UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR GRAMMAR

1. NOMBRE:
GABRIELA NACEVILLA

3. I am from Seattle.
He is from Toronto.
She
It
We are from Japan.
You
They

4. am not (I'm not) from Seattle.
I
He is not (isn't) from Toronto.
She
It
We are not (aren't) from Japan.
You
They

5. Where am I from?
Where is he from
she
it
Where are we from?
you
they

7. The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding
the letter s.
more than one snake = snakes
more than one ski = skis
more than one Barrymore = Barrymores
Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will
require an -es for the plural:
more than one witch = witches
more than one box = boxes
more than one gas = gases
more than one bus = buses
more than one kiss = kisses
more than one Jones = Joneses

8. • Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant is formed
into a plural by changing -y to -ies.[Substantivos acabados
em - y precedidos por consoante, vão para o plural
trocando o -y por -ies.]
Examples: lady, ladies; city, cities; army, armies
Nouns ending in -y preceded by a vowel form their plurals
by adding -s.[Substantivos terminados em -y precedidos
por vogal, fazem plural adicionando -s.]
Example: boy, boys; day, days

9. • Most nouns ending in - o preceded by a consonant is
formed into a plural by adding -es.[Muitos substantivos
que acabam em -o precedidos por uma consoante,
formam plural com a adição de -es.]
Example: hero; heroes; grotto, grottoes
Some nouns ending in -f or -fe are made plural by
changing -f or -fe to -ves.[Alguns substantivos que
acabam em -f ou -fe fazem plural trocando o -f ou -fe
por -ves
Example: beef, beeves; wife, wives.

10. Simple Present Tense
How do we make the Simple Present Tense?
There are three important exceptions:
1.For positive sentences, we do not normally use
subject + auxiliary + main verb
the I sing
auxiliary. verb
2.For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we
do base
add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3.For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary,
even for questions and negatives.

11. Look at these examples with the main verb like:
subject auxiliary main verb
verb
+ I, you, we, like coffee.
they
He, she, it likes coffee.
- I, you, we, do not like coffee.
they
He, she, it does not like coffee.
? Do I, you, we, like coffee?
they
Does he, she, it like coffee?

12.  Howdo we use the Simple Present
Tense?
We use the simple present tense when:
the action is general
the action happens all the time, or
habitually, in the past, present and future
the action is not only happening now
the statement is always true

13.  The present progressive is formed by
combining the verb "to be" with the present
participle. (The present participle is merely
the "-ing" form of a verb.)
 I am studying.
I am studying with María.

In English, present progressive can be used to
describe what is happening now, or what will
happen in the future.
 I am studying now.
I am studying with María tonight.

14. Present Continuous Forms
Positive Negative Question
•I am speaking. •I am not speaking. •Am I speaking?
•You are speaking. •You are not •Are you speaking?
•We are speaking. speaking. •Are we speaking?
•They are speaking. •We are not •Are they speaking?
•He is speaking. speaking. •Is he speaking?
•She is speaking. •They are not •Is she speaking?
•It is speaking. speaking. •Is it speaking?
•He is not speaking.
•She is not speaking.
•It is not speaking.

15. The indefinite article - a
The indefinte article is the a is the same for all genders.
a boy, a girl, a cat
The indefinte article has no plural form.
a boy - boys
We use an if the following word starts with a vowel.
the following word starts the following word starts
with a consonant with a vowel
a boy an aunt
a school an old school
a girl an American girl

16. Mind the pronunciation of the following word.
a unit an uncle
This u sounds like a
This u sounds like a
consonant, so we
vowel, so we use an.
use a.

17. Use of the indefinite article a/an
- before phrases of time and measurements (per
week/weekly)
We have English 4 times a week.
I go on holiday twice a year.
Our car can do 220 kilometres an hour.
Tomatoes are $2 a kilo.

18. before phrases of jobs
My father is a car mechanic.
with a noun complement
He is a good boy.
before phrases of nationality
Bruce Springsteen is an American.

19. The definite article - the
The definite article the is the same for all
genders in singular and in plural.
the boy, the girl, the cat, the computers
If the following word begins with a vowel,
we speak [di ], if the following word begins
with a consonant, we speak [ da ].

20. [da] [di]
the following word starts the following word starts
with a spoken consonant with a spoken vowel
the girl the English girl
the book the blue book
the school the old school
the unit the uncle
Here a consonant is Here a vowel sound is
pronounced at the pronounced at the
beginning of the word. beginning of the word.

21. without the definite article with the definite article
general words (indefinite) general words (definite)
Life is too short. I've read a book on the life of Bill Clinton.
I like flowers. I like the flowers in your garden.
names of persons on the singular, relatives family names in the plural
Peter and John live in London.
The Smiths live in Chicago.
Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles.
public buildings, institutions, means of transport public buildings, institutions, means of transport
(indefinite) (definite)
Mandy doesn't like school. The school that Mandy goes to is old.
We go to school by bus. The bus to Dresden leaves at 7.40.
Some people go to church on Sundays. The round church in Klingenthal is famous.
names of countries in the singular; summits of names of countries in the plural; mountain ranges;
mountains; continents; towns regions
Germany, France;
the United States of America, the Netherlands; the
Mount Whitney, Mount McKinley;
Highlands, the Rocky Mountains, the Alps; the Middle
Africa, Europe;
East, the west of Australia
Cairo, New York
single islands groups of islands
Corfu, Bermuda, Sicily the Bahamas, the British Isles, the Canaries
parks; lakes; streets name with of-phrase; oceans; seas; rivers
the Statue of Liberty, the Tower (of London), the Isle
Central Park, Hyde Park; of Wight;
Lake Michigan, Loch Ness; the Atlantic (Ocean);
42nd Street, Oxford Street the Mediterranean (Sea);
the Nile, the Rhine, the Suez Canal
months, days of the week (indefinite) months, days of the week (definite)
The weekend is over on Monday morning. I always remember the Monday when I had an
July and August are the most popular months for accident.
holidays. The August of 2001 was hot and dry.

22. 100% always, constantly
usually, normally
frequently, regularly
often
50% sometimes
occasionally
rarely, infrequently
seldom
hardly ever
0% never

23. Adverbs of indefinite frequency
Examples:
•never, seldom, sometimes, often, always
Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID position in the
sentence. They go before the main verb (except the main verb
"to be"):
•We usually go shopping on Saturday.
•I have often done that.
•She is always late.
Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also
go at the beginning or end of a sentence:
•Sometimes they come and stay with us.
•I play tennis occasionally.
Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often
with "very"):
•We see them rarely.
•John eats meat very seldom.

24. Adverbs of definite frequency
Examples:
hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
every second, once a minute, twice a year
once, twice, once or twice, three times
Adverbs of definite frequency, like all adverbs of
definite time, typically go in END position. Look at
these examples:
Most companies pay taxes yearly.
The manager checks the toilets every hour.
The directors meet weekly to review progress.
Sometimes, usually for reasons of emphasis or style,
some adverbs of definite frequency may go at the
FRONT, for example:
Every day, more than five thousand people die on our
roads.

26.  Adjectives describe or give information
about nouns or pronouns.
 For example:-
 The grey dog barked. (The adjective grey describes the
noun "dog".)
 The good news is that the form of an adjective does not
change. It does not matter if the noun being modified is
male or female, singular or plural, subject or object.
 Some adjectives give us factual information about the
noun - age, size colour etc (fact adjectives - can't be
argued with). Some adjectives show what somebody
thinks about something or somebody - nice, horrid,
beautiful etc (opinion adjectives - not everyone may
agree).
 If you are asked questions with which, whose, what kind,
or how many, you need an adjective to be able to answer.

27. There are different types of adjectives in
the English language:
Numeric: six, one hundred and one
Quantitative: more, all, some, half, more
than enough
Qualitative: colour, size, smell etc.
Possessive: my, his, their, your
Interrogative: which, whose, what
Demonstrative: this, that, those, these
!Note - The articles a, an, and the and the
possessives my, our, your, and their are also
adjectives.

28.  Use
 1) action finished in the past
 I visited Berlin last week.
 2) series of completed actions in the past
 First I got up, then I had breakfast
 3) together with the Past
Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past
interrupted an action which was in progress
in the past.
 They were playing cards when the
telephone rang.

29. Signal words
yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002
Form
- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs
Examples
Affirmative sentences:
regular verbs irregular verbs
I played football. I went to the cinema.
We visited Alaska last We were in Rome
year. yesterday.

30. Negative sentences:
You must not negate a full verb in English. Always
use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) for
negations.
I played football.
I didn't play football.
He didn't play football.
Questions:
Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to
do).
Did you play football?

31. Positive Negative Question
I / he / she / I was I was not Was I
it speaking. speaking. speaking?
you / we / You were You were not Were you
they speaking. speaking. speaking?

32. put emphasis on the course of an action in the
past Example: He was playing football.
two actions happening at the same time (in the
past)Example: While she was preparing dinner,
he was washing the dishes.
action going on at a certain time in the
pastExample: When I was having breakfast, the
phone suddenly rang.
Signal Words of Past Progressive
when, while, as long as

33.  FORM
 [had + past participle]
 Examples:
 You had studied English before you moved to
New York.
 Had you studied English before you moved to
New York?
 You had not studied English before you moved
to New York.

34. Positive Negative Question
•I had finished. •I had not finished. •Had I finished?
•You had finished. •You had not •Had you finished?
•We had finished. finished. •Had we finished?
•They had finished. •We had not •Had they finished?
•He had finished. finished. •Had he finished?
•She had finished. •They had not •Had she finished?
•It had finished. finished. •Had it finished?
•He had not
finished.
•She had not
finished.
•It had not finished.

35. The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred
before another action in the past. It can also show that
something happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
•I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
•I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
•Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city
several times.
•Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
•She only understood the movie because she had read the
book.

36. With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses
of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that
something started in the past and continued up until another
action in the past.
Examples:
•We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
•By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London
for over eight years.
•They felt bad about selling the house because they had
owned it for more than forty years.

37.  Functions and examples - will
 1. We use 'will' to give or ask for information or facts about the future.
Her parents will be here in about an hour.
All her friends will come to her wedding.
2. We use 'will' for plans or decisions made at the time of speaking.
"We need some paper for the photocopier." "Okay, I'll go and get some."
"What would you like to eat?" "I'll have a pizza please."
3. We use 'will' to predict the future.
I think it will rain tomorrow.
Al Pacino will win the award for Best Actor.
Do you think Brazil will win the World Cup?
4. We use 'will' to predict the present.
Don't phone her now, she'll be busy.
5. We use 'will' to offer to do something.
I'll take you to the airport tomorrow.
That suitcase looks heavy, I'll carry it for you.

38. 6. We use 'will' to agree to do something.
Okay, I'll come with you
7. We use 'will' to promise to do something.
I promise I won't tell anyone you broke the window
8. We use 'will' to make requests (or give orders).
Will you open the door for me please?
Will you marry me?
Will you shut up please?
9. We use 'will' to refuse to do something or talk
about refusals.
No, I won't cook your dinner, you can cook it yourself.
I've asked him but he won't do it.

39. Functions and examples - going to
1. We use 'going to' for plans or decisions made
before speaking.
Is John coming home soon? - Yes, I'm going to
meet him at the airport tomorrow.
I'm going to watch TV in a minute, because my
favourite programme is on.
2. We use 'going to' to predict the future based
on present evidence.
Look at the sky. It's going to rain soon.
Germany have just scored. England are going to
lose again.