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managementofmnd-180103162408.pptx
1. D R . S A C H I N A D U K I A
Management of MND as per
guidelines
2. INTRODUCTION
⚫ Neuro-degenerative disorder which affects the motor neurons in the motor
cortex, spinal cord and brainstem
⚫ Development of clinical weakness till about 30% AHC are lost
⚫ Rostral to caudal progression is faster than otherwise.
⚫ There can be transitory improvement, plateau or sudden worsening.
3. INTRODUCTION
⚫ mean 5 year survival rate is around 22%
⚫ mean 10 year survival rate is around 10%
⚫ Most robust poor prognostic factors are
Older age at onset
Bulbar onset
Short interval between onset and clinical diagnosis
Rapid progression rates
Low BMI
FTD-ALS presentation
Rapid decline in respiratory function
4. COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF
PATIENT WITH ALS
⚫ Presentation of the diagnosis
⚫ Specific pharmacotherapy
⚫ Symptomatic treatment
⚫ Multi-disciplinary team approach
⚫ Physical rehabilitation
⚫ Speech and communication management
⚫ Nutritional care
⚫ Respiratory care
⚫ Home and hospice care
5. Breaking the news
⚫ No RCTs available to conclude ideal method.
⚫ Following methods can be considered:
Compassionate yet informative manner
Allow adequate time
Patient should not be alone
Arrange second appointment for queries and after thoughts
Provide information about latest research, clinical trials
Advanced directives and issues about terminal care
6. SPECIFIC PHARMACOTHERAPY
⚫ Riluzole: antiglutamate agent
⚫ Approved by U.S FDA in 1996
⚫ A Cochrane meta-analysis : 100mg/d results in 9% increase in probability of
survival for 1 year and prolongs median survival by 2-3 months when taken for
18 months(Miller et al, 2012)
7. ⚫ riluzole 50 mg BID to prolong survival for those with definite or probable ALS
less than 5 years duration, with forced vital capacity (FVC) 60%, and without
tracheostomy (Level A).
⚫ modest beneficial effect in slowing disease progression (prolonged survival of
2–3 months) based on 4 Class I trials.
⚫ should be offered to slow disease progression in patients with ALS (Level A).
8. ⚫ Edaravone was approved in May 2015 for the treatment of ALS by FDA
⚫ IV Edaravone 60 mg over 60 minutes
Treatment is started with daily infusion for 14 days, followed by 14 days off
treatment.
Subsequent daily edaravone 60 mg infusions on 10 days within a 14 day
period, followed by 14 days off treatment.
9. SYMPTOMATIC MANAGEMENT
⚫ What are the most effective treatments for sialorrhea?
⚫ Agents like
Hyoscyamine sulphate
Diphenhydramine
Scopolamine patch
Glycopyrrolate
Atropine
TCA
⚫ In medically refractory sialorrhea,
⚫ Botox should be considered (Level B)
⚫ low-dose radiation therapy to salivary glands may be considered (Class I, Level
C).
10. ⚫ For pseudobulbar affect
⚫ combination of Dexmethorphan / Quinidine sulphate is probably effective (1
Class I study)
⚫ Pending FDA approval (Level B).
11. ⚫ To reduce fatigue?
⚫ Agents:
Pyridostigmine
Antidepressants
Methylphenidate
Amantadine
Modafinil
⚫ There are no controlled studies of pharmacologic agents relieving fatigue in
ALS.
⚫ Riluzole possibly causes fatigue in some patients (2 Class III studies).
12. ⚫ Other measures
Energy conservation
Work modification
BiPAP if sleep study is abnormal.
13. ⚫ To reduce cramps?
⚫ Agents
Quinine sulphate
Baclofen
Vitamin E
Clonazapam
⚫ Other therapies
Massage
Physical therapy
14. ⚫ Studies of gabapentin, vitamin E, and riluzole for treating cramps were all
negative (Class III).
⚫ There are safety concerns about quinine.
⚫ There are insufficient data to support or refute any specific intervention for the
treatment of cramps in ALS (Level U).
16. ⚫ Evidence is insufficient to recommend exercise or medication for treating
spasticity in ALS (Class III).
⚫ There are insufficient data to support or refute exercise or medication for
treating spasticity in ALS (Level U).
17. ⚫ To reduce depression?
⚫ Agents:
TCAs
SSRIs
Venlafaxine
Mirtazipine
Bupropion
⚫ Other therapies
Counselling
Support group meetings
⚫ No controlled trials available
18. ⚫ To reduce insomnia?
⚫ Agents
Zolpidem
Lorazepam
Opioids
TCAs
⚫ Other therapies
Air mattresses
NPPV
⚫ No clinical trials available
19. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL
IMPAIRMENT
⚫ Specific ALS phenotypes include
Pure motor degeneration (ALS)
ALS with cognitive impairment (ALSci)
ALS with behavioral impairment (ALSbi)
ALS with a dementia meeting the Neary criteria for frontotemporal dementia
(FTD) (ALS-FTD).
20. ⚫ A significant proportion of patients with ALS demonstrate cognitive
impairment and some have dementia (2 Class II, multiple Class III studies).
⚫ Neither behavioral impairment in ALS nor the natural progression of cognitive
or behavioral impairments has been adequately studied.
⚫ Screening for cognitive and behavioral impairment should be considered in
patients with ALS (Level B).
21. SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT
⚫ Speech pathologists should assess speech and communication immediately
after establishing diagnosis.
⚫ Non verbal techniques like
gestures,
body language alphabet and picture boards,
voice synthesizer can be used.
22. PHYSICAL REHABILITATION
⚫ Objective is to improve the ability to carry out activities of daily living as far as
possible without causing physical or emotional strain.
⚫ Exercises to enhance strength, endurance and range of motion, occupational
therapy.
⚫ Adaptive and assistive devices like walkers, wheelchairs, splints and collars.
⚫ Modification of home environment.
23. NUTRITION MANAGEMENT
⚫ In ALS, factors that restrict adequate nutrition develop insidiously and
progressively worsen.
⚫ functional consequences are choking, aspiration, weight loss, and dehydration.
⚫ Strategies to maintain oral nutritional intake consist of altering food
consistency and using nutritional supplements.
⚫ (PEG) or radiologically inserted device [RIG]) - an alternative route for
delivering nutrition
⚫ PEG does not eliminate oral feeding but offers a convenient method for
administering medication and fluid and stabilizing weight.
24.
25. ⚫ What is the efficacy of vitamin and nutritional supplements on prolonging
survival or quality of life?
⚫ Creatine should not be given as treatment for ALS because it is not effective in
slowing disease progression (Level A).
⚫ High-dose vitamin E should not be considered as treatment for ALS (Level B),
while the equivocal evidence regarding low-dose vitamin E permits no
recommendation (Level U).
26. RESPIRATORY MANAGEMENT
⚫ The diagnosis and management of respiratory insufficiency is critical because
most deaths from ALS are due to respiratory failure.
27.
28. ⚫ What are the optimal pulmonary tests to detect respiratory insufficiency?
⚫ Nocturnal oximetry may be considered to detect hypoventilation (regardless of the
FVC) (Level C).
⚫ Supine FVC and MIP may be considered useful in routine respiratory monitoring,
in addition to the erect FVC (Level C).
⚫ Sniff nasal pressure may be considered to detect hypercapnia and nocturnal
hypoxemia (Level C)
29. ⚫ Does NIV improve respiratory function or increase survival?
⚫ NIV is probably effective in prolonging survival (1 Class I, 3 Class III studies)
and in slowing the rate of FVC decline (1 Class I, 1 Class III study).
⚫ NIV should be considered to treat respiratory insufficiency in ALS, both to
lengthen survival and to slow the rate of FVC decline (Level B).
30. ⚫ What is the efficacy of targeted respiratory interventions for clearing secretions
⚫ Expiratory respiratory muscle weakness can lead to ineffective cough, retained
upper airway secretions, and pulmonary infection. PCEFs greater than 160
L/min are needed to clear secretions and clinicians recommend assistive
devices when the PCEF falls below 270 L/min (Class III).
⚫ Mechanical insufflation/exsufflation (MIE) increased the PCEF by 17% in
healthy controls, 26% in bulbar patients, and 28% in nonbulbar patients (Class
III).
⚫ Manually assisted cough increased flow by 11% in bulbar and 13% in nonbulbar
patients.
31. HOME CARE AND HOSPICE CARE FOR TERMINALLY ILL
⚫ When the patient is terminally ill, home or hospice care is required.
(Mitsumoto et al, 2005)
⚫ Close collaboration between patients, care givers, nurses and the ALS team
⚫ maintain independence and dignity of the patient in the terminal stages.
32. References
⚫ Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al. Practice parameter update: the care of
the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory
therapies (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards
Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2009; 73:1218.
⚫ FDA approves drug to treat ALS. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents
/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm
⚫ Hardiman O, van den Berg LH. Edaravone: a new treatment for ALS on the
horizon? Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:490.