HISTORY YEAR 9 - RACISM. Contains: racism definition, type of racism, racial discrimination, institutional racism, economic racism, symbolic racism, cultural racism, xenophobia, colour blindness, othering, prejudice against minority groups, anti racism movements, civil rights movements, Martin Luther King Jr, anti apartheid movement, Nelson Mandela.

1. RACISM

2. WHAT IS RACISM?
Racism consists of ideologies and practices that seek to justify, or
cause, the unequal distribution of privileges, rights or goods among
different racial groups.
Racism is race-based prejudice, violence, dislike, discrimination, or
oppression.

3. TYPES OF RACISM
Racism can be: racial discrimination, institutional, economic, symbolic,
cultural, colour blindness and othering.

4. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Racial discrimination refers to the separation of people through a
process of social division into categories not necessarily related to races
for purposes of differential treatment.
EXAMPLE
There is a widespread discrimination in the workplace all over the
world against job applicants whose names are perceived as "sounding
black". These applicants are 50% less likely than candidates perceived
as having "white-sounding names" to receive callbacks for interviews.

5. INSTITUTIONAL RACISM
Institutional racism is racial discrimination by governments,
corporations, religions, or educational institutions or other large
organizations with the power to influence the lives of many individuals.

6. ECONOMIC RACISM
Historical economic or social disparity is a form of discrimination
caused by past racism and historical reasons, affecting the present
generation through deficits in the formal education and kinds of
preparation in previous generations.

7. SYMBOLIC RACISM
It is characterized by acting unprejudiced while inside maintaining
prejudiced attitudes, displaying subtle prejudiced behaviors, and
evaluating the same behavior differently based on the race of the
person being evaluated.

8. CULTURAL RACISM - XENOFOBIA
Cultural racism emerged since World War II. It can be characterised by the
belief that one culture is inherently superior to another.
Christians have so many times
ignored the teachings of Jesus and
become racists instead. It happened
during the crusades. It happened in
Nazi Germany.

9. COLOUR BLINDNESS
Occurs in predominantly
white populations, for
example, whiteness becomes
the normative standard,
whereas people of colour are
othered, and the racism these
individuals experience may be
minimized or erased.
At an individual level, people
with "colour blind prejudice"
reject racist ideology, but also
reject laws to fix institutional
racism.

10. OTHERING
Much of the
process of
othering relies on
imagined
difference, or the
expectation of
difference. Spatial
difference can be
enough to
conclude that
"we" are "here"
and the "others"
are over "there".

13. PREJUDICE AGAINST MINORITY GROUPS
In Britain, tensions between minority groups can be just as strong as
those between minorities and the majority population. In Birmingham,
there have been long-term divisions between the Black and South
Asian communities and in Dewsbury, a Yorkshire town with a relatively
high Muslim population, there have been tensions and minor civil
disturbances between Kurds and South Asians.

14. MUSLIMS VS JEWS
In France, home to Europe's largest population of Muslims (about 6
million) as well as the continent's largest community of Jews (about
600,000), anti-Jewish violence, property destruction, and racist
language has been increasing over the last several years.

15. AFRICAN AMERICAN VS MEXICAN AMERICANS
There has been a long-running racial tension between African
Americans and Mexican Americans. There have been several
significant riots in California prisons in which Mexican American
inmates and African Americans have specifically targeted each other
based on racial reasons.

16. ANTI RACISM MOVEMENTS
Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted
or developed to oppose racism. It promotes an egalitarian society in
which people are not discriminated against in race. Movements such as
the African-American Civil Rights Movement and the Anti-Apartheid
Movement were examples of anti-racist movements.

17. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
The Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the
United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and
discrimination against black Americans. The movement was
characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance.

18. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the
leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr., who won the
1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the movement.

20. KU KLUX KLAN
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK), or simply "the Klan", is the name of three
distinct past and present movements in the United States, which have
advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy,
white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed
through terrorism.

21. ANTI APARTHEID MOVEMENT
The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), originally known as the Boycott
Movement, was a British organisation that was at the centre of the
international movement opposing South Africa's system of apartheid
and supporting South Africa's non-whites.

22. NELSON MANDELA
Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary,
politician and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa
from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black chief executive, and
the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His
government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through
tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation.