The document provides a summary of key concepts from chapters 1-3 of a physics textbook. It discusses measurement units in the International System of Units (SI), including standards for time, length, and mass. It also covers physical quantities, vectors, kinematics concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion for constant acceleration. The summary is provided in 3 sentences or less highlighting the essential information covered.

2. Group “A”
Usman Abrar, Kamran Sharif,
Muneeba Idrees, Hassan Amjad, Ali Asad

3. Chapter # 01, 02, 03

Measurement
Motion in one Dimension
&
Force and Newton’s Laws

4. Chap#01 Measurement
Physical Quantities:-
“Quantities which can be measured are called Physical
Quantities.”
 These require Magnitude, Unit and Sometime Direction for
their complete description.
 Here we will discuss SI( System International) for
measurements…
 Height of the girl, l = 1.55 m
For example
Symbol ofUnit of the
the
Numerical value
physical
physical quantity
for the
quantity magnitude of
the physical
quantity

5. System International:-
Types of physical Quantities:-
 Base/ Basic Quantities .
 Derived Quantities.
Basic Quantities:-
“ Quantities which are chosen as a base and many other measuring
quantities are derived from them are called basic quantities and
their units are called base units…”
They are :

6. Physical Quantities:-
Derived quantities:-
“All quantities other then “7” basic quantities are called Derived
quantities because they are derived from Base quantities and their
units are called derived units.”
For Example :-

7. System international
Units:-
“Units are symbol associated with every physical quantity
whether its basic or Derived quantity….”
Like,
Meter(m) for length ; kilogram(kg) for Mass and
second(s) for time etc…
Standards:-
“Physicals quantities must have a standard value so that
every calculation is accurate and scientist in different place
can calculate things without any ambiguity…”
Some standards are discussed here...

8. System international
The Standard of time:-
Anything which repeats its motion periodically can be set as time
standard like Oscillating Pendulum, A mass-Spring system, a
Quartz crystal etc…
But in SI time standard is defined as:
“The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 vibrations of (specific)
radiation emitted by a Specific isotope Of the Cesium atom”
Fig shows the current national frequancy
standard, so-called Cesium foundation clock.

9. System international
The Standard of length:
SI unit of length is Meter (m)… defined as:
“The meter is the length of the path traveled
by light in vacuum during
a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second”
Length is also measured in cm, km, miles, feets etc…
The Standard of Mass:
SI unit Base unit for Mass is “Kg”
“The SI standard of mass is a platinum-iridium cylinder kept
at IBWM”

10. Precision And Significant Figures
Precision:-
“An indication of the scale on the measuring device that was
used.”
In other words, the more correct a measurement is, the more
accurate it is. On the other hand, the smaller the scale on the
measuring instrument, the more precise the measurement.
Fig illustrates difference
b/w Precision and accuracy.

11. Significant Figures
“The significant figures (also known as significant digits, and
often shortened to sig figs) of a number are those digits that
carry meaning contributing to its precision. This includes all
digits”
except:
 leading and trailing zeros which are merely place holders
to indicate the scale of the number.
 spurious digits introduced, for example, by calculations
carried out to greater precision than that of the original
data, or measurements reported to a greater precision
than the equipment supports.

12. Identifying significant figures
The rules for identifying significant figures when writing or interpreting numbers are as
follows:
 All non-zero digits are considered significant. For example, 91 has two significant figures
(9 and 1), while 123.45 has five significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
 Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant.
Example: 101.12 has five significant figures: 1, 0, 1, 1 and 2.
 Leading zeros are not significant. For example, 0.00052 has two significant figures: 5 and 2.
 Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are significant. For example,
12.2300 has six significant figures: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number 0.000122300 still has only six
significant figures (the zeros before the 1 are not significant). In addition, 120.00 has five
significant figures since it has three trailing zeros. This convention clarifies the precision of such
numbers; for example, if a measurement precise to four decimal places (0.0001) is given as 12.23
then it might be understood that only two decimal places of precision are available. Stating the
result as 12.2300 makes clear that it is precise to four decimal places (in this case, six significant
figures).

13. Identifying significant figures
 The significance of trailing zeros in a number not containing a decimal
point can be ambiguous. For example, it may not always be clear if a
number like 1300 is precise to the nearest unit (and just happens
coincidentally to be an exact multiple of a hundred) or if it is only
shown to the nearest hundred due to rounding or uncertainty. Various
conventions exist to address this issue:
 A bar may be placed over the last significant figure; any trailing zeros
following this are insignificant. For example, 1300 has three significant
figures (and hence indicates that the number is precise to the nearest
ten).
 The last significant figure of a number may be underlined; for
example, "2000" has two significant figures.
 A decimal point may be placed after the number; for example "100."
indicates specifically that three significant figures are meant.
 In the combination of a number and a unit of measurement the
ambiguity can be avoided by choosing a suitable unit prefix. For
example, the number of significant figures in a mass specified as
1300 g is ambiguous, while in a mass of 13 hg or 1.3 kg it is not.

14. Chapter # 02 Motion in one
dimension
Kinematics:-
“Kinematics is the branch of mechanics that describes the motion
of objects without necessarily discussing what causes the motion.”
By specifying the velocity, position and acceleration f a object, we
can describe how this object moves, including the direction of its
motion. How that direction changes with time, whether the object
speeds up or slows down and so forth…
Position, velocity, acceleration etc… can be found using vectors.

15. Vectors
Vector:-
“Vector is that quantity that requires magnitude, unit
as well as Direction for its complete description…”
For example: Displacement, velocity (v) etc…
 Vector is represented by straight line with an arrow
head on its either side…
 And vector quantities are represented either in Bold
or making an arrow on is symbol… A.

16. z
Properties of Vectors
Az
θ A
 Representation of a Vector:- Aan a
Ax  d n
d
x
Ax  A cos  sen θ    
A  Ax i  Ay j  Az k
Ay  Asen sen θ 
A  A  Ax2  Ay  Az2
2
Az  A cos θ

17. Sum of
Vectors A C
B
C
A
B Law of the polygon
R

18. Sum of
Vectors A C
B
C
A
B Law of the polygon
R
The resulting vector is one that vector from
the origin of the first vector to the end of the last

19. Vectors  
Properties
A A  A
ˆ

-A
Opposite
Null 0 = A + ()-A

A
Unit vector μ 
A

20. Properties of Commutative
the sum of Law
vectors
R AB BA
Difference Associative
   Law
R  A-B       
R  A  (B  C)  ( A  B)  C
  
R  A  (-B) -B
A R
B A

21. Commutative
(Method
parallelogram) A
B B
B
The vectors A and B can be displaced parallel to
find the vector sum

22. Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
 
Given two vectors AyB
Are said to be parallel if  
A  B
 
si  0 A  B
 
si  0 A  B
 
si  1 A B

23.  
Dot product of two
vectors
A  B  AB cos θ
Projection of A on B
A B  A cosθ
Projection of B on A
B A  B cosθ

24. i i  1
ˆ ˆ i ˆ0
ˆ j
ˆ ˆ 1
j j ˆ ˆ
i k  0
ˆ ˆ
k k 1 j ˆ
ˆk  0

A  i  Ax
ˆ
  
A  ˆ  Ay
j A  B  A XB X  A YB Y  A ZB Z

ˆ
A  k  Az

25. Vector product of two   
vectors
C  AB
C  AB senθ
 
ˆˆ  0
i i ˆˆ  0
j j

ˆ ˆ
k k  0
j ˆ
iˆ  ˆ  k j ˆ
ˆ  k  iˆ
ˆ
k  iˆ  ˆ
j

26. Demonstrate:
  
C  A  B  ( A x ˆ  A y ˆ  A z k)  ( B x ˆ  B y ˆ  B z k)
i j ˆ i j ˆ
C X  AY BZ  AZ BY
C y  Az Bx  Ax Bz
C z  Ax B y  Ay Bx

27. Distance vs Displacement
Distance ( d )
 Total length of the path travelled
 Measured in meters
 scalar 
Displacement ( d )
 Change in position (x) regardless of path
 x = xf – xi
B
 Measured in meters
 vector
Displacement Distance
A

28. Finding displacement
1
v area  l  w  bh
v – vo = at 2
vo
velocity
1
d  vot  t  at 
2
t
time
1
d  v0t 
2
at
2

29. Average Velocity
The displacement divided by the elapsed time.
Displaceme nt
Average velocity 
Elapsed time
x  xo x
v 
t  to t
SI units for velocity: meters per second (m/s)

30. Finding velocity
x 8m
Slope    4 m s
t 2s

31. Instantaneous Velocity & Speed
The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast the car moves and the
direction of motion at each instant of time.
 x
v  lim
t  0  t
The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity

32. Instantaneous Velocity

33. Acceleration
The notion of acceleration emerges when a change in velocity
is combined with the time during which the change occurs.
The difference between the final and initial velocity divided by the
elapsed time   
 vv v
a  o

t  to t
SI units for acceleration: meters per second per second (m/s2)

34. Finding acceleration
v  12 m s
Slope    6 m s
2
t 2s

35. Example
Acceleration and Increasing Velocity
Determine the average acceleration of the plane.
   
vo  0 m s v  260 km h v  vo
a 
to  0 s t  29 s t  to
260 km h  0 km h km h
a    9 .0
29 s  0 s s

36. Example
Acceleration and Decreasing Velocity
 
v  vo 13 m s  28 m s
a  
t  to 12 s  9 s
a   5 .0 m s
2

37. Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
It is common to dispense with the use of boldface symbols
overdrawn with arrows for the displacement, velocity, and
acceleration vectors (AP does not show arrows on given
equations nor expect them on open-ended problems). We
will, however, continue to convey the directions with a plus
or minus sign. (AP calls elapsed time “t” where t = t – to)
 
v  vo v  vo
a  a
t  to t

38. Equations of Kinematics for
Constant Acceleration
v  vo
a at  v  v o
t
AP Equation
#1
v  v o  at

39. Equations of Kinematics for
Constant Acceleration
If, a is constant:
x  x0 1
1  v 0  v  v  v o  at
v  v o  v  t 2
2
x  x0
v  1
t x  x0  v 0  v  t 1
2
x  xo  v o  v o  at  t
2
AP Equation
#2
x  xo  vot  1 2
2
at

40. Equations of Kinematics for
Constant Acceleration
1 v  vo v  vo
x  x0  v 0  v  t t a
2 t
a
 v  vo 
x  xo  1
2
v o  v   AP Equation
 a  #3
v  vo
2 2
x  xo  v  v  2 a x  x0 
2 2
2a o

41. Free Fall
In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies
at the same location above the Earth fall vertically with
the same acceleration. If the distance of the fall is small
compared to the radius of the Earth, then the acceleration
remains essentially constant throughout the descent.
This idealized motion is called free-fall and the acceleration
of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to
gravity.
g  9 . 80 m s
2 2
or 32 . 2 ft s
g  10 m s
2 2
or 30 ft s

42. Freefalling bodies
I could give a boring lecture
on this and work through
some examples, but I’d
rather make it more real…

43. Free fall problems
Use same kinematic equations just substitute g for a
Choose +/- carefully to make problem as easy as possible

44. Force
 Two types of forces
◦ Contact force
 Force caused by physical contact
◦ Field force
 Force caused by gravitational attraction between two
objects

45. Isaac Newton
 Born 1642
 Went to University of Cambridge in England as a student and
taught there as a professor after
 Never married
 Gave his attention mostly to physics and mathematics, but he
also gave his attention to religion and alchemy
 Newton was the first to solve three mysteries that
intrigued the scientists
◦ Laws of Motion
◦ Laws of Planetary Orbits
◦ Calculus

46. Three Laws of Motion
 Newton’s Laws of Motion are laws discovered by Physicist and
mathematician, Isaac Newton, that explains the objects’
motions depending on forces acted on them
◦ Newton’s First Law: Law of Inertia
◦ Newton’s Second Law: Law of Resultant Force
◦ Newton’s Third Law: Law of Reciprocal Action

47. Newton’s First Law
 An Object at rest remains at rest, and an object in
motion continues in motion with constant velocity
(that is, constant speed in a straight line), unless it
experiences a net external force.
 The tendency to resist change in motion is called
inertia
◦ People believed that all moving objects would
eventually stop before Newton came up with his
laws

48. Friction
 A force that causes resistance to motion
 Arises from contact between two surfaces
◦ If the force applied is smaller than the friction, then
the object will not move
 If the object is not moving, then ffriction=Fapplied
◦ The object eventually slips when the applied force
is big enough

49. Friction
 Friction was discovered by
Galileo Galilee when he
rolled a ball down a slope
and observed that the ball
rolls up the opposite slope
to about the same height,
and concluded that the
difference between the
initial height and the final
height is caused by friction.
 Galileo also noticed that the
ball would roll almost
forever on a flat surface so
that the ball can elevate to
the same height as where it
started.

50. Two types of Friction
 Static Friction
 Kinetic Friction
◦ Friction that exists while ◦ The friction that exists
the object is stationary when an object is in motion
◦ If the applied force on ◦ F – fkinetic produces
an object becomes acceleration to the
greater than the direction the object is
maximum of static moving
friction, then the object ◦ If F = fkinetic, then the object
starts moving moves at constant speed
◦ Fstatic ≤ μstatic n with no acceleration
◦ fkinetic= μkineticn
◦ Kinetic friction and the
coefficient of kinetic friction
are smaller than static
friction and the static
coefficient

52. Newton’s First Law
 When there is no force
exerted on an object, the
motion of the object remains
the same like described in
the diagram
◦ Because the equation of
Force is F=ma, the
acceleration is 0m/s². So
the equation is
0N=m*0m/s²
◦ Therefore, force is not
needed to keep the object
in motion, when
◦ The object is in equilibrium
when it does not change its
state of motion

53. The car is traveling rightward
and crashes into a brick wall.
The brick wall acts as an
unbalanced force and stops
the car.

54. The truck stops when it But the ladder falls in front
crashes into the red car. of the truck because the
ladder was in motion with
the truck but there is
nothing stopping the
ladder when the truck
stops.

55. Inertial Frames
Any reference frame that moves with constant velocity relative to an
inertial frame is itself an inertial frame
A reference frame that moves with constant velocity relative to the
distant stars is the best approximation of an inertial frame
We can consider the Earth to be such an inertial frame, although it
has a small centripetal acceleration associated with its motion

56. Newton’s First Law – Alternative
Statement
In the absence of external forces, when viewed from an
inertial reference frame, an object at rest remains at
rest and an object in motion continues in motion with
a constant velocity
 Newton’s First Law describes what happens in the
absence of a force
 Does not describe zero net force
 Also tells us that when no force acts on an object, the
acceleration of the object is zero

57. Inertia and Mass
“The tendency of an object to resist any attempt to change
its velocity is called inertia”
“Mass is that property of an object that specifies how much
resistance an object exhibits to changes in its velocity”
Masses can be defined in terms of the accelerations
produced by a given force acting on them:
m1 a2

m2 a1
The magnitude of the acceleration acting on an object
is inversely proportional to its mass

58. Mass vs. Weight
 Mass and weight are two different quantities
 Weight is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational
force exerted on the object
 Weight will vary with location
 Example:
 wearth = 180 lb; wmoon ~ 30 lb
 mearth = 2 kg; mmoon = 2 kg

59. Newton’s Second Law
 The acceleration of an object is directly proportional
to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional
to its mass
Fnet
Acceleration

60. Unbalanced Force and
Acceleration
 Force is equal to
acceleration multiplied by
mass
◦ When an unbalanced
force acts on an object,
there is always an
acceleration
 Acceleration differs
depending on the net
force
 The acceleration is
inversely related to the
mass of the object

61. Net Force
 Force is a vector
◦ Because it is a vector, the net force can be determined
by subtracting the force that resists motion from the
force applied to the object.
◦ If the force is applied at an angle, then trigonometry is
used to find the force
Fnet

62. R
θ
R*sin θ
R*cos θ

63. Gravitational Force
 The force that exerts all objects toward the earth’s
surface is called a gravitational force.
◦ The magnitude of the gravitational force is called
weight
 The acceleration due to gravity is different in each
location, but 9.80m/s² is most commonly used
 Calculated with formula w=mg

64. Newton’s Third Law
 If two objects interact, the force exerted on object 1
by object 2 is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the force exerted on object 2 by object 1
 Forces always come in pair when two objects
interact
◦ The forces are equal, but opposite in direction
Fn
Fg

65. Newton’s Third Law
As the man jumps off
the boat, he exerts
the force on the boat
and the boat exerts
the reaction force on
the man.
The man leaps forward
onto the pier, while the
boat moves away from
the pier.

66. Newton’s Third Law
Foil deflected
up
Engine pushed
forward Flow
backwardpushed backward
Flow
Foil deflected
down deflected
Foil
down

67. Applications of Newton’s Law
Assumptions
 Objects can be modeled as particles
 Interested only in the external forces acting on the
object
 can neglect reaction forces
 Initially dealing with frictionless surfaces
 Masses of strings or ropes are negligible
 When a rope attached to an object is pulling it, the
magnitude of that force is the tension in the rope.