Water Resources & Water Crisis in Israel
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Water Resources & Water Crisis in Israel
- 1. Water Issues in Israel/Palestine w of Dead Sea from Masada.
- 13. Rain in Israel • Rainfall is unevenly distributed - north to south • In the extreme south, rainfall averages near 30 millimeters (1.18 in) annually • In the north, average annual rainfall exceeds 900 millimeters (35.4 in) • Canberra has average annual rainfall of 629mm
- 14. Where do people live in Israel?
- 15. Tel Aviv – Annual Average Rainfall
- 16. Deuteronomy 11:14 “. . . I will send rain on your land in its season, both autumn and spring rains” Literally “the first rain and the latter rain”
- 17. Cliffs of Arbel Summer Autumn
- 21. Masada Cistern.
- 24. The Jordan Basin Jordan River B
- 41. Water in Israel Today • Management • Technology and renewable water resources • Equitable water distribution
- 42. Water Management
- 48. Returnees refers to Palestinians who fled in 1948 and are refugees in surrounding countries.
- 49. More water needed but less precipitation available
- 50. Change to Seasonal Precipitation due to Climate Change (mm)
- 53. Desalination
- 60. Reduction • Education campaign on water saving
- 63. Distribution
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Water is needed for life
- What else do we need water for? Drinking, sanitation, recreation, agriculture, industry, urban space –adds peace, beauty
- It actually takes a lot of water to produce our food
- Freshwater makes up only 3% of all the water on Earth. Freshwater is precious
- Currently there is stress on water resources. The issue is not necessarily the amount of water but the availability, distribution, storage and management. Areas world wide where there is stress on water resoruces
- Water availability differs greatly within the small area of Israel. Areas of high rainfall correspond with mountain ranges. Note central mountaineous region in Israel. So we can see that topography effects rainfall.
- Looking at Israel from West to East. You are looking from the Mediterranean Sea to the coastal plain to the central mountains towards the Jordan Valley to the high mountains in Jordan. Note Sea of Galilee and Dead Sea linked by Jordan River. Jordan River Valley is the major fresh water source in Israel.
- Range of annual rainfall – south desert to north
- Where do people live –– where the water is! Not in the desert but on the coastal plain and mountains that get rain and in north. Note Eilat on Red Sea and Amman, capital of Jordan and Cairo, capital of Egypt
- Rain is seasonal. When does most rain fall in Tel Aviv? What season is wettest – remember Northern hemisphere seasons are reversed from ours!
- Cliffs of Arbel in Galilee Region. At end of summer before the rain comes and in Autumn after the rain has started.
- In summer the land is extremely parched and arid. Impossible to cultivate. Former Rains come in October/November. Soften the dry hard ground so that farmers can plough the land and plant crops. Latter rain in early spring means there is moisture put into ground for a good harvest. Cereals and legumes were harvested in Spring (April/May). Other crops like figs, pomegranates, grapes and olive are harvested later - in the summer when the sun has rippened them.
- Given seasonality of rainfall in Israel, storage of water is important. Has been happening since Ancient Times. Water cystern at Massada – King Herod’s palace on rocky outcrop near Dead Sea. He also had a swimming pool!
- Given uneven distribution of water, movement of water from one place to another is important. This has been happening since ancient times too! Roman aqueduct at Caesarea. No natural sources of water at Caesarea so Romans built aqueduct and channel from foothills of Mt Carmel about 8 miles to Caesarea where Romans had set up administrative headquarters in 6BCE. Demand for water was high.
- So what is the situation in modern Israel
- ? The main source of freshwater is the Jordan River, which includes the Sea of Galillee (also known as Kinneret, Lake of Tiberius, Lake of Gineseret). Flows down to Dead Sea. Also note the 2 aquifers – mountain aquifer and the coastal aquifer.
- Arrows show drainage from central mountains. Note flow to Jordan valley.
- Closer view. Drainage from Golan Heights into Jordan Valley. 1967 War Israel gained control of Golan Heights. If control Golan Heights, control the water.
- Many diversions, dams , pumping stations have been built on the Jordan. – more later on this. But note flow of Jordan River reduced to 10% of natural flow. This is photo of northern part of Jordan in late summer
- Southern Jordan River – low flow and highly polluted.
- The Jordan trickles into the Dead Sea. What is Dead Sea famous for? - saltiness, being able to float on it and lowest point on earth.
- Salt evaporation ponds for making potash
- As more and more water has been diverted from the Jordan, less and less water is coming into the Dead Sea. It is drying up. STOP HERE Activity sheets – map and Dead sea questions and paragraph.
- Remember that last lesson we looked at the natural sources of fresh water in Israel – what are they? Jordan River (including Sea of Galilee ) the Mountain aquifer and the coastal aquifer. What did you conclude about the Dead Sea? Is it a source of drinking water? Why?
- In today’s lesson we will look at a number of areas: water management, use of technology and renewable water resources, and the distribution of water in Israel.
- The Jordan River is the major source of freshwater for Israel, Palestine and Jordan. Many resevoirs and dams and diversions have now been built on the Jordan River which reduces flow to 10% of what used enter the Dead Sea.
- But the major population centres of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifiar, Gaza and Palestinian Territories are not on the Jordan.
- Solution has been the building of the National Water Carrier. Started in 1953. The construction of a major system of tunnels, canals and pumping stations that take water from the Sea of Galilee to the areas of major population and arid south. Top photo – Banias waterfall in Golan Heights. Remember Israel gained control of Golan in 1967 so now controls the water in the Jordan River. Black and White photo - In 1953 Flood waters exiting from the Yarmuk reservoir to the Yarmuk river, in 1933. (The Yarmuk is tributary of the Jordan that enters to south of Sea of Galilee.)
- Pipeline intake is in northern part of Sea of Galilee
- National Water Carrier
- By system of pumps, reservoirs, tunnels and canals, water travels from Sea of Galilee down coast to major centres of population. Shoot goes off to Jerusalem. When first started had 20% water for drinking/80% for agriculture. Changing proportion – now 50/50. Predictions that will change to
- Prediction that water usage from national water carrier will change to 80% drinking water by 2050. Why? Population increased significantly from 1953 to present and expected to increase again in future.
- How can Israel get more water? They have put minds to this and come up with some innovative solutions.
- Desalination from sea water is expensive
- Desalination plants have been built along Mediterreans Sea coast
- Aim is to increase production of water by desalination so that water can be pumped back into Sea of Galillee to help falling water levels there.
- Israel has devoted resources to developing waste water management plan. Today, over 80% of all municipal sewage is reclaimed in Israel7, far more than that of any other country.
- This is the Ashkelon Water Treatment Facility. By 2020, 50% of water needs in agriculture will be met by wastewater, aiming eventually for 100%
- Despite all this infastructure and seemingly having water issues in hand, Israel has major problem with the social distribution of water. If you are Israeli- you get plenty of water. If you are Palestinian – you do not.
- Oslo II accord in 1995, interim agreement on water rights for Palestine. “Israel recognizes the Palestinian water rights in the West Bank. These will be negotiated in the permanent status negotiations…” Not yet negotiated. Still operating on temporary agreement.
- UN Article 31. Situation is that Palestinian people do not have adequate water supply
- OPT – Occupied Palestinian Territories – What does this graph tell us about the equality of water usage in Israel?
- From Palestinian perspective, there is a water crisis
- Comparison of water resources in London and West Bank. Why doesn’t Palestine receive adequate water supply. 1. Appropriation of Supply 2. Iasrael controls supply 3. Palestinian requests for development (eg wells) are more often than not refused. 4. Destruction of Palestian infastructure
- For example, Oslo II accord gave Palestinians the right to the water in aquifer under the West Bank (the Mountain Aquifer). But Israel can access the aquifer outside the west bank.
- Numerous Israeli wells to west of West Bank tap into the Mountain aquifer. Draw down the aquifer.
- Israelis destroy canal built by Palestinian farmer
- The coastal aquifer under Gaza Strip is heavily polluted. Drinking water needs to be trucked into Gaza.
- Waiting for the water truck