English grammar 3

ENGLISH GRAMMAR 3
by
Edward R. Rosset
Editorial Stanley

Written by / Escrito por:
Edward R. Rosset
Member of the Bachelor of Arts Association of
Euskadi.
Miembro del Colegio de Licenciados de Filosofia
y Letras de Euskadi
Revised by / Revisado por:
Beryl Aguado Lait
Principal of Apsley School of English.
Portsmouth - England
Published by / Editado por:
Editorial Stanley
Layout / Diseno y Maquetacion:
Angela Gomez Martin
Front page design / Diseno portada:
Esquema
© Editorial Stanley
w w w . l i b r o s s . c o m
Apdo. 207 - 20302 IRUN - SPAIN
Telf. (943) 64 04 12 - Fax. (943) 64 38 63
ISBN: 84-7873-195-4
Dep. Leg.: BI-1193-01
Second edition / Segunda edicion 1999
Reprint / Reimpresion 2001
Printers / Imprime:
Imprenta RGM

I N D E X
Unit Contents Page
1 Present simple and present continuous 2 - 3
2 Look, sound, seem, appear 4 - 5
3 Modifiers: Quite, fairly, rather, pretty 6 - 7
4 Phrasal verbs 8 - 9
5 Must, can't + infinitive 10- 11
6 Should, ought to, could + infinitive 12 - 13
7 Such, so 14- 15
8 Gerunds after prepositions -keep, try 16 - 17
9 Comparison of adjectives 18- 19
10 Comparison of adverbs 20 - 21
11 Adverbs of manner 22 - 23
12 Order of adjectives 24 - 25
13 Adjectives ending in ing/ed 26 - 27
14 The present perfect simple 28 - 29
15 Present perfect with ever, just, since, for 30 - 31
16 If, when, as soon as, until, clauses 32 - 33
17 Infinitives after adjectives 34 - 35
18 Linking words and phrases 36 - 37
19 Have to - must - need to 38 - 39
20 Uses of the article, the 40 - 41
21 Use of the article, a/an 42 - 43
22 Since, as, because, so, so that 44 - 45
23 Infinitive of purpose 46 - 47
24 Conditionals: type 1, 2 and 3 48 - 49
25 May, might and could + infinitive 50 - 51
26 Clauses of reason, purpose and result 52 - 53
27 Need 54 - 55
28 Ability can, know how to + infinitive 56 - 57
29 Gerunds after prepositions - worth 58 - 59
30 Present perfect (ever, just, already, for, since) 60 - 61
31 Present perfect (with for and since) 62 - 63
32 Present perfect continuous 64 - 65
33 I would rather - prefer to 66 - 67
34 Had better + infinitive - it's time 68 - 69
35 Past continuous 70 - 71
36 The past perfect 72 - 73
37 I wish - if only 74 - 75
38 Quantifiers 76 - 77
39 Quantifiers (cont.) 78 - 79
40 Links -however, whichever, whenever, etc 80 - 81
41 Too and enough + infinitive 82 - 83
42 Need and want + gerund -help 84 - 85
43 Causative verbs: have and get 86 - 87
44 Indirect speech 88 - 89
45 Indirect speech (cont.) 90 - 91
46 The passive -prepositions: 92 - 93
47 Before, after, as soon as, until 94 - 95
48 Indirect and embedded questions 96 - 97
49 Infinitives after adjectives 98 - 99
50 Participles (ing -ed) in clauses 100 -101
51 The participle (ing -ed) (cont.) 102 -103
52 Bare infinitives, after make and verbs of perception 104 -105
53 Future continuous, future perfect continuous 106-107
Appendix

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STANLEY
U N I T 1 2
Present simple and present continuous
Uses of the simple present tense.
1. Usamos el presente simple en verdades permanentes.
• The moon goes round the Earth.
• Spring always follows the hardest winter.
2. Para situaciones o acontecimientos que pueden continuar indefinidamente.
• My father goes to work by car. • My sister works in the library.
3. Usamos el presente simple para describir acciones habituales, cosas que
suceden repetidamente.
• Your brother smokes a lot. • I start work at nine.
A menudo usamos adverbios de tiempo o frases adverbiales.
• We sometimes work till very late. • They come here every day.
Usamos el presente simple con How often o Do you ever.
• 'How often do you come here?' 'I come here every day.'
• 'Do you ever go to America?' 'No, I never go there.'
4. Tambien usamos el presente simple como referenda futura.
• The play begins at 8 and ends at 10.30.
• The Art Gallery opens on July 5th and closes on August 30th.
5. Para observaciones y declaraciones tambien usamos el presente simple.
• I suppose they'll be here in time for the meeting.
• I certainly agree with you.
Uses of the progressive present.
1. La accion esta en progreso en el momento de hablar.
• Someone is waiting to see you.
• Your father is working at the moment.
2. Situaciones temporales.
• What's your son doing these days? • Don't take that away I'm using it.
• He's reading History at London University.
3. Acciones planeadas: referencia futura..
• Next Sunday we're spending the day in the country.
• Your father is arriving tonight. • Hurry up. The train's leaving.
4. Acciones repetidas: A menudo usamos adverbios en este tipo de frases.
• She's always talking about the same things.
• He's continually telling us what to do.

STANLEY
E X E R C I S E S 3
1. En este ejercicio tienes que poner el verbo en presente continuo o simple.
Example: Stop shouting. I am listening to the radio.
What do you do for a living?
1. That man says he's 90, but I (believe) him.
2. My father is in New York. He (stay) at the Palace Hotel.
He always (stay) at the Palace.
3. We usually (not/go) to see the new films but we
(not/see) this one.
4. You can take my car. I (not/use) it tonight.
5. 'Can Ann drive?' 'No, but she (learn). Her father
(teach) her.'
6. They always (grow) carnations but this year they
(grow) geraniums.
7. The Tagus River (flow) into the Atlantic.
8. The river (flow) fast today after the rains.
9. Come on! The train (come). I (not/want) to
miss it.
10.1 (belong) to any trade union or political party.
11.This girl (not/live) with them. She
(stay) with them for a few months.
12. 'What (Mr Brown/ do)?' 'He's an engineer, but he
(not/work) at the moment.'
2. Tu amigo va a ir de vacaciones a Espana. Escribe sobre sus planes de vacaciones.
Example: (go / Benidorm) He is going to Benidorm.
1. (stay / Hotel Tropical) He
2. (go / by plane)
3. (leave / tomorrow)
4. (go / with his friend Tom) .
5. (stay / three weeks)
3. Ahora tienes unas frases de presente simple con sentido de future.
Example: At what time do they open the Museum?
1. We (leave) at 9 and (arrive) at 11.30.
2. Tomorrow (be) Sunday.
3. The tennis match (start) at four.
4. The exhibition (open) in June and
(close) in September.
5. What time (begin) the show ?

STANLEY
U N I T 2 4
Look, sound, seem, appear.
For regla general con verbos usamos adverbios, pero con ciertos verbos (como
SEEM, LOOK, SOUND, APPEAR, TASTE, ETC.) se pueden usar adjetivos.
Podemos hacer esto cuando describimos el sujeto de la frase, no la accion del
verbo.
• It sounds nice. • It looks good.
• It tastes delicious. • It seems difficult.
Sin embargo, alguno de estos verbos tiene doble significado:
• The agreementappeared difficult.
• Mrs Cohn suddenly appeared behind us.
En la primera frase, appeared, significa 'parecia', y se usa con un adjetivo; pero
en la segunda frase, appeared significa 'aparecer ante la vista,'(accion) asi que
se usa con un adverbio. Comparemos:
• The little girl looks sad. (adjective)
• The little girl looked at him sadly, (adverb)
• This wine tastes delicious, (adjective)
• He tasted the wine thoughtfully,(adverb)
LOOK tiene dos significados:
• She looks tired.
• He looked sad.
Aqui significa 'tiene el aspecto, parece' y va seguido de adjetivos.
El otro significado de look se relaciona con 'ver', y a menudo Neva detras particu-
las adverbiales o preposiciones.
• Don't look at me like that.
• I'll look into the matter.
SOUND es uno de los verbos que no se usan en formas
progresivas.
Es tambien uno de los verbos que se usan con adjetivos, no con adverbios.
• That piano sounds terrible.
• She sounded depressedon the phone.
SEEM es tambien uno de los verbos que se usan con
adjetivos, no con adverbios.
• She seemed a bit angry yesterday.
A menudo usamos to be despues de seem.
• She seems to be very nice.
• He seemed to be tired.

STANLEY
E X E R C I S E S 5
1. Detras de estos verbos a veces se pone un adjetivo y a veces un adverbio.
Example: The soup tastes wonderful.
He tasted the soup suspiciously.
1. The old woman appeared in the doorway (sudden).
2. The doctor felt his arm (careful).
3. My skin feels very (rough).
4. He looked at her (angry).
5. Your father looked very (angry) last night.
6. The problem appeared (impossible).
7. She appeared (sudden) in front of them.
8. That guitar sounds (terrible).
9. The cheese smells (awful).
10.This wine tastes a bit (strange).
11.That rock looks (impressive).
12. She looked at me (sudden).
13.The situation seemed (complicate).
14.The piano sounds (cheap).
2. A continuacion tienes unas frases. Una bien y otra mal. Tienes que tachar la que
esta mal.
Example: He appeared to be very angry./
1. He seemed quite normal. / He seemed quite normally.
2. He looked awful. / He looked awfully.
3. That sounded cheaply. / That sounded cheap.
4. It looked expensive. / It looked expensively.
5. It seemed decisive. / It seemed decisively.
6. You look sick. / You looked sickly.
7. It tastes wonderful. / It tastes wonderfully.
8. He felt his way around careful. / He felt his way around carefully.
9. A blue car appeared sudden. / A blue car appeared suddenly.
10.That thing smells awful. / That thing smells awfully.
11.This soup tastes strangely. / This soup tastes strange.
12.That music sounds beautifully. / That music sounds beautiful.

STANLEY
U N I T 3
Modifiers: quite, fairly, rather, pretty.
Estas cuatro palabras se usan para modificar la fuerza de los adjetivos o adver-
bios. Pero no significan exactamente lo mismo.
FAIRLY es la mas debil de las cuatro.
Tiene un sentido de 'bastante', pero no 'mucho'.
Una peli'cula 'fairly good' es una peli'cula bastante buena, pero que no merece la
pena ir a verla.
• He speaks English fairly well, (bastante bien, pero no muy bien)
QUITE es un poco mas fuerte que FAIRLY.
Si dices que una peli'cula es 'quite good', la estas recomendando; quiza no sea la
mejor pelfcula de la historia, pero merece la pena ver.
• He speaks English quite well, (se las arregla muy bien)
RATHER es todavi'a mas fuerte.
A menudo significa mas de lo normal. Si dices que una peli'cula es 'rather good',
es ciertamente mejor que la mayorfa.
• He speaks English rather well, (es un buen linguista)
PRETTY es bastante parecido a RATHER,
pero se usa en un estilo bastante informal, generalmente en ingles coloquial.
• I'm getting pretty fed up. (hasta la coronilla)
RECUERDA
Solo rather se puede usar con comparatives.
• It's getting rather warmer.
O con too.
• It's rather too late.
Quite tiene tambien el significado de 'completamente', segun con que palabra
se use.
• It'sall quite finished. • She was quite alone.
Tanto quite como rather se pueden usar delante de un artfculo, y con un verbo
• It'squite a nice day.
• I rather like that girl.
6

STANLEY
E X E R C I S E S 7
1. En este ejercicio tienes que anadir fairly, quite, rather, o pretty, a las frases que
se te dan.
Example: He is a pretty good fellow.
1. This exercise is not too bad. It could be better. It's ...........................
good.
2. Carmen speaks English ............................... well. She can even
manage a difficult discussion in English.
3. Twenty is ............................. old to take up swimming.
4. The new art gallery is ................................. good. I certainly would
recommend going to see it.
5. I was pleasantly surprised. She's ................................... nice.
6. I was ................................... impressed by her singing. It wasn't
bad at all.
7. There's something ................................. strange about the way she
behaves. I don't feel comfortable with her.
8. His new book is ................................ interesting, but certainly not
his best.
9. He's a ..................................... good fellow. We all like him.
10.It's ..................................... hot. I feel all sticky.
1 1 .She speaks .................................... well. It's very pleasant to hear
her.
12.That girl is ............................... intelligent. Nothing out of this world
though.
13.This film is .............................. good. Better than most of the films
I've seen.
2. A continuacion tienes dos frases. Tacha la que te parezca que esta mal.
Example: He was rather old for her /
1. She is a fairly nice girl. / She is a very nice girl. I love her.
2. It's quite an impressive show. / It's pretty an impressive show.
3. She has a rather strange way of speaking. / She has a fairly strange way to speak.
4. Aren't we driving rather fast? / Aren't we driving quite fast?
5. That boy is quite good at tennis. / That boy is very good at tennis. Of course he's
still got a lot to learn.
6. She's got a rather good voice. / She's got quite a good voice.
7. His wife is rather older than he is. / His wife is quite older than he is.
8. We've invited rather too many people. / We've invited fairly too many people.
9. It's quite too difficult for us. / It's rather too difficult for us.
10.It's a very good idea. / It's a fairly good idea. I love it!

STANLEY
U N I T 4 8
Phrasal Verbs
En ingles moderno es muy corriente colocar las preposiciones o los adverbios
detras de ciertos verbos, cambiando de esta manera su significado.
• turn up (aparecer) - look for (buscar) - give up (abandonar)
Es importante saber si la combinacion es transitiva o intransitiva. Es decir si Neva
o no complemento directo.
Look for es transitive: • I'm looking for my daughter.
Look out es intransitive: • Look out! A car is coming!
RECUERDA
A veces un verbo compuesto puede tener un significado y ser transitive y
separable.:
• He took off his jacket. • He took his jacket off.
Y otras veces es intransitive, con otro significado, e inseparable.
• The plane took off, (despeg6)
Expresiones transitivas
El objeto se coloca generalmente al final de estas frases:
• I'm looking for my passport.
Sin embargo, muchas veces se puede poner opcionalmente o bien al final o
inmediatamente despues del verbo:
• He took off his gloves o He took his gloves off.
Cuando el complemento directo es un pronombre a veces se coloca al final de la
expresion:
• She is looking for her.
Pero mas a menudo se coloca inmediatamente detras del verbo:
• She took them off.
Esta posicion es muy corriente con palabras como:
in, on, out, down, up, off, away.
• She's giving money away. • Give it away! • Put it down!
Si el complemento directo es una frase larga, la particula se prefiere poner
inmediatamente despues del verbo:
• They turned down many perfectly good suggestions.
• She's likely to turn down any suggestions I make.
Con verbos compuestos intransitivos, la particula viene despues del verbo:
• The meeting broke up as I came into the room.
Los verbos compuestos de preposicion no tienen problema, pues la preposicion
siempre se pone detras del verbo:
• That girl takes after her mother.

STANLEY
E X E R C I S E S 9
1. En este ejercicio tienes que completar las frases con uno de los verbos compuestos que
se te dan: look down, fill in, turn up, keep down, bring up, grow up, fall off, close down.
Example: The nuns brought up the child in the convent.
1. The boy has quite a lot since last year.
2. That girl is going to that horse.
3. These rich people on you.
4. Industries have to their expenses.
5. I don't know when he is going to
6. In this exercise you have to the gaps.
7. This firm is going to due to the recession.
2. Completa estas frases tal como se muestra en el ejemplo.
Example: He told me to turn off the heating, so I turned it off.
1. He asked me to try out the shampoo, so I
2. He asked me to give up drinking, so I
3. He asked me to ring Mr Jones up, so I
4. He told me to take up learning French, so I
5. He asked me to give up my job, so I
6. He told me to put on my coat, so I
7. He asked me to fold the paper up, so I
3. Completa estas frases usando el verbo compuesto apropiado, en el tiempo que
corresponda:
try on, turn down, cross out, take off, look up, break off, make up, go out, put on.
Example: I have never heard this word before. /'// look it up in the dictionary.
1. That's a nice sweater , will you!
2. It's cold, your coat.
3. Tomorrow we'll to the theatre.
4. We have to for the time lost.
5. The meeting is going to any time.
6. This is our plane. We'll in half an hour.
7. This answer is not correct it
8. The volume is too loud it

STANLEY
U N I T 5
Must, can't + infinitive.
Usamos must para afirmar o sacar una conclusion de la mas probable interpreta-
cion de una situacion o acontecimiento:
• She must be about fifty.
No conocemos la verdad con exactitud, pero creemos que debe de ser asf. En
este sentido !o opuesto de must es can't.
• She must be about fifty.
• Oh no! She can't be more than forty.
En forma indirecta, este dialogo seria:
• Jim said that she must be about fifty, but Tom thought that she couldn't be
more than forty.
Usamos must para decir que estamos seguros de que algo es verdad:
• You've been working all day. You must be tired.
• You're taking the driving test next week. You must be practising a lot.
• She knows a lot about books. She must read a great deal.
Usamos can't para decir que creemos que algo es imposible:
• You've just drunk a pint of beer. You can't be thirsty already.
• He's not doing that, is he? He can't be so stupid.
r must be clever/stupid/tiredetc.
I/you/he (etc) J cgn,t be practjsing/studyjng etc.
RECUERDA
Si nos referimos a un tiempo pasado, usamos must y can't (o couldn't) con el
infinitive perfecto.
• It must have been terrible for her.
• She didn't hear me coming. She must have been asleep.
• He started five minutes ago. He can't (o couldn't) have finished already.
• She can't (o couldn't) have done it so quickly.
I/you/he (etc) J
must have been drunk/tired etc.
can't have been watching/waiting, etc
En este tipo de frases el can't have (done) se puede sustituir por el couldn't
have (done).
• He can't have been there. = He couldn't have been there.
10

STANLEY
E X E R C I S E S 1 1
1. Completa estas frases con must o can't + un verbo apropiado.
Example: She has been working all day. She must be tired.
1. He drives a Rolls-Royce and his wife a Mercedes. They rich.
2. 'She says she won't marry for money.' 'She so silly!'
3. That was the doorbell. That your uncle Tom.
4. That's the doorbell. It your brother. He's got a key.
5. That girls knows a lot about films. She to the cinema quite a lot.
2. Completa estas frases usando must (have) o can't (have).
Example: 'Were they married?' 'Yes, they must have been'.
'Did they hear you?' 'No, they can't have heard me'.
1. She said she'd phone him. So she him by now.
2. I know she married the old man, but she him
for love.
3. The train's already gone. It earlier than I thought.
4. He has no idea what the book is about. He it.
5. I can't find my key. I it.
6. In the village they all know about the project. He
everybody.
7. He was starting a few seconds ago. He already.
3. Ahora lee esta situacion y escribe una frase con must have o can't have.
Example: She didn't say 'hello', (see/us) She can't/couldn't have seen us.
1. She married that old man. (desperate/for/money)
2. 'She finished reading the book.' (she/can't/finish).
'Impossible, she '
3. I don't understand how the two cars crashed, (the driver/this car/can't/see/the
other car coming)
4. I don't know how you did it. (must/be/very difficult)
5. I lost my briefcase. I(must/leave/train)
6. He walked into a lamppost, (couldn't/be/look)
7. She did the exact opposite of what I told her. (couldn't/understand/tell her)

STANLEY
U N I T 6 12
Should, ought to, could + infinitive.
RECUERDA
Should es un verbo defective, se puede usar para presente, future y pasado
cuando va precedido de un verbo en pasado. Al igual que los demas verbos
defectives (excepto el ought) no admite el to detras. Es decir va seguido de
un bare infinitive:
• You should paint the bedroom.
• It was a good play. You should go and see it.
A menudo usamos should cuando creemos que una cosa es buena de hacer, o es
la cosa apropiada. Es decir: (deberfan).
• They should do something about unemployment.
• 'Should we ask him to come?' 'Yes, I think we should.'
Usamos shouldn't con el sentido de no deben'as.
• You shouldn't drink so much.
Should
Se usa para dar consejos y no es tan fuerte como must.
Your doctor: • 'You must stop smoking!'
Your friend: • 'You should stop smoking.'
Para el pasado usamos should have been (deben'as haber estado).
• 'I feel terrible today.' 'You shouldn't have drunk so much last night.'
• 'My motorbike slipped on the ice.' 'You shouldn't have been going so fast.'
Ought to (deberfa)
Tambien es un verbo defective que se puede usar para el presente, future y
pasado, y es el unico verbo defective que va seguido del infinitive con to (full
infinitive).
• You ought to put central heating.
• She ought to have written a letter.
• You ought to have passed the examinationeasily.
La forma negativa del ought es oughtn't.
• You oughtn't to have written to him.
Mientras que la forma interrogativa es ought you?
• Ought you to do it alone?
Coloquialmente se tiende a usar should en vez de ought to debido a que es mas
facil de pronunciar.

STANLEY
1. En este ejercicio usa should para decir que algo deberia suceder.
Example: 'Do you think he'll pass his driving test?' 'He should pass it. He
can drive very well.'
1. 'Do you think he'll arrive in time?' 'Well, he He
left very early.'
2. 'Do you think he'll help you?' 'He me. I've done him
a lot of favours.'
3. 'Do you think the film is worth seeing?' 'Yes, you see
it. It's a very good picture'.
4. 'Do you think I could leave without telling them?' 'No, you
without saying goodbye.'
2. Rellena estas frases usando should have.
Example: 'I can't see very well.' 'You should have gone to the optician before.'
1. 'I left very early.' 'You (stay) a little longer.'
2. 'I'm going to post the letter.' 'What! You haven't posted it yet? You
(post) it yesterday.'
3. You insulted him, you know. I think you (apologize)
for what you said.
4. They arrived late.' They (leave) earlier.'
5. 'He was angry because I lied.' 'You (tell) him the truth'.
6. 'She was annoyed because I hadn't cleaned my room.' 'You
(clean) it before you left.'
3. Gambia should por ought y viceversa.
Example:! think you should apologize to that lady.
/ think you ought to apologize to that lady.
1. He ought to have come earlier
2. You should have bought a better car.
3. We ought to have gone out for dinner.
4. You should stop smoking
5. You ought to have told her
6. They should work harder
7. I ought to have spoken to her
8. I should have gone to bed earlier. . ..

STANLEY
U NIT 7 n
Such, so
Such
Es un adjetivo y se usa delante de 'adjetivo + sustantivo'.
• She is such a nice girl that everyone loves her.
• They were such big dogs that everybody was afraid.
So
Es un adverbio y se usa delante de adverbios y adjetivos:
• She is so big!
• Those girls are so pretty!
• He spoke so fast that I couldn't understand him.
• The dog was so big that nobody dared get near .
Nunca se usa such delante de much y many:
• It was such a nice day that we went out for a picnic.
Mientras que so se utiliza con ambos, incluso cuando el much y el many van
seguidos de sustantivos:
• There were so many people in the room that we couldn't get in.
• He poured so much water that the glassoverflowed.
So y such hacen que el significado del adjetivo sea mas fuerte.
• She is very pretty, but so silly.
• She enjoyed the party. She had such a good time.
Comparemos so y such:
• I like those people. They are so nice/They are such nice people.
so ... that ... y such ... that ...
• The book was so interesting that I read it in one day.
• It was such an interesting book that I couldn't put it down.
Fijate que such + a + adjetivo + sustantivo, es igual a so + adjetivo + a + sustantivo:
• Such a nice girl. = So nice a girl.
Esta ultima expresion aunque no es muy coloquial se suele ver en literatura.
RECUERDA
Que such a se usa con sustantivos en singular:
• Such a girl! • Such a nice girl!
Mientras que such se usa con plurales e incontables:
• Such girls! • Such nice girls!
• Such weather! • Such nice weather!
Las expresiones so long equivalen a such a long time.
so far " such a long way.

STANLEY
1. En este ejercicio tienes que poner so o such.
Example: Don't eat so fast! I've never seen such a boring film.
1. It's incredible that she should be fit at eighty.
2. That man has lot of problems that he can't sleep.
3. The sun was hot that I got sunburnt.
4. I've never tasted horrible food.
5. I've never had wonderful meal.
6. She's got beautiful eyes! Her eyes are
beautiful!
7. She buys expensive things! Things are
expensive nowadays!
8. Some people have got lot of money that they don't know
how to spend it.
2. Gambia such por so y viceversa.
Example: The film was so exciting that everyone was quiet.
It was such an exciting film that everyone was quiet.
1. The weather was so good that we went for a picnic.
2. It was such a good motorway that we drove very fast.
3. The problem was so difficult that nobody could solve it.
4. He had such a big head that he couldn't find a hat big enough.
3. Gambia estas frases por otras con el mismo significado.
Example:! didn't know that he had lived here for so long.
/ didn't know that he had lived here for such a long time.
1. We've got so much food that we don't know what to do with it.
2. They lived so far from the centre that they had to take a bus.
3. I've been doing this for so long that I couldn't do anything else.

STANLEY
U N I T S 16
Gerunds after prepositions. Keep, try.
Los verbos que se colocan inmediatamente despues de las preposiciones van en
gerundio:
Are you good at learning languages?
Is he interested in working for you?
I am in favour of giving everyone a day off.
There's no point in taking your car.
She insisted on paying for herself.
He left without paying the bill.
This knife is for carving meat.
I'm fed up with doing always the same.
Despues de before y after se pone gerundio:
• Before doing anything ask your father.
• What are you going to do after leaving college?
Tambien se puede poner un sujeto:
• Before he left he said goodbye to everybody.
• What are you going to do after you leave college?
Without y by van tambien seguidos de gerundio:
• He left without saying goodbye.
• They got into the car by breaking the back window.
Las unicas excepciones a la regla del gerundio son except y but (preposicion),
los cuales van seguidos del infinitivo sin to (bare infinitive).
• I could do nothing except swallow my pride.
• He did nothing but complain.
TO es generalmente parte del infinitivo:
• I want to come with you.
Sin embargo, to tambien puede ser una preposicion:
• My brother went to South America.
• He passed the sugar to his sister.
Por lo tanto en las frases en las que el to sea preposicion y vaya seguido de un
verbo, este verbo ira en gerundio.
• I prefer running towalking.
• I look forward to hearing from you.

STANLEY
E X E R C I S E S 17
1. En este ejercicio tienes que escribir una frase con el mismo significado que la primera.
Example:! finished my letter and then I went to the cinema.
After finishing my letter I went to the cinema.
1. We went to the cinema but first we had a meal.
2. Tom can solve difficult problems. He is very good at
3. First he went for a swim in the sea, and then he had a shower.
4. He is thinking. He would like to emigrate to Australia.
5. We didn't watch television. We went to the cinema instead.
Instead
6. He fell in the second lap, but he managed to win the race.
In spite
7. This gadget open tins. It's a gadget for
2. Ahora vuelve a escribir estas frases con without o by.
Example: She left the house. She didn't say goodbye.
She left the house without saying goodbye.
1. He found a parking place. He didn't look for it.
2. He went out in the rain. He didn't take his umbrella.
3. The burglar got into the house. He broke the garage window.
4. He got away with it. He accused his accomplice.
3. Escribe las mismas frases con look forward to.
Example: I'm meeting you next week. I'm looking forward to it.
I'm looking forward to meeting you.
1. Old Grumbler is coming to see me. I'm not looking forward to that.
2. I'm going home for Christmas. I'm looking forward to it.
3. After three months you're going to see your girlfriend. What do you say to her?

STANLEY
U N I T 9 1*
Comparison of adjectives.
La comparacion se hace entre dos, bien sea, personas, cosas o grupos:
• Peter is taller than John.
• Peter is taller than the other boys.
A veces el segundo termino de la comparacion se da por sobreentendido.
• Which is (the) bigger? (of the two classes)
Mas ejemplos de comparativos + than.
• Our house is better/worse/bigger than our neighbour's.
• Walking is less tiring than running.
• A leather coat is more expensive than a plastic one.
• It's more pleasant today than it was yesterday.
• She feels less tired today than she felt yesterday.
Tambien se pueden dar comparaciones con frases hechas tal como:
• She is taller than average.
• Today it's less expensivethan usual.
RECUERDA
Que cuando juntamos dos adjetivos (o adverbios) en grado comparative,
damos la idea de aumento o disminucion:
• He is getting taller and taller.
• Things are getting more and more difficult.
• Videos and computers are getting less and less expensive.
The + comparative + the
Esta construccion se puede hacer con adjetivos y con adverbios para mostrar
causa y efecto:
• The more money you have, the more you want.
• The more expensive things are, the less people buy.
Modification de los adjetivos.
Para dar intensidad a la comparacion usamos palabras tales como: a bit, a lot,
lots, a little, rather, very much, far, even, hardly any, etc.
• Things are much more expensive nowadays.
• It'smuch colder this year than it was last year.
• There have been many more crimes this month.

STANLEY
1. Completa las frases usando a little, a lot, much, many etc. Usa than cuando sea
necesario.
1. It's to learn things with a good teacher, (a lot/easy)
2. The car is too small for us. We need something
(much/big)
3. She looked sad yesterday but this morning she looks
(a bit/happy)
4. I prefer this hotel. It's (much/comfortable) than that one
5. 'Did you enjoy your stay?' 'Yes, it was I expected
(far/interesting).'
2. En este ejercicio tienes que usar la estructura more and more.
Example: The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
Things are getting more and more difficult.
1. Restaurants are becoming (expensive).
2. She's only been here for two months and her English is already getting
(good).
3. As days passed she became (nervous).
4. That crack on the wall is getting (big).
5. This suitcase seems to get (heavy).
6. It's becoming (difficult) to find a job.
7. That woman is getting (grumpy) as she gets older.
8. The little girl is becoming (beautiful) as she grows up.
3. Junta las frases de la izquierda con las de la derecha.
1. The more you have A the more you learn.
2. The more expensive it is B the quicker you get there.
3. The longer he waits C the more dangerous it becomes.
4. The shorter the way D the more you want.
5. The higher you climb E the more impatient he becomes.
6. The better the teacher is F the less it sells.
7. The longer the phone call G the more you have to pay.

U N I T 10
STANLEY
20
Comparison of adverbs.
Solamente algunos de los adverbios pueden usarse en grades comparativo y
superlative:
adverb
fast
easily
rarely
badly
far
late
little
much
well
comparative
faster
more easily
more rarely
worse
farther/further
later
less
more
better
superlative
fastest
most easily
most rarely
worst
farthest/furthest
latest
least
most
best
RECUERDA
Muchos adverbios como fast y early forman sus comparativos y superlatives
de la misma forma que los adjetivos cortos (faster, fastest).
Como la mayoria de los adverbios de modo tienen dos d mas silabas, estos
forman sus comparativos y superlatives con more/less y most/least: more
quickly, less clearly, least briefly.
Algunos adverbios de frecuencia forman el grade comparativo y superlative con
more/less, most/least (more seldom, most seldom).
Often tiene dos formas de comparativo: more often y oftener, siendo la primera
mas corriente: I go there more often than you.
Last y latest pueden ser adjetivos:
• This is the latest news (las mas recientes).
• This is the last news bulletin for today.
Pero generalmente last se usa como adverbio:
• We went to the Wax Museum last. • I last saw him two months ago.
Ejemplos de comparacion de adverbios:
• I run as fast as my brother.
• I can't sing as well as my sister.
• She can't jump as high as her brother.
• The clouds disappeared more quickly than we expected.
• The faster he talks the more difficult it is to understand him.
• It was snowing more and moreheavily.
• This man runs faster than anyone else in the world.
• My daughter works harder than anybody else in the office.

STANLEY
1. En este ejercicio tienes que completar las frases usando as ... as.
Example: This table is long but that one is longer. That table is not as long
as this one.
1. Today's weather is good, but yesterday was better.
The weather today isn't
2. She was nervous before the exam but usually she is more nervous.
She wasn't
3. We've been here for a long time but they've been here longer.
We haven't
4. I feel fit but yesterday I was fitter.
I don't feel
5. He still drinks but he used to drink a lot more.
He doesn't
2. Vuelve a escribir estas frases de forma que tengan el mismo significado.
Example: This man is older than he looks. He isn't as young as he looks.
1. The exam was more difficult than I expected. The exam wasn't
2. There were fewer people at this match than at the last one. There weren't
3. The restaurant is cheaper than we expected. It isn't
4. We go to the cinema less than we used to. We don't go
5. The Post Office was farther than I thought. It wasn't
3. En este ejercicio vas a cambiar las frases usando less.
Example: It was not as clear as before. In fact it was less clearly written than
before.
1. It's not done very quickly, In fact it's done
than before.
2. It was not explained very briefly. In fact it was explained . . .
than before.
3. We used to go very seldom to that place, but now we still go
than before.

STANLEY
U N I T 11 22
Adverbs of manner.
La mayoria de los adverbios de modo se forman anadiendo ly a los adjetivos:
sudden/suddenly, beautiful/beautifully, mad/madly.
A menudo la 'y' se convierte en 'i': funny/funnily, busy/busily, dry/drily (o dryly).
Cuando el adverbio termina en 'le',la 'e' desaparece: possible/possibly. Otros la
retienen: extreme/extremely. Con la excepcion de true/truly, due/duly.
Algunos adverbios tienen la misma forma que los adjetivos: daily, weekly, monthly,
quarterly, yearly.
Early y fast tambien pueden ser adjetivos o adverbios.
• This is a fast train. • This train is very fast.
RECUERDA
Que algunos sufijos se pueden ahadir a los adjetivos para formar adverbios de
modo (a veces de direccion): sideways, clockwise, lengthwise, crossways.
Position
Los adverbios de modo se colocan detras del verbo:
• She sang beautifully.
O detras del objeto cuando hay uno:
• She speaks English well. He gave up his job reluctantly.
Cuando tenemos verbo + preposicion + objeto, el adverbio puede ir o bien delante
de la preposicion o despues del objeto:
• She looked at me suspiciously. / She looked suspiciously at me.
Si el objeto es una frase ponemos el adverbio antes que la preposicion:
• She looked suspiciously at everybody sitting in the lounge.
Asfmismo, en las frases de verbo + objeto, si el objeto es largo el adverbio se
coloca entre el sujeto y el verbo:
• They secretly decided to meet again shortly.
• He angrily denied that he had stolen the money.
Badly y well se pueden usar como adverbios de modo o de grado. Como adver-
bios de modo se colocan detras de un verbo active:
• He speaks English well.
• The excursion was well organized.
• She behaved badly.
• He was badly paid.

STANLEY
1. Completa la frase con el adverbio correspondiente. Entre parentesis tienes el
adjetivo.
Example: He was madly in love with the girl (mad).
1. She played the piano (beautiful).
2. The documents were received (due).
3. 'Come here,' he said (dry).
4. It will rain tonight (possible).
5. It is the same thing (basic).
6. We caught the train very (early).
7. I pay my bills (month).
8. It appeared in front of her (sudden).
9. He drove very (fast).
10.The film ended (happy).
11. You have to do it very (careful).
12.These people always laugh very (loud).
13.This man always behaves very (noble).
14. She always greets me in a very way (friendly).
2. Una de las dos frases esta mal, tachala.
Example: He pays his staff very well. I Hejjaj
1. She typed his letters very badly. / She very badly typed his letters.
2. It heavily snowed last February. / It snowed heavily last February.
3. He took the picture down slowly. / He slowly took the picture down.
4. He hurriedly left the room. / He left the room hurriedly.
5. I pay my bills quarterly. / I quarterly pay my bills.
6. Shake the bottle well. / Shake well the bottle.
7. He angrily denied that he had stolen the money. / He denied angrily that he had
stolen the money.
8. He kindly spoke to the children. / He spoke to the children kindly.
9. She danced beautifully. / She beautifully danced.
10. She gave him the money reluctantly. / She reluctantly gave him the money.
11. These actors perform very badly. / These actors very badly perform.
12. They ran across the street. / They crossed the street running.
13. She pays every day. / She every day pays.
14. He softly spoke to me. / He spoke to me softly.

STANLEY
U NIT 12 24
Order of adjectives.
A veces usamos mas de un adjetivo para describir un sustantivo. Entonces
tenemos que tener cuidado en que orden ponemos los adjetivos. Aunque no hay
reglas fijas, en el cuadro que va a continuacion ponemos una gufa general.
Adjectives Noun
quality
nice
beautiful
age/size
new
old
colour
green
blue
country
Italian
Japanese
material
wooden
porcelain
table
vase
Fi'jate que las cualidades generales (beautiful, nice, delicious, clever, etc) van
siempre delante, como primer adjetivo.
El sustantivo puede estar compuesto de dos palabras: kitchen table, tennis
racket. Estas palabras no se pueden separar.
Si uno de los adjetivos es un participio este se pondra delante del material: a
handmade wooden table.
La palabra que indica nacionalidad u origen se pone inmediatamente delante:
Italian shirt.
En caso de que haya un gerundio, este precede al origen:
• An Italian handmade tablecloth.
• Fast-selling Italian handmade tablecloths.
El tamaho generalmente precede a la edad y forma, etc.
• A large new table; a small round table; A large new square table.
Los adjetivos que expresan nuestra opinion de la calidad de algo o alguien van en
primer lugar: nice, happy, clean, cheap.
• There was a friendly little Chinese girl at the counter.
Cuando los adjetivos se usan como predicados, es decir, detras del verbo, se
separan con un and si son dos:
• The tea was sweet and strong.
Si son mas de dos adjetivos los separamos con una coma excepto los dos ultimos
que que van separados por and.
• His clothes were filthy, old, wet and worn out.
Usamos comas para separar los adjetivos que sean igualmente importantes.
Nunca ponemos coma detras del ultimo adjetivo:
• A tall, dark, handsome young man.
• A small, shiny, black leather bag.
A veces tambien los atributivos van unido con and.
• Black and white tiles.
• A tall and elegant young woman.

STANLEY
1. Ron los adjetivos que van entre parentesis en posicion correcta.
Example: a table (nice, old, wooden) A nice old wooden table.
1. A cat (white, fat, big)
2. A road (long, narrow)
3. A face ( thin, white)
4. A box (metal, black, large)
5. A car (black, old, little)
6. A dress (blue, pretty)
7. A shower (hot, nice)
8. A day (beautiful, sunny)
9. Eyes (large, watery)
10. A film (Japanese, new)
11. A handbag (black leather)
12. A house (modern, red, brick)
13. A man (young, good-looking)
14.An old lady (nice, little, old)
15.A painting (old, interesting, Italian)
16. A ring (silver, rare)
17. Hair (beautiful, black, long)
18. A village (fishing, little, lovely)
19. A cupboard (old, beautiful, brown, Italian)
2. Forma frases usando los adjetivos como predicados.
Example: My shoes/worn out/torn. My shoes are worn out and torn.
1. He/tall/handsome/dark
2. He/dark/short/dirty
3. He/cruel/man/vicious
4. It seem/exciting/mysterious
5. His clothes/dirty/wet/old/worn out
6. The road/long/winding
7. The man/unshaven/dirty
8. The woman/beautiful/mysterious

STANLEY
U N I T 13 26
Adjectives ending in ing/ed.
Hay muchos pares de adjetivos que terminan en ing y ed. Por ejemplo: surprised
y surprising.
• Mary is at the cinema. The end of the film is not what she expected. You can
say that:
• The end of the film is surprising.
• She was surprised by the end of the film.
Se puede decir que alguien es o esta surprised/bored etc. si algo o alguien es o
esta surprising/boring etc.
Tambien, si algo es surprising/boring etc., te hace surprised/bored:
• Mary is surprised because the ending issurprising.
• The end of the film is surprising,so Mary is surprised.
He aquf algunos ejemplos mas:
• We were alarmed when we heard the news.
• The news was alarming.
(He was alarmed because the news wasalarming.)
• He is interested in art.
• He thinks that art is interesting.
(He is interested in art because art is interesting.)
• She was worried about the situation.
• The situation was very worrying.
(She was worried because the situation was worrying.)
Algunos adjetivos que tienen estas dos terminaciones son: amused/amusing,
astonished/astonishing, confused/confusing, depressed/depressing, embarrassed/
embarrassing, exhausted/exhausting, shocked/shocking, terrified/terrifying,
excited/exciting.
Adjectives - Ending in full / less
Algunos sustantivos forman el adjetivo con sufijos tales como:
Beauty-beautiful, care-careful, pain-painful, plenty-plentiful, shame-shameful,
sorrow-sorrowful, meaning-meaningful, success-successful, trust-trustful.
Care-careless, pain-painless, shame-shameless, meaning-meaningless, fear-
fearless, aim-aimless, bottom-bottomless, hope-hopeless.
• Be careful crossing the road.
• He is a carelessperson.
• He's a trustful man. He trusts everybody.
• This note is meaningless. It doesn't mean anything.

STANLEY
1. En este ejercicio tienes que completar dos frases con cada situacion. Usa un
adjetivo que termina en ing y otro en ed para completar cada frase.
Example: The book wasn't as good as I had expected, (bore)
The book was boring.
I was bored reading the book.
1. I didn't understand the situation, (confuse)
It was very I was very
2. The armchair was very comfortable, (relax)
It was very I felt very
3. The teacher was terribly surprised by Jim's exam, (shock)
He was The exam was
4. It was raining all afternoon, (depress)
I was The weather was
5. The family situation was terrible, (move)
He was by their situation. Their situation was ..
6. The job was very good, (excite)
She was It was an job.
7. Maths is his favourite subject, (interest)
He thinks maths is very He is
in maths.
2. Elige el adjetivo apropiado y tacha el que no corresponde.
Example: The room was in a mess. It was disgusting/dj|3j«stfci
1. I was very disappointed/disappointing when I finished the book.
2. I don't tike horror films. I get frightening/frightened.
3. The whole affair was very annoying/annoyed.
4. It was amazed/amazing the progress he had made.
5. The situation was very embarrassing/embarrassed.
3. Haz lo mismo que en el ejercicio 2.
Example:! don't like the food. It's tasteless/taJtetujT
1. The body laid on the floor alive/lifeless.
2. He ran across the road. He is very careful/careless.
3. She was sorry. She was very sorrowful/sorrowless for doing it.
4. He doesn't care about anything. He is a shameful/shameless boy.
5. He is very brave. He is a fearless/fearful man.
6. Mr. Brown trusts everybody. He's a trustful/trustless man.

STANLEY
U N I T 14 28
The present perfect simple and continuous.
Present continuous/ going to / futuresimple.
Usamos el presente continue para referirnos a actividades y eventos que estan
planeados para el future. Generalmente necesitamos un adverbio a no ser que el
significado este muy claro.
• We're spending our holiday in Benidorm.
A menudo asociamos el presente continue como los verbos arrive, come, leave,
go, etc. para describir arreglos de viajes, encuentrosetc.
• She is arriving tomorrow afternoon on the 5.30 train.
• Tom is coming next week.
• 'Where are you meeting her?'
No usamos el will para hablar acerca de arreglos que has concertado.
• When are you getting married?
• What are you doing this evening?
RECUERDA
Usamos going to cuando ya nemos decidido hacer algo en el proximo future:
• We are going to watch the football match on TV tonight.
• 'Are you going out?' 'No, I'm going to read for a while.'
• I heard your daughter is going to marry a rich American.
Tambien usamos el going to cuando predecimos algo.
• Get down from that ladder. You're going to fall.
• Look at those clouds. It'sgoing to rain.
WILL
Usamos el will cuando decidimos hacer algo en el memento de hablar.
• 'What would you like?' 'I'll have a whisky, please.'
• 'You left the window open.' 'I'll close it.'
• 'Mary wants to talk to you.' 'I'll ring her up.'
WON'T es la forma negativa de WILL.
• 'Mr Martin is out.' 'Oh, all right. I won't wait then.'
A menudo se usa el will con I think, I don't think.
• I think I'll stay in tonight. I don't feel like goingout.
• I don't think I'll bother answering all thoseletters.
Con ofertas y promesas:
• I'll help you with that heavy case.
• I'll give you the money tomorrow.

STANLEY
1. Tu amiga tiene muchos proyectos para el proximo future. Tu tienes que escribir
frases acerca de sus planes.
Example: She is leaving lor America in a few days, (leave)
1. She (travel) with a friend of hers.
2. They (visit) the Niagara Falls.
3. They (go) by plane.
4. Mary (stay) with her aunt.
5. Her friend (have) an interview for a job.
6. Mary (meet) an old friend of the family in New York.
7. From New York they (fly) to California.
2. i,Que crees tu que va a suceder?
Example: That little boy is trying to climb a tree.
He is going to fall.
1. His passport is in the back pocket of his jeans.
He
2. Dark clouds are gathering.
It
3. She forgot her umbrella and it's raining.
She
4. I'm crossing the channel and the sea is very choppy.
You
5. He's taken his tennis racket.
He
3. Promete o queda de acuerdo en hacer alguna cosa.
Example: I'd like you to come to see me tomorrow.
All right. /'// go.
1. 'Can you repair my bike?' 'Okay, it.'
2. 'Don't tell anybody, please!' 'All right '
3. 'Be careful when you give an injection.' 'Don't worry. I
you.'
4. 'You owe me a lot of money.' 'Well, back on Saturday'.
5. 'You promised you were going to take me swimming.' 'O.K
next Sunday'.
6. 'Can I have my book back?' 'Of course, this afternoon.

STANLEY
U N I T 15 30
Present perfect with ever, just, since,for.
Used to + Infinitive.
La estructura used to + infinitive solo existe en el pasado. Se refiere a habitos
pasados.
• He used to drink quite a lot. (soli'a beber)
Para expresar la misma idea en presente, basta con usar el presente simple:
• He drinks quite a lot.
O bien:
• He usually drinks on Saturdays, (suele beber)
Para la forma interrogativa y negativa se admiten las dos formas:
• Did he use to drink? / Used he to drink?
• He didn't use to drink. / He usen't to drink.
RECUERDA
Que para las coletillas o respuestas cortas se usa el didn't.
• They used to live in Bristol, didn't they?
• Did he use to smoke? - Yes, he did.o Yes, he used to.
• No, he didn't, o No, he didn't use to.
USED TO y WOULD
Cuando nos referimos a habitos pasados podemos usar tanto uno como otro:
• When I was a boy I used to get up at six o'clock.
• When I was a boy I would get up at six o'clock.
Sin embargo, para describir situaciones o estados pasados tenemos que usar el
used to y no el would.
• I used to be an English teacher, but now I'm a writer.
• I used to wear glasses, but now I use contact lenses.
Used to no se usa cuando algo sucedio hace algun tiempo, o por cuanto tiempo duro:
• I went to Italy several times (No:I used to go to Italy several times)
• I lived in Bristol for five years. (No:I used to live in Bristol for 5 years)
IMPORTANTE
No confundir used to + infinitivo con used to + gerundio.
• I used to go. (soli'a ir) - I'm used to going, (estoy acostumbrado a ir)
• He used to drink, (soli'a beber) - He's used to drinking, (esta acostum-
brado a beber)

STANLEY
1. En este ejercicio tienes que completar las frases con used to ...
Example: Ronald doesn't drink now, but he used to drink quite a lot.
1. My father doesn't smoke now, but he 20 cigarettes a day.
2. I've got a car now, but I a motorbike.
3. There is only one cinema now, but there 3 cinemas.
4. Years ago I cider, but I don't like it now.
5. They in Bristol, but now they live in London.
6. He take a lot of medicines, but now he is a vegetarian.
2. En este ejercicio tienes que cambiar el pasado por el presente.
Example: He used to drink a lot all the time, (solia)
He usually drinks only on Saturdays, (suele)
1. He used to drink cups of coffee all day long. But now
a cup in the morning.
2. My brother used to play tennis every day. But now he
a match on Saturdays.
3. Jim used to smoke forty cigarettes a day. But now he
only one after lunch.
4. We used to go out every day. But now we
only on Saturdays.
3. Ron estas frases en forma interrogativa y negativa.
Example: He used to live alone.
Did he use to live alone? He didn't use to live alone.
1. I used to play in that old castle when I was a child.
2. They used to go to the cinema every Saturday.
3. They used to travel a lot.
4. My friend used to live in Bristol.

STANLEY
U NIT 16 32
If, when, as soon as, until clauses.
If sugiere que no estas seguro de que algo va a suceder.
When se usa para hablar acerca de acontecimientos que es seguro o muy probable
que sucedan.
• I'll see you next week, when I come back, (cuandovuelva)
• I'll see you next week, if I come back, (si vuelvo)
• We'll go to the beach if it doesn't rain.
• We'll be in Madrid when we wake up.
Cuando generalizamos es posible usar ambas palabras sin que cambie el significado.
• When/If you heat water it boils.
RECUERDA
Que en las frases de when usamos el presente simple (en espanol es presente
de subjuntivo), aunque la idea de la frase es future.
• I'll tell you when I come back tonight, (cuando vuelva)
• We'll go out when the rain stops.
Lo mismo sucede con: as soon as until while
• We'll go out as soon as I finish this.
Se puede usar el preterite perfecto para mostrar que la primera accion estara
acabada antes que la segunda:
• When I am finished with this I'll give it to you.
Despues de if tambien usamos el presente simple:
• We'll go out if it doesn't rain.
• If it rains we'll stay at home.
No confundir if con when. Usar when para cosas que es seguro que sucedan:
• I'm going to Madrid. When I come back I'll bring you a present.
Usar if cuando es posible que algo suceda, pero no es seguro.
• I may go out this afternoon. If I go out I'll buy it for you.
• If she doesn't come soon, I'll go to the cinema alone.

STANLEY
1. Todas las frases de este ejercicio tienen idea de future. Ron los verbos en forma
correcta.
Example: Come on! Your father will (be) angry if we are (be) late.
1. If we (need) any help, we (ask) you.
2 you (do) that while I (be) away?
3. We (start) off until my brother (arrive).
4. When you (see) my sister you (recognise) her.
5. We (be) surprised if he (pass) his driving test.
6. Please, let me know when he (come).
7. We (phone) her as soon as we
(arrive) in London.
8. We (start) the exam until the teacher (arrive).
9. When you (see) little Albert you (be) surprised..
10. If I (need) money, I (ask) you.
11.1 (drop) you a line as soon as I (get) there.
12.1 (let) you know when I (be) ready.
2. En este ejercicio tienes que poner when o if.
Example: If it rains this afternoon we'll stay in.
1. I'd like you to come, but you don't want to, don't come.
2. I'll be away a couple of weeks. I'll give you a ring I get back.
3. I'll have something to eat I get home.
4. I'm going out you want something, I'll get it for you.
5. I'll be there by 7. But I'm not, don't wait for me.
6. I think he'll pass the exam. I'll be very surprised he doesn't
pass it.
7. Your brother may phone today he does, tell him I want to talk to him.
8. I'm going to New York I am there I'll visit Aunt Maggie.
9. I'll look for his address. I'll give it to you I find it.
10. I'll send it to you I am finished with it.
11. Will you send the letter you finish writing it?.
12. We'll probably go out it doesn't rain.
13.We won't wait for you you aren't here by 5.
14.They'll come to see us tomorrow it doesn't rain.
15.1 only watch TV there is something interesting.
16. I'll return the book I'm finished with it

STANLEY
U N I T 17 34
Infinitives after adjectives.
Muchos adjetivos pueden ir seguidos de infinitives:
GRUPO 1:
Silly, clever, foolish, generous, good, kind, poliite right, wrong, rude, careless,
brave, etc.
• He is very clever to answer all thesequestions.
• She was very kind to help them.
• It'swrong to do that.
It + be + adjective + of noun/pronoun + to-infinitive
• It was very kind of him to help you. • It was silly of you to do that.
GRUPO 2:
Curious, anxious, eager, glad, ready, sorry, willing, keen, quick, ashamed, afraid,
reluctant, etc.
• He is always reluctant to make any trouble.
• He is determined to succeed in life.
Algunos de estos adjetivos admiten la combinacion for + noun/pronoun:
• He is anxious for his son to win the competition.
A la lista anterior se pueden anadir algunos adjetivos que se refieren a probabili-
dades: certain, sure, bound, likely.
• They are very likely to accept your proposal.
GRUPO 3:
Impossible, easy, hard, difficult, agreeable, boring, nice, etc.
• This type of shirt is difficult to wash.
• It's impossible to be angry with this man.
GRUPO 4:
The first, the second, etc.; the next, the last, the best, the worst:
• Jim is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.
• That was the worst thing to do.
Too + adjective + infinitive
• He is too stupid to understand. • She is too clever to fall into the trap.
Adjective + enough + infinitive
• This man is not strong enough to lift it. • That box is too big to carry.
Esta estructura tambien admite el for + noun/pronoun.
• There isn't enough work for us to do.

STANLEY
1. Usa las palabras entre parentesis para responder a las preguntas.
Example: 'Did he help you?' 'Yes, he was very kind to help us. It was very kind
of him to help us'.
1. 'Did she give you money?' 'Yes, she (generous/give) us
some money. It was very '
2. 'I heard he insulted the teacher.' 'Yes, he (foolish/insult) the
teacher. It was very '
3. 'Did he show you the way?' 'Yes, he (good/show) us
the way. It was very '
4. He was nearly run over by a car.' 'Yes, he was
(careless/cross) the road like that. It was '
2. Haz lo mismo con los adjetivos del grupo 2.
Example: He was anxious to win the competition.
He was anxious for his son to win the competition.
1. 'Did he want to come back?' 'Yes, he (eager/come/back) home.
He was (his son/come back).
2. 'Does he want the job?' 'Yes he (get/job). He is
(his daughter/get/job).
3. Does he want to succeed?' Yes, He's (determine/succeed).
He's (his son/succeed).
3. Completa las frases con las palabras entre parentesis.
Example: He is very difficult to please. It's very difficult to please him.
1. He is (boring/live) with. It is with him.
2. It's (impossible/win) this competition. This competition
3. It is (nice/be/you). You are a nice person
4. Gambia la frase de forma que signifique lo mismo.
Example: He always arrives the first. He is always the first to arrive.
1. The best thing is to ask him. He is
2. She arrived the last one. She was
3. He will come next. He
4. He is very weak. He isn't lift the box.

STANLEY
U N I T 18 36
Linking words and phrases.
Although and even though se pueden usar al principio de una frase:
• Although/Though/Even though we tried our best, we lost the game.
However puede ser usado con un significado parecido, pero debe colocarse al
comienzo de la frase.
• We all did our best. However we lost the game.
Though suele ir al final de la frase:
• We tried our best, we lost the game though.
*But como conjuncion puede significar 'sino':
• It's not the red one I wanted but the blue one.
Tambien puede significar 'sin embargo':
• He cut his knee, but he didn't cry.
A veces muestra sorpresa o asombro:
• 'I'll give you £5.' 'But that is not what we agreed on.'
Both ... and ... (no solo ... sino ...).
• He was both tired and hungry.
• She speaks both English and French.
• Both his brother and his sister are married.
As well as (asi como).
• He grows flowers as well as vegetables.
• He is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.
• He opened the door as well as the window.
On the other hand (por otra parte).
• I don't know if can do that. On the other hand, I'll be on holiday.
Also, too, as well indican que la palabra o frase ha sido anadida a algo que ya se
ha mencionado anteriormente. Also es mas formal y se coloca en el medio de la
frase, mientras que too y as well van al final.
• I know Tom and I also know his mother.
• He is good at maths and he is also good at sports.
• I've read the book and I've seen the film too/as well.
Either... or... (o ... o ...)
Se usa cuando tienes dos alternativas.
• You can take either French or English.
• I left it either on the table or in the drawer.

STANLEY
1. Completa la frase con alguna de las uniones que van a continuacion:
although, though, however, as well as, but, on the other hand, also, either... or.
Example: Even though we lost the game, we played our best.
1. You can walk up take the cable car.
2. He says he will pay; I don't think he will,
3. We won't go to this restaurant to that one.
4. The books are not very good, and people don't read nowadays.
5. You can take this one that one.
6. He plays the guitar and he is studying the piano.
7. I have no time to go and I don't feel well.
8. You must do it properly don't do it at all.
9. Little Jimmy cut his finger he didn't cry.
10. He was tired happy.
11. You can take meat fish, but not both.
12. You can learn French German at the same time.
13 they are expensive, people buy them.
14. He had no qualifications he got the job.
2. Escribe otra frase que signifique lo mismo, usando las palabras del ejercicio 1.
Example: 'Does he speak French?' 'Yes, and he speaks German too.'
Yes, and he also speaks German.
1. You can play football. You can play rugby
this afternoon.
2. He is not very clever. Nevertheless, he works hard.
3. The little boy fell off the tree. He didn't hurt himself.
4. We have not the means to do it. Besides, we have no money.
5. You can't do the two things at the same time; read and write.
6. He is very clever. Unfortunately he is very lazy.
7. Although he could speak five languages. He didn't speak English.

STANLEY
U N I T 19 38
Have to, must, need to.
Los verbos must y have to tienen un significado muy parecido aunque su uso no
es exactamente el mismo. Must indica un obligacion moral, un sentimiento que es
necesario hacer algo:
• You must stop doing that.* I must finish this job for tomorrow.
• I must make an appointment to see the dentist.
Con el have to no das tus propios sentimientos. Puedes dar solo hechos:
• I have to wear glasses. • I can't go to the party. I have to work.
O indicar una obligacion exterior:
• We all have to pay taxes.
• You have to wear uniforms on duty, don't you?
Para indicar costumbres se usa have to:
• I have to take six of these pills every day.
RECUERDA
Que a veces se pueden usar las dos formas indistintamente:
• It's very late. I must/have to go now.
• I must/will have to buy a good dicctionary.
• I must/have to cut down on smoking.
Pero cuando comentamos las obligaciones de los demas usamos el have to:
• I suppose you'll have to be at work by 9.
• They'll have to send somebody down to examine the damage.
Cuando las obligaciones le parecen importantes al que habla, usa must:
• I must tell you about a friend of mine.
• This sort of thing must stop at once.
En pasado solo hay una forma: had to
• Yesterday I had to borrow some money from Jim.
Need to indica necesidad.
• I need to consult a good dictionary.
• He needs to have access to our files.
Para la forma negativa e interrogativa hay dos opciones:
• Need you go so early? • Do you need to go so early?
• You needn't come with us. • You don't need to come with us.
Para el pasado solo hay una.
• You didn't need to wait for us.

STANLEY
1. Completa las frases con el verbo must o have to.
Example: I have to go to work every day except Sunday.
1. Jane, you wear a dress tonight. You're going to the theatre.
2. Your spelling is awful. You use a dictionary.
3. You wear a uniform when you are on duty, don't you?
4. You train very hard for the Olympic Games, I suppose.
5. You'll start earlier when you start work, won't you?
6. You tell me about your quarrel with Jim.
7. You both come and see us.
8. I ran out of money and I borrow some from my friend.
9. The doctor told me that I take these pills.
10. There were no buses so she walk.
11. Before I give you a cheque I find my cheque book.
12.The poor girl can't see a thing. She wear glasses.
13.1 can't meet you tomorrow. I work.
14. It's very late. I go now.
15. Daddy is not feeling well. We'll call the doctor.
16. In Britain children wear uniform when they go to school.
17.1 couldn't repair the TV. I take it to the shop.
2. Ron estas frases en forma interrogativa y negativa.
Example: I need to consult a doctor. Do I need to consult a doctor?/Need I
consult a doctor? I don't need to consult a doctor/I needn't consult a
doctor.
1. I need to talk to you
2. He needs to have access to our files.

STANLEY
U N I T 20 40
Uses of the article "the
The se usa para unas referencias definidas:
• The lion isdangerous.
Pero no se usa en sentido general:
• Lions are dangerous.
Con nacionalidades se usa the:
the British, the Americans, the Spanish, the Italians.
Y tambien con algunos adjetivos: the injured, the wounded, the dying, the old,
the young, the rich, the poor, the unemployed, the sick.
El uso de the con estaciones del ano es opcional:
• We'll go in (the) autumn.
Con fechas el artfculo se lee pero no se escribe:
• 16 (th) April (se dice the sixteenth of April).
Cinema, theatre, radio, television,
Decimos: We go to the cinema/theatre. • We listen to the radio.
Pero generalmente omitimos el artfculo con television.
• We watchedtelevision last night. • We watch the news on television.
Sin embargo decimos: • Switch off the television, please.
RECUERDA
Que no ponemos el artfculo cuando hablamos de algo en general bien sea
contable o incontable:
• Sugar is bad for the health. • Girls are always beautiful.
Ni con organizaciones: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
O titulos de personas: Mr Jones, Mrs Brown, Miss Jackson, Dr Smith,
Captain Mallory, Lord Mountbatten, Pope John, Father Brian.
Con dfas y meses:
• Saturday is the best day of the week. • May is a beautifulmonth.
Con comidas:
• Dinner is at seven. • Lunch was very light.
Los periodistas omiten los artfculos para ganar espacio y dar mas impacto a la noticia:
• BINGO FIRE ALARM • COACH CRASH DISASTER
Suprimimos los artfculos cuando empleamos estas palabras refiriendonos al uso
para el que estan concebidas: church, hospital, school, bed, prison, sea, class,
university, college, court, town.
• The wounded were taken to hospital.
• Mr and Mrs Brown go to church every Sunday.
Sin embargo decimos: • I went to the church to see the new altar.

STANLEY
1. En algunas de estas frases hay que poner articulo. En otras no.
Example: Can you turn up the volume of the television, please?
1. It was a nice cruise. We were at sea for two weeks.
2. Swimming in a swimming pool is better than swimming in sea.
3. I don't like listening to radio. I usually watch TV.
4. My parents don't go to theatre very much. They prefer going to
cinema.
5. Which is longest river in the world?
6 Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
7. Hannibal crossed over Alps with his elephants.
8. I've invited my girlfriend to dinner next Sunday.
9 dead were buried and wounded were taken to hospital.
10. She is only person who understands me.
11. That man was sent to prison for two years.
12 money makes the world go round.
13 green is my favourite colour
14. Doctors say that smoking is bad for your health.
15 beans contain a lot of fibre.
16 Colonel Rogers to see you, sir.
17.The man in charge of this church is Father Brown.
18. We went to most expensive restaurant in town.
19.This is biggest hotel in the city.
20.There are millions of stars in space.
21 space this cupboard occupies is incredible.
22. What time is lunch?.
23 meal we had at the restaurant was delicious.
24. We had dinner in a restaurant.
25. He lives in a little village in Pyrenees.
26. This hotel is cheapest in this town.
27. Switch off television, please?
28. Do you go to theatre very often?
29. Are there many stars in sky?
30 people always say these things.
31. We were at sea for two months.
32 earth goes around sun.

STANLEY
U N I T 21 42
Use of the article a/an.
El plural de a house puede ser houses o some houses.
El " " an egg " " eggs o some eggs.
La pronunciacion de a y an
A se usa delante de sonidos de consonantes (no solamente letras consonantes);
an se usa delante de sonidos de vocal (no solo con palabras que empiecen con
vocal):
• Please, write a U and an H on the blackboard.
• This is a B,C,D,G,J,K,P,Q,T,U,V,W,Y,Z.
• This is an A,E,F,H,I,L,M,N,O,R,S,X.
Fijate:
• a horse with an H. • a lion with an L. • a man with an M.
• a radio with an R. • a fair with an F. • a noise with an N.
RECUERDA
Que se dice • an umbrella, sin embargo, • a uniform
• an unusual event " • a union
• an eye " • a year, a university
• an ear " • a European
• a home " •an hour
• a hot day " • an honour
Algunas palabras que empiezan por h pueden ir precedidas de a o an a discrecion
del que las pronuncia: a hotel o an hotel, historian o an historian. Cuando
usamos an no pronunciamos la h: an honest man, an honour, an hour, an heir.
Usamos el artfculo indeterminado con profesiones, nacionalidades, religiones, y
polftica.
• John is a mechanic and Peter is an architect.
• He is an American and she is a Frenchwoman.
• He is a Catholic and she is an Anglican.
• He is a socialist and she is a conservative.
A menudo usamos a/an con enfermedades:
• I'vegot a cold.
• She's got atoothache.
La diferencia entre one y a/an
A menudo son intercambiables: a hundred = one hundred.
Cuando relatamos un suceso usamos tambien one:
• One day I met your mother and ...

STANLEY
1. Completa las frases con a/an o one
Example: There is a hospital not far from here.
1. She was ................. English woman.
2. My sister is ................. architect.
3. Have you got .................. hat?
4. She is ................... honest woman.
5. I'll be here before ................. hour.
6. It was ................... honour.
7. We'll have .................. hot meal.
8. There was .................. hall with a staircase leading to the rooms.
9. You have to spell it with ................... L.
10. He was carrying ................... umbrella and ......................
unusual case.
1 1 .There is ................. university in that country where you have to wear
..................... uniform.
12. Xylophone you spell it with ................... X.
13. That man is ................. lawyer.
14. There is only ................... piece of good news today.
15. 1 met him ................... day, many years ago.
16. Many years ago ................... certain merchant arrived in Peking.
17. 1 only want ................. quarter of a pound.
18. She's got ................... headache.
19. This is .................. unique book
2. Tacha la opcion que no corresponda.
Example: The car was doing 80 kms. an/jto[& hour.
1. If you go to Scotland take a/one raincoat and a/an umbrella.
2. You need a/an screwdriver and a/an knife.
3. I ordered one/a coffee, not two.
4. This is a/an/one sort of can opener.
5. He is a/- Muslim and she is a/- Catholic.
6. This is a/an unique occasion.
7. It was a/an universal happening.
8. It was a/an united nation.
9. That man is a/an European, and that woman is a/an Asian.
10. This is a/an Eurovision song contest.

STANLEY
U N I T 22 44
Since, as, because, so, so that.
As, puede muchas veces significar lo mismo que since o because, (ya que,
como, puesto que).
• As/Because/Since he had no money he couldn't buy a car.
• As/Because/Since he knew her well, he didn't trust her.
• As/Because/Since it contains alcohol you can't give it to the children.
• As/Because/Since he lives near here we'll pay her a visit.
As con la mayorfa de los verbos puede significar 'mientras.'
• As/While he climbed the stairs his eyes fell upon the picture.
• As/While she made up her face she thought about the date.
• As/While he walked along the path he thought of past events.
• As/Because he shaved with a blunt razor he cut himself badly.
As + noun puede significar when or while.
• As a doctor he was very well known.
Tambien puede significar because.
• As a student he gets a great reduction.
• As a married man he has to think of his wife.
So that se usa en oraciones de proposito (clauses of purpose), es decir cuando
la persona a la cual se refiere el proposito es diferente del sujeto de la oracion
principal, o cuando el sujeto original se vuelve a mencionar:
• I say these things so that you can criticise me.
• He had to die so that others could live.
• She worked hard so that everything would be ready by six.
• The knife had a cork handle so that it would float if it fell into the water.
So (asi).
• Stand with your arms out, so.
• So it was that he had the first sight of snow.
• And so on.
So (de forma de que).
• I left a message so as to be sure of contacting her.
So (indicando resultado).
• The shops were closed so I didn't get any bread.
• The manager was ill so I went in his place.

STANLEY
1. Escribe otra frase que signifique lo mismo.
Example: Since he is a man he can allow himself many liberties.
As he is a man he can allow himself many liberties.
1. As she walked along the corridor she thought of her sister.
2. He always sings as he shaves in the bathroom.
3. You can tell me something about these people since you live in the district.
4. Since you seem to know everything tell me where I can find this.
5. He stopped for a rest as he was tired.
6. As a student he had been disastrous.
2. Tacha la palabfa qtre-este mal.
Example: As/Because he shaved he thought of her.
1. As/While a married man he has to think of his family.
2. As/Because you are so clever tell me the answer.
3. Since/When I'm going to be there in the morning I'll do it myself.
4. Because/While he drove he thought of the last events.
5. Since/While you are going to stay with us you may as well know it.
3. Ron so o so that en las frases siguientes.
Example: Ships have lifeboats so that the crew can save their lives.
1. The supermarket wasn't opened yet I didn't buy anything.
2. We worked all night long everything would be ready.
3. The road was blocked I came back.
4. They put a lot of water the animals wouldn't be thirsty.
5. She didn't like him she stopped going out with him.
6. He wrote it on the blackboard the students would see it.
7. There was no answer we walked away.
8. He hadn't done his homework he didn't go to school.
9. I left the note in the hall my wife would see it.

STANLEY
U N I T 23 46
Infinitive of purpose.
El proposito generalmente se expresa con el infinitivo:
• She went to England to learn English.
• He went to the Post Office to buy stamps.
In order/So as + Infinitive (para, a fin de).
• He left early in order/so as to arrive in time.
• She gave up her job in order/so as to have more time with her children.
Con frases negativas no se puede usar solo el infinitivo. Estarfa mal decir: (He
went early not to miss the beginning).
• They took their seats early in order/so as not to miss the beginning.
• He tiptoed in order/so as not to wake up the children.
Algunos verbos, e.g. buy, bring, take, need, want, a menudo introducen un objeto
+ infinitivo:
• Bring me a chair to sit on.
• I need a spoon to eat my soup.
RECUERDA
Que cuando hablamos acerca de un prop6sito en general usamos for + gerundio.
• This is a knife for carving meat.
• That is a tool for opening tins.
« That is a trunk for keeping old clothes.
Infinitives of purpose after GO and COME.
No es muy normal usar un infinitivo de proposito despues del imperativo o infiniti-
vo de los verbos go y come. En vez de decir: 'Go to find your brother' general-
mente decimos 'Go and find your brother.' Es decir usamos dos imperativos
unidos con and
• Come and talk to my sister.
• Go and tell him to stop that noise.
Lo mismo ocurre si usamos el must:
• I must go and finish that as soon as possible.
Oraciones de proposito con so that + will/would o can/could + infinitivo.
• She is learning Spanish so that she can travel in SouthAmerica.
• I'll switch on the heater so that the room will be warm by bed time.
• He bought a new car so that his wife might learn to drive.
• I gave her my address so that she could write to me.
• She disguised herself so that nobody would recognise her.

STANLEY
1. Usa las palabras entre parentesis para responder a estas preguntas.
Example: Why did you go to the Post Office? (buy stamps)
/ went to the Post Office to buy stamps.
1. Why do children go to school? (learn)
2. Why did you telephone her? (tell her the news)
3. Why did you go to the dentist? (pull a tooth out)
4. Why are you saving money? (buy a house)
5. Why is she wearing a coat? (keep warm)
6. Why do you walk to your office every day? (save money)
2. Completa estas frases usando el verbo apropiado.
Example: They are going to the airport to catch/take the plane.
1. I am not fit enough a marathon.
2. We haven't got enough money a new house.
3. I need some shelves my books on.
4. These poor people haven't got a bed in.
5. We'll get together this afternoon the problem.
6. I need a new dress at the wedding.
7. We have a trunk all these old clothes in.
3. En este ejercicio tienes que escribir frases con so that.
Example: He wrote a note. He wanted his wife to know.
He wrote a note so that his wife would know.
1. He is lighting a fire. He wants the house to be warm when the children get up.
2. He wrote it in code. He didn't want anybody to understand it.
3. Give him a key. He can get into the house.
4. She hid his trousers. She didn't want him to leave the house.

STANLEY
U N I T 24 48
Conditionals: type 1, 2 and 3.
TYPE 1
La forma mas comun es if + simple present + future.
• If the weather is good we'll goout.
• I'll buy the house if we have money.
If + present + modal.
• If I finish early I can/could/may/might/should/ought/mustphone him.
• If she comes tomorrow we can/could/may/might/should/ought to/must go for
a picnic.
If + Should + imperative.
• If you (should) see her give her my regards.
• Should you see her give her my regards.
Imperative + conjunction + clause.
• Stop shouting and/or/otherwise you'll wake up everybody.
TYPE 2
La forma mas comun es: if + simple past + "d" conditional
• If you spoke languages you would earn more.
• If you went by plane you would get there earlier.
• If you didn't watch so much TV you wouldn't feel so sleepy in the morning.
If I were/was + would/should.
• If I were/was a man I would be a policeman.
Were se puede usar en lugar de was. No hay diferencia en el significado, pero
were es mas formal, y se usa para posibilidades remotas:
• If I were the King you'd be the Queen.
Otras expresiones con were.
• If I were you/in your position, I wouldn't do it.
• If I were John/in John's position, I'd say yes.
• If it weren't for your help, I would still be on the road.
TYPE 3
La forma mas comun es: if + past perfect + would have
• If I had had money, I would have bought it.
• If he hadn't finished the job, I wouldn't have paid the bill.
• If I had lived in the Middle Ages, I would have been a knight.
• If it hadn't been for the rain, we would have goneout.
If + past perfect + modal
• If I had known that, I could/might have told you.

STANLEY
1. Completa las frases con condicional type 1.
Example: If you eat too much you'll get fat.
1. If it rains we (go out).
2. If you help me, I (help you).
3. If he calls, (tell/him/l/ring back).
4. If I am not better tomorrow, I (take aspirin).
5. I will buy the car (have/money).
6. We may go for a picnic (weather/good).
7. Remember! You must phone me (weather/clear up).
8. If you drink too much you (get/drunk).
9. If you break that you (be/punish).
2. Completa las frases con el type 2.
Example: It would be very cold if I opened the window.
1. If it rained tomorrow, we (stay/home).
2. If you went to England, (learn/more English).
3. I wouldn't be surprised (not/get/job).
4. You would get there earlier (go/train).
5. I would still be there if (to be/for/your help).
6. I wouldn't do it if (be/you).
7. He might tell us if (know/facts).
8. If you drank too much you (get drunk).
9. If you broke that you (be/punish).
3. Completa las frases con el type 3.
Example: If I had asked him he would have answered.
1. I would have stayed at home (rain).
2. If you had wanted, I (go/with you).
3. We would have been happy (she/marry me).
4. If you had insisted, he (give it to you).
5. If you had worked harder at school, you
(get/better/job).
6. He might have told us if (be/here/yesterday).
7. If I had been in your position, I (accept/offer).
8. If you had drunk too much you (get drunk).
9. If you had broken that you (be/punish).

STANLEY
U N I T 25 50
May, might and could + infinitive.
May para pedirpermiso.
• 'May I go now, Mr Brown?' 'Yes, you may leave.'
• 'May I smoke in this room?' 'No, you may not smoke here.'
Third person.
• He may take my car this evening.
• They may come with us if they want to.
Generalmente se usa para afirmaciones impersonates concernientes a la autori-
dad y permiso:
• In certain circumstances the police may enter a private home.
• An accused person may appeal.
En ingles coloquial se suele sustituir el may por el can.
Could = was/were allowed para permiso en pasado.
• On Sundays we could stay in bed until 10.
• We couldn't take radios into the library.
Para los tiempos compuestos y voz pasiva se debe usar allowed.
• Since the incident she hasn't been allowed to go out alone.
May/might for possibility.
Seguidos del presente de infinitive pueden expresar posibilidad en el presente o
en el future:
• He may/might tell us tonight.
• They may/might emigrate to Australia.
Con el infinitive continue:
• She may/might be waiting at the bus stop, (at this moment)
• They may/might be waiting when we arrive, (future)
May y might come posibilidad de presente y future. Might aumenta la duda.
• Dad may lend you the car. (puede que te preste)
• Dad might lend you the car. (podrfa ser que teprestase)
Might se puede usar en el condicional cuando la expresion esta introducida por
un verbo en el pasado:
• If we asked him he might come.
• She said she might hire a van.
Could come alternativa de may/might.
• 'I wonder where Jane is.' 'She may/might/couldbe in the shed.'
• 'I wonder why Katty isn't here.' 'She may/might/could still be waiting for you.
En las frases negatives hay diferencia:
• He may/might not be driving the bus himself, (quiza no fuese el el que conducfa)
• He couldn't be driving the bus. (es imposible que fuera el)

STANLEY
1. En este ejercicio tienes que poner las frases con may y might.
Example: 'Do you know if Mum is in the kitchen?' 'I'm not sure, she may/might
be in the kitchen.'
1. 'Do you know if they are coming?' 'I'm not sure. They
2. 'Do you know if she wants to do it?' 'I'm not sure. She
3. 'Do you know if she is telling us the truth?' 'I'm not sure. She
2. Lo mismo que en el ejercicio 1, pero en pasado.
Example: 'Do you know if he bought the book?' 'I'm not sure. But he may/might
have bought it.'
1. 'Do you know if she was pregnant?' 'I'm not sure. She
2. 'Do you know if he was looking?' 'I'm not sure. He
3. 'Do you know if they were working?' 'I'm not sure. They
3. Responde ahora en forma negativa.
Example:'Is your father in the office?' 'I'm not sure. He may/might not be in
his office.'
1. 'Does he want to do it?' 'I'm not sure. He
2. 'Is she telling us the truth?' 'I'm not sure. She
3. 'Are the children ready?' 'I'm not sure. They .
4. Ahora escribe frases explicando la situacion.
Example: / can't find the little puppy. I wonder where it is. (might/be/shed)
It may/might be in the shed.
1. 'Your brother is not in the house. I wonder where he is.' (may/go/cinema).
2. The house was burgled. I wonder how they got in.' (may/get in/through/window)
3. 'She was at home, but she didn't answer the phone. I wonder why.' (might/be/toilet)

STANLEY
U N I T 26 52
Clauses of reason, purpose and result.
Clauses of reason
Estas oraciones se pueden introducir con as/because/since:
• I gave up smoking as/because/sinceit was dangerous for my health.
• As/Because/Since it was dangerous for my health I stopped smoking.
In view of the fact that puede ser expresado por as/since/seeing that, pero no
because:
• As/Since/Seeing that you're going that way, let's go together.
Cuando as/since/seeing that se refiere a una afirmacion ya mencionada, se
puede reemplazar por if:
• As/Since/Seeing that/If you don't like Keith, why did you go out with him?
If so (si es asf).
• 'I hope Janet doesn't come.' 'If so, why did you invite her?'
Clauses of result (Oraciones de resultado)
• As it had snowed during the night, the roads were slippery.
• I was angry because she made me wait.
Estas combinaciones podrfan expresarse tambien por dos oraciones unidas con so.
• It had snowed during the night, so the roads were slippery.
• It was too dark to find the tracks, so we went back to the hut.
Clauses of result with such/so ... that.
• He had such a lot of money that he didn't know how to spend it.
So es un adverbio y se usa con adverbios y adjetivos:
• The rain fell so heavily that we pulled up the car by the kerb.
Clauses of purpose (para que, a fin de que)
• They wear reflective jackets so that they can be seen in the dark.
• She hid his trousers so that he couldn't leave the room.
• He died in order that we might live.
En frases negativas so that puede ser reemplazado por to avoid/prevent.
• She dyed her hair to avoid/to prevent being recognized (so that she wouldn't
be recognized).

E X E R C I S E S
STANLEY
53
1. En este ejercicio tienes que unir las frases de la columna A con la columna B.
A. B.
It was a nice day yesterday
I had no money.
The door was closed.
She didn't have a car.
The window was open.
The exercise was wrong.
Tomorrow is a holiday.
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The teacher told him to repeat it.
We don't have to go to work.
The room was very cold.
She had to walk to the office.
We went for a walk.
I paid with my credit card.
We couldn't get in.
2. Une las frase siguientes con so.
A.
It was too dark to go on.
It froze hard that night.
You are here.
The train arrived on time.
The wind was blowing hard.
We finished work early.
B.
We walked home from the office.
They closed all the windows.
They camped there.
There was ice everywhere the next day.
You may as well give me a hand.
We were able to catch the plane.
Example: The train arrived on time so we were able to catch the plane.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3. Completa las frases con such a o so that.
Example: Ships carry lifeboats so that passengers can save their lives.
1. This gadget is made of wood it will float if it falls into the water.
2. She has fierce dog that nobody dares to get near her.
3. He spoke for long time that people began to leave the place.
4. They carry torches in the fog people can see them.

STANLEY
U N I T 27 54
Need.
Need puede tener la forma de un verbo defective (modal auxiliary) o la de un
verbo ordinario. Cuando se usa como verbo defective no anade s la tercera
persona del singular y no admite ni el to ni el do:
• 'Need I go?' -'No, you needn't go.'
Como verbo normal:
• He needs a lot of money to buy that house.
• 'Do I need to come early?' 'No, you don't need to come early.'
RECUERDA
Que el verbo need admite las dos formas, aunque la forma ordinaria es mucho
mas comun:
• You don't need to do it today = You needn't do it today.
• Do I need to send it by air? = Need I send it by air?
• He needs to get a haircut = He need get a haircut.
Se pueden usar formas afirmativas modales con frases que expresan duda, o
ideas negativas, aunque no sea muy corriente el usarlas.
• I wonder if you need take an early train.
• All you need do is sign this form.
• I don't think she need go yet.
Estas mismas frases se diri'an coloquialmente usando el need como verbo ordinario.
• I wonder if you need to take an early train.
• All you need to do is sign this form.
• I don't think she needs to go yet.
FIJATE en la diferencia entre needn't y mustn't. Needn't se usa para indicar que
no hay obligacion.
• You needn't tell your father. He already knows.
Mientras que mustn't indica que no debes.
• You mustn't tell your father. He'd go mad.
NEEDN'T + PAST INFINITIVE
Esta estructura se usa para expresar una accion innecesaria que de todas formas
fue llevada a cabo.
• You needn't have made the beds. I have to change the sheets.
(no tenfas por que haber hecho)
• You needn't have brought your coat. We are in Marbella, you know!
(no tenfas necesidad de haber trafdo)

STANLEY
1. Responde a estas preguntas usando el verbo need como defective.
Example: 'Need he come so early?' 'Yes, he need come.' 'No, he needn't come.'
1. Need I type this report today?
2. Need you wear uniform at school?
3. Need I pay cash?
4. Need she send it by air?
2. Gambia la forma defectiva del verbo need por la ordinaria.
Example: You needn't come with us. You don't need to come with us.
1. He needn't read the whole book.
2. Need you type those letters today?
3. I don't think he need come just yet.
4. You needn't tell your mother yet.
5. Need I come in earlytomorrow?
6. You needn't pay until the end of the month.
7. All you need do is fill in the form.
8. I wonder if I need take all these pills.
9. Need we hurry tonight?
10. We needn't make two copies.
3. Ahora vas a pasar estas frases de forma ordinaria a defectiva
Example: You don't need to wear a dress tonight. You needn't wear a dress
tonight.
1. I don't need to tell you the difficulties.
2. Do I need to run to catch the bus?
3. I don't think he needs to come just yet.
4. Do you need to spend so much money on shoes?
5. She doesn't need to hurry.

STANLEY
U N I T 28 56
Ability can, know how to + infinitive.
Can se usa para hablar en presente de una habilidad general:
• I can run 1000 metres in three minutes.
• Can you cook, Susan?
Be able tambien se usa aunque es menos corriente.
• She is certainly able to cook.
Para el future se usa be able.
• Tomorrow morning I'll be able to stay in bed until 10.
• After I have some sleep I'll be able to give you a hand.
Can puede ser usado con idea de future.
• We can discuss that this afternoon.
• Can you come to my house onSaturday?
RECUERDA
Que KNOW HOW TO se puede usar tambien para expresar habilidad.
• I know how to cook.
• I know howto get there faster than the rest.
• She knows how to make you feel at ease.
Past
Could se usa como habilidad general, para decir que podrfas hacer algo cuando
quisieras.
• I could play the piano at the age of 5. (Tambien: I was able to play)
• My grandfather could speak several languages.
Could no se usa para indicar una habilidad en el pasado (en una ocasion). Se
prefiere was able to, managed to, o succeeded in.
• How many pints were you able to drink?
• I managed to get a rise.
• After two hours we succeeded in reaching the top.
Couldn't se usa tanto para habilidad general como particular.
• Last year he couldn't decide what he wanted to do.
• He was so drunk that he couldn't find the key.
Could con el infinitive compuesto.
• I could have made a fortune if I had wanted to.
• You could have killed him.
Can, could con verbos de percepcion. Aquf can tiene una funcion gramatical que
equivale al presente simple en afirmaciones, y al do/does en preguntas y nega-
ciones.
• I can smell something burning.
• You can see that that is true.
• I couldn't hear anything.

STANLEY
1. En este ejercicio tienes que usar can o be able a veces puedes usar los dos.
Example: My brother could/was able to do that very easily.
I haven't been able to come earlier.
1. My brother speak several languages.
2. Ask my father. He should help you.
3. He used to do that, but I don't think he can do
it now.
4. I can't understand that woman. I've never understand
her.
2. En este ejercicio hay que completar las frases con could.
Example: She can't play the piano now, but she could when she was a child.
1. I can't solve those problems now, but I solve all of them
when I was at school.
2. I can't speak basque now, but I when I lived in the
Basque Country.
3. I can't light a fire now with two pieces of wood, but I
when I was a boy scout.
4. She can speak four languages now, but she
when she was younger.
3. Completa las frases con could, was/were able to o couldn't.
Example: Everybody was able to escape from the building on fire.
We looked everywhere for the child but we couldn't find him.
He was able to/could play the piano when he was a child.
1. The plane caught fire, but we to parachute.
2. Queen Cleopatra was very clever. She speak
seven languages.
3. I didn't find any bread at the baker's, but I find
a loaf at the supermarket.
4. I focused my binoculars and I the plane approaching.
5. 'Did you find the house?' 'Yes, it wasn't easy but we
find it.'
6. 'Did you win your tennis match?' 'Well, it was quite hard, but I
to beat Bronson.'
7. He hurt his knee, so he train for sometime.

STANLEY
U N I T 29 58
Gerunds after prepositions Worth.
Todos los verbos que se colocan inmediatamente despues de las preposiciones
van en gerundio.
• You can't make an omelette without breaking the eggs.
• He was walking without looking in front.
• She is very fond of playing the piano.
• He is very keen on gambling.
• He went for a drink before coming home.
Hay algunas combinaciones de noun + preposition + gerund.
• There's no point in talking about it if you don't listen.
• What the point of talking to you if you don't listen?
• Are you in favour of giving the workers extra pay?
RECUERDA
Que hay dos excepciones a la regla del gerundio: except y but, que llevan un
infinitive sin to (bare infinitive).
• That woman does nothing but complain.
• There's nothing we can do except wait.
Algunos phrasal verbs llevan el gerundio detras, tales como: be for/against,
care for, give up, keep on, leave off, look forward to, put off, see about, take to:
• He took to writing.
• She put off making a final decision till the morning.
TO puede ser parte de un infinitive, o una preposicion.
Si va detras de los verbos auxiliares be, have, ought, used, y despues del going,
es parte del infinitive.
Con algunos verbos tales como, hate, intend, hope, would like/love, mean, plan,
try, want, etc. usamos el to para evitar la repeticion.
• 'Did you buy bread?' 'Well, I wanted to, but the baker's was closed.
En otras ocasiones el to colocado detras de un verbo sera probablemente una
preposicion e ira seguida por un nombre/pronombre o gerundio.
• I am looking forward to seeing you.
• I am used to waiting for her.
WORTH se puede usar en dos estructuras seguidas de gerundio.
• It isn't worth coming so early (It como sujeto).
• Is it worth visiting the art gallery?
• This car isn't worth repairing (nombre o pronombre como sujeto).
• He is not worth getting angry about.

STANLEY
1. Lee la frase y escribe otra con el mismo significado.
Example: I left school. Then I looked for a job.
After leaving school I looked for a job.
1. I want to hear from you. I am looking forward to it. I am looking
2. She was mad because I was late. She was mad with me for
3. I don't want to give him more money. I have no intention of
4. My brother makes a lot of things. He's very good at
5. We didn't go to the Chinese restaurant. We went to the Italian restaurant. We
went to the Italian restaurant instead of
6. We left and soon we had an accident. We had an accident soon after
2. Escribe otra frase con looking forward to o I am used to.
Example: She is happy. She's going on holiday.
She is looking forward to going on holiday.
1. He is queueing up. He doesn't like it. He is not used to
2. I'm going to the dentist. I don't like it. I'm not looking
3. She has to translate this text. She doesn't translate very often. She is not used
4. I want to meet you soon. I am looking
3. Usa la palabra worth con las siguientes frases.
Example: He is not going to repair the car. He thinks it is not worth repairing it.
1. They are not going to visit the cathedral.
They think it is
2. I don't want to get angry.
I don't think it is
3. I'm going to make an effort.
I think it is

STANLEY
U N I T 30 60
Present perfect (ever, just, already, for, since)
El preterite perfecto con just se usa con acciones recientemente ocurridas.
• She has just gone out. (acaba de)
• Hello, have you just arrived?
• I've just seen your brother.
• I have just remembered.
• I've just had breakfast.
El preterito perfecto con ever se usa generalmente en preguntas.
• Have you ever been to Rome? (alguna vez)
• Has she ever told you what happened that day?
• Have you ever been to the Prado Museum?
• Have you ever been in a submarine?
• Have you ever spoken to him?
Para responder negativamente se usa el never.
• No, I have never been to Rome.
• No, I have never spoken to him.
Cuando usamos ever en frases afirmativas le damos el significado de jamas. Lo
usamos con superlatives.
• This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
• This is the best beer I have ever drunk.
• That was the easiest job I have ever done.
RECUERDA
Que tambien podemos usar esta construccion (con o sin ever), con the first,
the second, etc. the only.
• This is the only time he has (ever) come to see me.
• This is the first time I have (ever) ridden a mule.
El preterito perfecto con already (ya), se usa para sugerir que algo se ha hecho
antes de lo esperado. Normalmente el already se pone entre el auxiliar y el
participio.
• We have already finished.
• They have already given it to me.
• She has already given up smoking.
• I have already sent it back.
A veces para darle mas enfasis lo ponemos al final de la frase.
• Have you done that already?
• He's finished already!
• The children have gone to school already!

STANLEY
1. Forma frases usando just. Como en el ejemplo.
Example:'I've heard Eddie is back.' 'Yes, I've just seen him.
1. 'Have you finished writing your book?' 'Yes, I
2. 'Have you seen my brother?' 'Yes, I
3. 'I see you're back from the Costa Brava.' 'Yes, we
4. 'You don't smoke any more.' No, I
(give up)
5. 'Did you post the letters?' 'Well, I
2. Haz preguntas para las siguientes respuestas.
Example: 'No, I've never been to Italy.' 'Have you ever been to Italy?'
1. 'No, I've never smoked a cigar.'
1
?'
2. 'No, I've never eaten lobster.'
1
?'
3. 'No, we have never studied Greek.'
1
?'
4. 'No, Ihave never read Shakespeare.'
1
?'
3. Usa ahora ever con frasesafirmativas.
Example: This is the best wine I have ever tasted.
1. This is the (interesting/book/read)
2. That is the (beautiful/woman/see)
3. This is the second time I (be/this country)
4. This the cheapest hotel I (stay)
5. That was the fastest mile I (run)
4. Responde a las preguntas con already. Sin dar enfasis. Como en el ejemplo.
Example: 'When are you going to post the letter?' 'I've already posted it.
1. 'When are you going to do it?' 'I
2. 'When are you going to speak to your boss?' 'I
3. 'When are you going to run a marathon?' Well, I .
a couple.'

STANLEY
U N I T 31 62
Present perfect (with for and since)
FOR se usa con un perfodo de tiempo: for two days, for a long time.
Si usamos for con el pasado simple denota un determinado perfodo de tiempo:
• We lived in London for two years, (ya no vivimos alii)
• I worked in that company for a year.
For usado con el preterito perfecto denota un perfodo de tiempo que se extiende
hasta el presente:
• We have lived in this town for twenty years, (todavia vivimos aqui)
• My parents have been married for twenty five years.
• I haven't smoked a cigarette for two months.
• He hasn't invited me to his house for years.
• I haven't seen my girlfriend for a week.
• We have known each other for many years.
• 'How long have you known your boyfriend?' 'I've known him for a week.'
• My grandmother has been ill for quite a long time.
SINCE
Se usa con un momento determinado de tiempo, y significa 'desde ese momento'.
Casi siempre se usa con preterito perfecto.
• They've been here since 9 o'clock.
• We've been going out together since we met in Paris.
• I've been driving lorries since I was eighteen.
• He has worked in this factory since he left school.
• We haven't met since Christmas.
Ever since
• He had an accident last year and he has been bedridden ever since.
RECUERDA
Que con la estructura:
It is + period + since + past o perfect tense.
Podemos decir:
• I haven't seen Tom for six months, (o bien)
• It is six months since I have seen Tom.
• I last saw Tom six months ago. (o bien)
• It is six months since I last saw Tom.

STANLEY
1. Responde a estas frases usando for o since.
Example: 'How long have you worked in that factory?' (sixyears)
'I've worked in that factory for six years.'
1. 'How long have you been a smoker?' (14 years old)
'I've been
2. 'How long have you been married?' (twenty years)
'I've been
3. 'How long have you known this man?' (Christmas)
'I've known
4. 'How long has your father been unemployed?' (six months)
'He has
5. 'How long have you been in love with that girl?' (summer holiday)
'I've
6. 'How long has she been ill?' (four weeks)
'She
7. 'How long has he been in the army?' (January)
'He
8. 'How long has your brother been in hospital?' (a few days)
'He . , . , . ,
2. Elije entre for y since.
Example: (we/know/eachother/six weeks)
We've known each other for six weeks.
1. (has/not/snow/years/this country)
2. (Myfather/has/not/work/Christmas)
3. (I/not/see/Margaret/weeks)
4. (I/have/not/smoke/cigarette/I980)
5. (We have/not/be/cinema/years)
6. (It/has/not/rain/in this country/June last year)
7. (We/have/not/buy/a new/car/10 years)

English grammar 3

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