ICTCoreCh11

11.1 The Components of a Computer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

11.1 The Components of a Computer ,[object Object],[object Object],Main memory Motherboard CPU Display card DVD-ROM drive Floppy disk drive Power supply Hard disk drive A system unit

11.1 The Components of a Computer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

11.1 The Components of a Computer ,[object Object],[object Object],Broadband modem Digital video camera Printer Microphone USB flash drive Scanner Peripherals Monitor Speaker Mouse Keyboard

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],The role of a CPU

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Arithmetic Operations Logical Operations + ÷ X - NOT OR AND

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How the ALU and the CU execute an addition instruction

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],Explanation Instruction Store the data in register AX to the main memory address variable ANS. STORE ANS, AX Store data from a register into main memory. Add the value stored in CX to that in BX, and store the sum in BX. ADD BX, CX Store data temporarily in arithmetic operations. Store 8 in register AX. LOAD AX, 8 Load data from main memory into a register. Example of assembly instructions Function

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Execution process of program instructions

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Zero flag (Z): Set to 1 if the evaluated result is zero; set to 0 otherwise. Sign flag (S): Set to 1 if the evaluated result is negative; set to 0 otherwise. Parity flag (P): Set to 1 if the evaluated result is an odd parity. Carry flag (C): Set to 1 if the evaluated result contains a carry; set to 0 otherwise. Overflow flag (O): Set to 1 if the evaluated result has overflowed. (i.e. the resulting value is too large to be stored in the memory unit) C P Z S O

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Functions of data bus, address bus and control bus Indicate the direction of the data transfer and coordinate the timing of the event during transfer. Control bus Transfer the source address or the destination address of data. Address bus Transfer data and instructions. Data bus Function Bus type

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],System Bus System Bus

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],Interconnection of computer units by system bus

11.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ,[object Object],Bus width among different CPUs 64-bit Intel Core 2 Duo 64-bit Pentium 32-bit Intel 80486 16-bit Intel 80286 8-bit Intel 8088 Bus width Model of CPU

11.3 Machine Cycle ,[object Object],[object Object],Sub-cycles of a machine cycle Interpret the operation code and perform the required operation. Execute Identify the operation code and operands in an instruction. Decode Read the next instruction from the main memory into instruction register (IR). Fetch Description Sub-cycle

11.3 Machine Cycle ,[object Object],Process of a machine cycle

11.3 Machine Cycle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],If have interrupt Interrupt served CPU resumes the operation of the next instruction of the active process End of execution of an instruction ,[object Object],[object Object]

11.4 Measurement of CPU Speed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Clock rates of popular CPUs for the past thirty years 333 ps – 943 ps 1.06 GHz – 3 GHz 2000 – now Intel Core 2 Duo 294 ps – 714 ps 1.4 GHz – 3.4 GHz 2000 – now Pentium IV 885 ps – 2 ns 500 MHz – 1.13 GHz 1999 – 2001 Pentium III 2.2 ns – 4.3 ns 233 MHz – 450 MHz 1997 – 1999 Pentium II 5 ns – 16.7 ns 60 MHz – 200 MHz 1993 – 1996 Pentium 10 ns – 33.4 ns 16 MHz – 100 MHz 1989 – 2007 Intel 80486 25 ns – 62.5 ns 16 MHz – 40 MHz 1986 – 2007 Intel 80386 40 ns – 166.7 ns 6 MHz – 25 MHz 1982 – 1986 Intel 80286 0.21 μ s (210 ns) 4.77 MHz 1979 – 1982 Intel 8088 Duration of one clock cycle Typical clock rate Years of production Model of CPU

11.4 Measurement of CPU Speed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A 64-bit CPU

11.5 Main Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

11.5 Main Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A RAM module

11.5 Main Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Characteristics of DRAM and SRAM CPU cache, hard disk buffer, printer buffer, PDA Computer main memory, game console Application Smaller Larger Storage capacity Lower than DRAM Higher than SRMA Power consumption Higher Lower Cost Higher Lower Speed (clock rate) SRAM DRAM

11.5 Main Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A ROM chip installed on a motherboard

11.5 Main Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CPU requests an instruction or data Searches cache memory first in a very short time Acquires the data and proceeds to the next task Look up in the main memory Found Not found

11.6 Latest Development of CPU and Main Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],Processors on an Intel 45nm wafer photographed with a pencil. Each dual core chip consists of 410 million transistors.

11.6 Latest Development of CPU and Main Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],AMD Phenom Quad-Core Processor Die Intel 45nm quad-core processor and its chip die

11.6 Latest Development of CPU and Main Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],DDR3 memory modules

ICTCoreCh11

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ICTCoreCh11