This document discusses different types of computer networks including LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN, CAN, PAN, and DAN. It also covers network fundamentals such as network identifiers, addressing types, IP addressing, and IPv6 addressing. Specific topics covered include the differences between LAN and WAN, types of physical and logical addressing, private IP ranges, subnet masking, and cabling standards like UTP and STP.

1. FUAD ALI
Networks
fundamentals
by assistant lecturer
Fuad Ali
3/26/2013

2. FUAD ALI
Types of Networks (geographically)
1. LAN - Local Area Network
2. WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
3. WAN - Wide Area Network
4. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
5. SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or
sometimes Small Area Network
6. CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster
Area Network
7. PAN - Personal Area Network
8. DAN - Desk Area Network

3. The
Differences
Between
LAN & WAN

4. Types of Networks (no. of hosts)

5. Computer Identifiers
1.Computer Name : 256 characters (unique inside only , non-standard)
2.Host Name : 256 characters (always unique , standard)
3.IP Address : 4 bytes (always unique , standard)
4.MAC Address : 6 bytes (always unique , standard)

6. Types of Addressing
Physical Addressing = MAC  in layer 2
Logical Addressing = IP  in layer 3
Identify service = Port No.  in layer 4
MAC : B.C.  FF FF FF FF FF FF
IP : B.C.  all host potion bits converted to 1s or 255 in decimal
Port No. : 0 – 1023 reserved for applications

7. Types of IPs
1. Private IP Addresses
Class Invisible Ranges (non routed addresses) abbreviated
A 10.0.0.1 – 10.255.255.254  16000000 10.0.0.0 / 8
B 172.16.0.1 – 172.31.255.254  10000000 172.16.0.0 / 12
C 192.168.0.1 – 192.168.255.254  65000 192.168.0.0 / 16
2. Private IP Addresses
3. 127.x.x.x !!?
4. 0.0.0.0 !!?

8. IP Address & subnet mask
Class Mask High bits IP ranges
A 255.0.0.0 = /8 0 1.0.0.1 – 126.255.255.254
B 255.255.0.0 =/16 10 128.0.0.1 – 191.255.255.254
C 255.255.255.0 =/24 110 192.0.0.1 – 223.255.255.254
Why subnet mask ?

9. IPv6 Addressing
Characteristic IPv4 IPv6
x.x.x.x x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x
4, 8-bit fields 8, 16-bit fields
Format
Separated by dots Separated by colons
Groups of 4 hexadecimal digits,
Field Representation Decimal Format case sensitive for
A, B, C, D, E and F.
Leading Zeroes Omitted Optional
Successive Zero Can be represented by “::” once
Must be included
Fields in an address.

10. IPv6 Addressing
• IPv6 Representation
• Any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-
bit segments consisting of all zeroes can be
represented once with a double colon.
1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A = 1080::8:800:200C:417A
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 = FF01::101
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 = ::1
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 = ::

11. IPv6 Addressing
• IPv6 Representation:
– Prefix:
• IPv4 prefix (the network portion of the address) can be
dotted decimal or bit count.
• e.g. 198.10.0.0 255.255.255.0 or /16
• IPv6 prefix is always represented by bit count.
– e.g. 3ef8:ca62:12:cc::2/64
16 32 48 64

12. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) & STP( Shielded Twisted Pair)
Twisting provide :
1- protection against crosstalk, noise generated by adjacent pairs .
2- cancellation of the magnetic field EMI.

13. Straight UTP Cable
Side1 : WO O WG B WB G WBr Br T568B
Side2 : WO O WG B WB G WBr Br T568B
Cross-Over UTP Cable
Side1 : WO O WG B WB G WBr Br T568B
Side2 : WG G WO B WB O WBr Br T568A
Roll-Over UTP Cable
Side1 : WO O WG B WB G WBr Br T568B
Side2 : Br Br G WB B G O WO

15. LLC & MAC

17. Implemented model
Theoretically model

19. IPv6 vs IPv4
16 Bytes → 3.4 x 10 38 IP Addresses
4 Bytes → 4.3 x 10 9 IP Addresses