my seminar presentasion

1. EQUINE
TRYPANOSOMIASIS(DOURINE)
March 17,2016
1

2. Overview
March 17,2016
2
 Introduction
 Etiology
 Epidemiology
 Transmission
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 Prevention and control
 Conclusion and recommendation

3. INTRODUCTION
March 17,2016
3
 Trypanosomosis is a serious parasitic disease, which affects most
species of domestic livestock and human in the world and leads
to economic loss in livestock, Specially in developing countries.
Tsetse transmitted species such as Trypanosoma Congolese,
Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei are most common.
 Dourine is the only form of trypanosomosis caused by
Trypanosoma equiperdum that is transmitted directly from animal
to animal during coitus. currently the disease is endemic in most
part of the world and particularly in Ethiopia its common in Arsi
and Shoa.

4. Cont.…
March 17,2016
4
 The diseases is characterized by edematous lesions of the
genitalia, nervous system involvement and progressive
emaciation.
 For diagnosis of the diseases clinical signs is not always possible.
Therefore serological, differential and laboratory diagnosis are
useful diagnosis for dourine.
 Control of diseases is best done by avoiding natural mating and
AI with infected animals.

5. OBJECTIVES
March 17,2016
5
 To high light etiology and epidemiological distribution of equine
trypanosomiasis(dourine)
 To indicate the control and prevention measures of the diseases.

6. ETIOLOGY
March 17,2016
6
 The disease is caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum,that is
characterized by monomorphic and only long, slender and/or
intermediate forms.
 T. equiperdum is a 25-30 µm flagellate protozoan and the only
known non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon of the Salivaria
group.

7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
March 17,2016
7
 The disease was originally noticed in Asia and North Africa. In
USA, diseases were traced with the importation of stallion from
France in 1882.
 It is currently present in most of Asia, southeastern Europe, South
America, northern and Southern Africa, southeastern Europe,
Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland, Algeria and reported
sporadically in the Middle East .

8. Cont…
March 17,2016
8
 For a number of years dourine has been suspected in Eritrea and
is studied in Ethiopia in the provinces of Shoa and Arsi .
 Species affected are horses, donkeys, mules and experimental
infection can occur in dogs, rabbits, rats and mice

9. TRANSMISSION
March 17,2016
9
 Transmitted during breeding
– Stallion-to-mare most common
_ Occasional mare-to-stallion
_ during artificial insemination with infected horses
Found in:
• Vaginal secretions
• Seminal fluid
• Exudate from the penis etc.
 Non-infectious periods possible
• More common in late disease.

10. Cont...
March 17,2016
10
Asymptomatic carriers
–Male donkeys
Mare-to-foal transmission
– Before birth
– Through milk or mucous membranes
No evidence of arthropod vectors
Sexually immature animals Can transmit organism at maturation

11. CLINICAL SIGNS
March 17,2016
11
 Incubation: weeks to years
 “silver dollar plaques”that is pathognomic sign for dourine.
 Mucopurulent discharge
 Genital edema
 Depigmentation of genital region, perineum and udder
 Nervous disorder
 Anemia and emaciation sometimes.

12. DIAGNOSIS
March 17,2016
12
 Clinical diagnosis
 serological test
 morphological identification by parasitological test

13. Differential diagnosis
March 17,2016
13
– Coital exanthema
– Surra
– Equine viral arteritis
– Equine infectious anemia
– Contagious equine metritis
– anthrax

14. TREATMENT
March 17,2016
14
various drugs have been used in an attempt to find a treatment
for dourine ,e.g. neoarsphenamine, suramin at 10 mg/kg IV
,quinapyramine dimethyl sulfate at 3-5 mg/kg Sc. Moreover, in
the laboratory, T. equiperdum has proved sensitive to the
trypanocidal drugs like diminazene, melarsomine, and
isometamidium .
Due to drug resistant the diseases can relapse after treatment with
drug.

15. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
March 17,2016
15
 There is no vaccine available for dourine
New animals
– Quarantine
– Serological testing
– Cease breeding if detected
Herd eradication
– euthanization of infected animals
– castration of the Stallions
T. equiperdum cannot survive outside a living organism but, in
rare case if it occurs; disinfection by 1% sodium hypochlorite,
2% glutaraldehyde etc is possible.

16. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS
March 17,2016
16
 Generally dourine is the disease of equine that can be spread from
animals to animals during coitus and AI with infected animals which
leads to widen the epidemiology. Despite this, it is a slowly
disappearing disease of horses and other equines mostly in developed
country, with few exception.
 Control and prevention of the diseases by treatment and vaccine is
difficult. In most cases horses treated against dourine shows frequent
relapses and treatment is not effective enough to cure clinical cases due
to development of drug resistance by the diseases.

17. Cont…
March 17,2016
17
 In developing countries equines played significant role, so the
diseases can affect the economy of country.
Based on the above conclusion the following recommendations
are forwarded: -
Designing and implementation of control strategies of
trypanosomoses focusing integrated approach and
chemotherapy should be undertaken.

18. Cont…
March 17,2016
18
Measures to prevent sexual contact are an appropriate
complement to the measures recommended.
Proper and strict follow-up of trypanocidal drugs treatment
should be done by professionals and supervision of the field
personnel by experts should be practiced.
Owners and keepers of equines consigned for breeding purposes
are advised about situation of the diseases and of the requirement
to notify authorities about suspect disease.

19. March 17,201619
THAT’S ALL
THANK YOU!!!!!!!