wall Used at Dolomite House
architecture/

For my proposed design, for the wall system, I proposed glass curtain wall to replace the timber façade wall.
ELEMENTS
MANUFACTURER PROPERTIES
ALUMINIUM FRAME
FUJISASH (M) SDN BHD
o It is light weight as it is averagely 50kg/m2 which helps to reduce
the weight of high rise building.
o It allows light to pass through, enabling the building to use
natural lighting in the day as their light sourceGLASS

Original design : Timber façade wall system
 Quick erection time  Additional design and engineering time
 Reduce site labour work  Will decay if exposed to excessive moisture and
termites
 Recyclable  Requires vigilant control to achieve fire rating
 Low embodied energy if constructed from local
timber
Proposed design : Glass curtain wall system
 Light weight allowing it to reduce the weight of
high rise buildings
 When light penetrates through the glass curtain
wall in bad angle, it also can produce glare and
discomfort to the human eye
 Reduce the main structure and basis cost  It is not environmental friendly as it only
guarantee a life span of 20 years
 Reduce use of electricity as it allows light to
enter in to the building
 Light penetrating through causes heat increase
indoor
Figure 8: Timber Wall System
Source: www.britannica.com
Figure 9 : Glass Curtain Wall Detail
Source: www2.reynaers.com

Roof system is another important structural element of a typical multi-storey building. My original design for the roof is using timber truss with metal decking and as for my proposed
design,
Original Design : Timber Truss Roof
Original Design : Steel Truss Roof
2.3 ROOF SYSTEM

Building: Matrikulasi Kolej
Location : Gopeng, Perka
Figure 10 : Matrikulasi Kolej, Gopeng, Perak
Source : www.panoramio.com
This building uses steel roof truss as their roof system . The architect of this building decide using steel
truss because the over exhaustion demand on timber has cause the timber roof truss construction to
grow scarce and steel truss is the best substitute as it is a galvanized based material and a very
enduring protection. As trusses supports the other construction elements of the roof such as roof
battens, it is durable and it is also light,
Figure 11 : Roof of Matrikulasi Kolej
Source : http://www.bestweld.com.my/projects/prj04.htm#sbernam

For my proposed design, for the wall system, I proposed steel truss roof to replace timber truss roof.
ELEMENTS
MANUFACTURER PROPERTIES / FUNCTIONS
STEEL ROOF TRUSS
BESTWELD STEEL
SYSTEM SDN BHD
o Light weight
o Strong
o Non-combustible
o Termite proof
o High durability
o Resist shear force
METAL CLADDING
STEEL C-SHAPED BEAM

Original design : Timber truss roof
 Less expensive  Requires vigilant control to achieve fire rating
 More fire resistant compared to unprotected steel
beam
 Subject to rotten if exposed to elements such as
termites
 Design Flexibility  Will suffer damages if there is violent weather
 Good aesthetic
Proposed design : Steel truss roof
 Light weight  Corrodes when exposed to air and water
 Less amount of money spend  More skilled labor
 Fire Resistant  Not sound absorbent
 Low Maintenance cost
Figure 12: Timber Truss Roof
Source: timberframehome.wordpress.com
Figure 13: Steel Truss Roof
Source: www.roofseal.com.my

Basement never existed in the original design. As for this proposed design, materials used for this basement is reinforced concrete.
2.4 BASEMENT

2.4.1 MATERIALS USED

3.0 WORKING DRAWINGS

4.0 REFERENCES
10 Major Benefits of Wood Flooring, Compared to Other Forms of Flooring. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2015, from http://www.whittlewoods.co.uk/benefits-of-
wooden-flooring
Bergen Fire station / Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter. (2010, December 26). Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/97807/bergen-fire-station-stein-
halvorsen-sivilarkitekter
Bestweld Steel System S/B. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2015, from http://www.bestweld.com.my/products/index.htm
Dolomites House / JM Architecture. (2008, August 11). Retrieved May 6, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/4806/dolomites-house-jm-architecture/
Main Fire Station Bergen. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://de.urbarama.com/project/main-fire-station-bergen
Metric Concrete Industries. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://www.metric.com.my/content/hollow-core-slab.html#why-slab
The advantages and disadvantages of glass curtain wall by Shirley Hu. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2015, from https://www.apsense.com/article/the-advantages-
and-disadvantages-of-glass-curtain-wall.html
Jm architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://www.jma.it/jm-architecture-dolomites-house-description.html

Building Technology 1

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