http://solar-conference.eu/ The solar PV era is entering into its mature stage with Italy in the forefront due to its large installed power (around 14 GWp in summer 2012), the generally very favorable insolation as well as the worldwide price decrease. While the spreading of the PV generation has produced a significant daytime “peak shaving” effect, the decrease of power market prices as well as has pushed off the market the most costly oil and gas power plants, the operating costs of the power grid have mildly risen due to the intermittent PV generation, and the feed-in tariffs had to be frequently reduced in order to match and further pursue the decreasing investment costs as well as to limit the net spending by the power consumers. As a result, the new Italian PV incentives law (June 2012) captures the essential features of the new solar era: all-inclusive and decreased tariffs as well as an additional bonus for PV power consumed by internal loads (not fed into the grid). On the basis of the above, the requirements for the energy end uses and the respective equipment served by PV installations in any kind of buildings clearly arise, shortly: electrification and load profile matching the PV average generation profile. About the air conditioning of buildings and greenhouses, while in summer it is usually powered by electricity as well as its load profile closely matches the PV generation, in winter the vast majority of the heating devices are powered by natural gas (diesel for greenhouses), moreover the usual load is shifted to the evening and night. In order to capture the opportunities of the mature PV solar era, the winter heating should shift to the electrical powering as well as match the PV generation profile, while increasing its energy efficiency and preserving limited installation and operating costs to pursue an overall significant economic convenience. On the basis of the above criteria, the simple electric boilers are ruled out due to their limited energy efficiency, while the heat pumps, despite their high efficiencies (even though depending on the environmental conditions) are generally unable to rise the temperature of the heat carrying liquid during the daytime up to the levels (>80°C) needed for storage in order to support the nighttime heating distribution, unless additional complex and costly devices are added. A brand new class of devices for the heating generation and storage is presented, which after extensive experimental testing has shown to match all the above requirements for the mature solar PV era and the new Italian PV incentives law: electrically powered, very high energy efficiency regardless of environmental conditions, ability to rise the temperature of the heat carrying liquids to any level for its daytime storage, autonomous, very simple and commercial components, very low installation and operating costs, virtually no maintenance.

1. Francesco MENEGUZZO
Yu. A. BAUROV
G. M. LANINI
G. TAGLIAFERRI
F. ZABINI
f.meneguzzo@ibimet.cnr.it
HEATING SYSTEMS FOR
BUILDINGS AND
GREENHOUSES IN THE
MATURE SOLAR PV
ERA: REQUIREMENTS,
INNOVATION
Santa Flavia (PA) – September 6th, 2012

2. LAST YEAR MY SPEECH COVERED
BASICALLY THREE ISSUES:
1. PEAK OIL AND ECONOMIC DOWNTURN
2. STRONG IMPACT OF THE PV GENERATION
UPON THE ELECTRICITY MARKET
3. ROAD-MAP TO STABLY LOW ELECTRICITY
PRICES BY MEANS OF UTILITY-SCALE
(SUN-TRACKING) PV INSTALLATIONS
The first two arguments have shown to be definitely true
The road-map revealed at least partially a wishful thinking…
at least for the time being

3. THIS YEAR MY SPEECH WILL COVER THE
SUBJECT OF “ELECTRIFICATION OF HEATING”
WITH THE FOLLOWING SPECIFIC ISSUES:
1. TRENDS OF HEATING FUELS AND ELECTRICITY PRICES (IN ITALY)
2. THE NEW (5th) ITALIAN PV INCENTIVES LAW AND THE SHIFT TO
THE DIRECT USE OF PV POWER
3. REQUIREMENTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS TO MATCH THE NEW
(MATURE?) PV ERA
4. AN INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES DEVELOPED
AFTER OUR COOPERATIVE RESEARCH WITH A RUSSIAN TEAM

4. 1. TRENDS OF MOST USED HEATING FUELS AND ELECTRICITY PRICES (IN ITALY)
• FUELS’ PRICES TREND SIGNIFICANTLY
STRONGER THAN ELECTRICITY’S
• MOST OF ELECTRICITY PRICE (decided
in advance for any 3-months period)
INCREASE OCCURRED IN EARLY 2012:
o Worries about rising PV incentives
o Electricity market price spikes

5. 1. TRENDS OF HEATING FUELS AND ELECTRICITY PRICES (IN ITALY)
ITALY – NUMBER OF PV INSTALLATIONS
ITALY – PV CUMULATED POWER (kW)  15 GW
JAN-2007 JUL-2012
• PV «peak-shaving» more and more effective
• Smaller trend of power vs fuels’ prices is expected in future too!

6. 2. NEW (5th) ITALIAN PV INCENTIVES LAW
KEY FEATURES OF MINISTERIAL DECREE SIGNED ON JULY 5th, 2012:
• Hereafter, only “ordinary” PV installations over buildings (roofs) with power
between 3 kW and 20 kW will be considered;
• The fraction of PV electricity fed into the grid is given a single comprehensive
remuneration on a kWh basis (constant for 20 years);
• The fraction of PV electricity consumed by in situ loads is given a «premium»,
constant for 20 years (adding to the avoided cost of power that would have
been drawn from the grid);
• Both the single remuneration and the «premium» are defined on a 6-months
basis for new installations, as well as decreasing over time.
• SEPTEMBER, 2012 TO FEBRUARY, 2013 – POWER 320 kW – VALUES:
o SINGLE REMUNERATION = 0.196 €/kWh (+0.02 €/kWh if EU)
o «PREMIUM» FOR IN SITU USE = 0.114 €/kWh (+0.02 €/kWh if EU)

7. 2. NEW (5th) ITALIAN PV INCENTIVES LAW
SCHEME OF
 With peak power price almost
PV POWER
0.20€/kWh, the PV electricity
INCENTIVES
used by in situ loads has a total
AS PER 5th
value  0.32 €/kWh 
ITALIAN
MAXIMIZE IN SITU FRACTION !
LAW
 In SUMMER, the power load
profile of air conditioning
closely matches the PV
generation hourly curve.
 In WINTER, the thermal load
profile usually mismatches the
PV generation  NEED FOR
HEAT ACCUMULATION !

8. 3. REQUIREMENTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS
KEY REQUIREMENT OF HEATING SYSTEMS TO MATCH PV MATURE ERA:
 ELECTRIFICATION  Heat from power-fed devices, also because:
a) Shifting final uses from fuels to power pushes RES deployment;
b) In turn, RES expansion decreases power price.
 HIGH EFFICIENCY  Economy w.r.t. diesel/Gas If “Power To Heat > 1”
 LOW INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS  Economy if
investment and maintenance are cheap
• NO SIMPLE ELECTRIC RESISTANCES : EFFICIENCY < 1
• NO HEAT PUMPS : EFFICIENCY > 1 BUT :
1. Performance depending upon environmental conditions (the colder the weather,
the lower the performance);
2. No heat accumulation (storage) due to low to moderate working temperatures
(<50°c) unless expensive equipment is added;
3. Usually high investment cost.

9. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
PATENTS AND THEORY
 FOUR PATENTS:
• TWO SUBMITTED IN ITALY IN 2011 AND EXTENDED (PCT) IN 2012
• PATENT N°. 1 – HEATING OF LIQUIDS (pools, accumulators, food
liquids, …)
• PATENT N°. 2 – HEATING OF SUBSOIL (greenhouses, floor, …)
• TWO SUBMITTED IN ITALY IN 2012
• PATENT N°. 3 – NEW PROPULSION ENGINE (traction of spacecrafts,
airplanes, ships and ground means, …)
• PATENT N°. 4 – NEW POWER GENERATOR (stationary generation,
assistance to traction, power services for transportation means, …)

10. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
PATENTS AND THEORY
 ALL PATENTS BASED UPON THE «NEW FORCE» ARISING FROM THE
«BYUON» THEORY AFTER PROF. Yu. A. BAUROV
PROF. YURIY A. BAUROV
FORMER HEAD OF LABORATORY FOR FRONTIER ENERGY SIYSTEMS at the
COSMIC PHYSICS INSTITUTE OF THE CENTRAL (FEDERAL) RESEARCH INSTITUTE
OF MACHINES CONSTRUCTION
Korolyov Town, Region of Moscow
Non-gauge theory of formation of the physical space and the
elementary particles on the basis of interactions of
unobservable objects named «byuon»

11. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
PATENTS AND THEORY
«BYUON» THEORY
 NEW FORCE, different from known ones (Electro-Magnetic,
Gravitational, Strong and Weak Nuclear):
1. Generally anisotropic
2. Acts on all scales (10-17 cm  1028 cm)
3. Explains the origin of the «Dark Energy» causing the accelerated
recession of Galaxies – explains, in example, the Motion of Pulsars
4. Determines the formation of masses (as well as charges) of the
elementary particles – offers the chance of extracting energy from a
small fraction of the mass of elementary particles

12. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
SCIENTIFIC BASES
SINCE 1990: Scientific bases developed In USSR, Russia …

13. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
SCIENTIFIC BASES
… As well as in Italy

14. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
THERMAL ENERGY
«THERMAL» PATENTS INSTALLATIONS’
«CORE»
Autonomous simplified scheme
very high
efficiency
electro-thermal
conversion

15. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
THERMAL ENERGY
Autonomous very high efficiency electro-
«THERMAL» PATENTS thermal conversion
 SHORTLY, HOW DOES IT WORK?
• Magnetic fields associated with the
electric currents in the plasma, in
turn produced in the liquid’s
cavitation bubbles;
• Change of the gravitational
potential along the vertical section
of the circuit.

16. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES THERMAL ENERGY
Number of stable Self-energy of an electron neutrino- antineutrino
elementary particles 2 mve c2 couple which forms the geometrical space of an
(electrons) in plasma elementary particle ( 33eV)
 А Microscale magnetic fields
F = N  2m e c 2  1  A 
2
(plasma bubbles  CAVITATION)
х
Gradient of the Gravity field
Coefficient Gradient of the
gravity field
Space
CAVITATION (PLASMA) anisotropy
BUBBLES: axis
• Shape: Toroidal (Ag)
• Sizes  1 m
• Temperature > 5,000 °K
• Pressure > 2,000 Atm
• Jet speed > 150 m/s
Cavitation

17. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
THERMAL ENERGY
The gradient of the
gravity field, along the
given vertical path, is
needed to gain a
significant energy
efficiency!

18. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
THERMAL ENERGY
AVERAGE
POWER
(3 PUMPS)
< 5,500 W
“EXCESS” POWER IN REGULAR TESTS: 687 W to 1,179 W
 To be meant as «Pumps’ power in BLANK Test»

19. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
FOR ANY DETAIL:
http://www.ijopaasat.in/volumes/vol_11_no_1_july_2012

20. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
THERMAL ENERGY
 WHAT APPLICATIONS?
• Heating of swimming pools and heat
accumulators;
• Heating of soil and pallets in greenhouses;
• Building’s heating;
• Pasteurization of food liquids.

21. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
THERMAL ENERGY
2011 - 2012:
PILOT /
INDUSTRIAL
INSTALLATION
agricultural
greenhouse in
Italy
CLAY SUBSTRATE
HEAT DELIVERY
(25 mm PE pipes)

22. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES THERMAL ENERGY
Simple draft of SOIL OR PALLET IN THE
the greenhouse GREENHOUSE
installation
PE PIPES FOR
CIRCULATION
AND HEAT
DELIVERY
BLIND MAIN
OUTPUT AND
INPUT PIPES

23. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
THERMAL ENERGY
 WHICH ADVANTAGES?
• “Power  thermal” conversion factor > 120%
• Completely Autonomous Working (power fed)
• Performances: independent from environment
• Heating Up To Any Temperature (water: 90-100°C)
• Only commercial components
• Cheap, robust, maintenance-free
• Clean heating: no emissions, no fouling
MOREOVER …
The efficiency (power to thermal rate) can be further increased 
research ongoing!

24. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
COMPARISON:
NATURAL
GAS
vs
POWER
(new technology)

25. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
Basic data and assumptions:
ANNUAL POWER INFLATION (both Peak and Off-Peak, incl. VAT) 9.39%
INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF PEAK POWER (incl. VAT) 0.2462 €/kWh
INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF OFF-PEAK POWER (incl. VAT) 0.1732 €/kWh
ANNUAL HEATING NATURAL GAS INFLATION (incl. VAT) 11.45%
INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF HEATING NATURAL GAS (incl. VAT) 0.9022 €/m3
INTERNAL ENERGY CONTENT OF NATURAL GAS 10 kWh/m3
HEATING EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL GAS 80%
ANNUAL PRICES INFLATION 2.50%
NEW TECHNOLOGY: POWER TO HEAT CONVERSION EFFICIENCY 120%

26. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
Basic data and assumptions:
VOLUME OF HEAT STORAGE TANK (water or other liquid) 1,500 liters
NATURAL COOLING OF TANK WATER 2°C/day
COOLING OF TANK WATER – 6 kW AVERAGE THERMAL POWER 40°C / 12 hours
PV NOMINAL POWER 5 kWp
PV ANNUAL EFFICIENCY LOSS 0.50%/year
OWN CAPITAL (Y/N) N
CAPITAL INTEREST RATE IN LOAN PERIOD 6.00%
LOAN PERIOD (years) 10
PRESENT UNIT CAPITAL PV COST (incl. VAT) 2,200 €/kWp
“TURN-KEY” PV INSTALLATION COST € 11,000

27. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
Basic data and assumptions:
PV O&M ANNUAL COST (AS A FRACTION OF INVESTMENT) 1.00% (grows with inflation)
NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) RATE 5.00%
SINGLE REMUNERATION OF PV ELECTRICITY
st
0.216 €/kWh
(Power: 3-20 kW – 1 six months – made in E.U.)
“PREMIUM” OF PV ELECTRICITY FOR IN-SITU USE
st
0.134 €/kWh
(Power: 3-20 kW – 1 six months – made in E.U.)
FRACTION OF PV ELECTRICY FOR IN-SITU USE WITHOUT HEATING 75%
BUILDING HORIZONTAL SURFACE 80 m2
BUILDING HEIGHT 3m

28. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
PV POWER = 5 kW
PALERMO (38°6’56’’ N)
• PV GENERATION  PVGIS-CMSAF
• TOTAL PV GENERATION = 7,560 kWh/year
• HEATING: December 1st – March 31st
• MAX HEATING HOURS PER DAY = 8
• ASSUMED REDUCTION FACTOR = 75% (6 hours)
• SPECIFIC HEATING POWER = 29 W/m3

29. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
120%
efficiency
(80% efficiency)
PV POWER = 5 kW
PV – NO INCENTIVES

30. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
PV POWER = 5 kW
ROME (41°54’5’’ N)
• PV GENERATION  PVGIS-CMSAF
• TOTAL PV GENERATION = 7,200 kWh/year
• HEATING: November 1st – April 15th
• MAX HEATING HOURS PER DAY = 12
• ASSUMED REDUCTION FACTOR = 75% (9 hours)
• SPECIFIC HEATING POWER = 32 W/m3

31. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
120%
efficiency
(80% efficiency)
PV POWER = 5 kW

32. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
MILAN (45°27’55’’ N)
PV POWER = 5 kW • PV GENERATION  PVGIS-CMSAF
• TOTAL PV GENERATION = 6,460 kWh/year
• HEATING: October 15th – April 15th
• MAX HEATING HOURS PER DAY = 14
• ASSUMED REDUCTION FACTOR = 75% (10.5 hours)
• SPECIFIC HEATING POWER = 38 W/m3

33. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
120%
efficiency
(80% efficiency)
PV POWER = 5 kW

34. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
 KEY RESULTS :
 Southern Italy  building heating “free”;
 Electrically-powered building heating with new
technology + PV  cheapest in central and
northern Italy too;
 Removing PV incentives  still cheapest after 1 year
working (south), 2 years working (center), 8 years
working (north)
 Economy up to 10 years (meaningless price extrapolations
afterwards), but as PV’s loan is paid in 10 years,
economy is likely to improve very much afterwards!

35. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - BUILDINGS
MOREOVER
1. Economy improves further with increasing PV
power (not shown);
2. Economy improves further is LPG is used in
place of natural gas.
3. Energy efficiency of new technology is relevant,
but down to 100% still preserves good economy
(not shown).

36. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - GREENHOUSES
COMPARISON:
DIESEL
(agricultural use)
vs
POWER
(new technology)

37. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - GREENHOUSES
Basic data and assumptions (only if different):
INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF PEAK POWER (excl. VAT) 0.2035 €/kWh
INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF OFF-PEAK POWER (excl. VAT) 0.1431 €/kWh
INTERNAL ENERGY CONTENT OF DIESEL 10.03 kWh/liter
HEATING EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL 75%
ANNUAL AGRICULTURAL DIESEL INFLATION (excl. VAT) 15.27%
INITIAL UNIT PRICE OF AGRICULTURAL DIESEL (excl. VAT) 1.1635 €/liter
VOLUME OF HEAT STORAGE TANK (water or other liquid) 4,500 liters
NATURAL COOLING OF TANK WATER 1°C/day
COOLING OF TANK WATER – 16 kW AVERAGE THERMAL POWER 37°C / 12 hours
PV NOMINAL POWER 12 kWp

38. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - GREENHOUSES
Basic data and assumptions (only if different):
PRESENT UNIT CAPITAL PV COST (excl. VAT) 2,000 €/kWp
“TURN-KEY” PV INSTALLATION COST(excl. VAT) € 24,000
SINGLE REMUNERATION OF PV ELECTRICITY
st
0.2125 €/kWh
(Power: 3-20 kW – 1 six months – made in E.U.)
“PREMIUM” OF PV ELECTRICITY FOR IN-SITU USE
0.1305 €/kWh
(Power: 3-20 kW – 1st six months – made in E.U.)
FRACTION OF PV ELECTRICY FOR IN-SITU USE WITHOUT HEATING 15%
GREENHOUSE HORIZONTAL SURFACE 100 m2
ONLY CENTRAL ITALY
site of most Greenhouse economy in Italy

39. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - GREENHOUSES
PV POWER = 12 kW
CENTRAL ITALY
• PV GENERATION  PVGIS-CMSAF
• TOTAL PV GENERATION = 17,300 kWh/year
• HEATING: October – May
• MAX HEATING HOURS PER DAY = 24
• REDUCTION FACTOR = seasonally variable
• SPECIFIC HEATING POWER = 160 W/m2

40. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - GREENHOUSES
120%
efficiency
(75% efficiency)
PV POWER = 12 kW

41. 4. INNOVATIVE CLASS OF HEATING DEVICES
COMPARISON OF HEATING COSTS - GREENHOUSES
 KEY RESULTS :
 Electrically-powered greenhouse heating with new
technology + PV  cheapest;
 Removing PV incentives  still cheaper than diesel
 Economy up to 10 years (meaningless price extrapolations
afterwards), but as PV’s loan is paid in 10 years,
economy is likely to improve very much afterwards !

42. KEY GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
 RES deployment  power = “primary energy source” in Italy
 Long term price trends in Italy  power convenient for
heating
 «Power to heat» conversion rate is a relevant factor
 Matching with PV (in situ use) requires heat storage  high
temperature liquid accumulation
 Coupling heating and PV  cheapest heating
 Removing PV incentives  still cheaper than traditional fuels
Above conclusions hold for both Buildings and
Greenhouses heating

43. Francesco MENEGUZZO
Yu. A. BAUROV
f.meneguzzo@ibimet.cnr.it G. M. LANINI
G. TAGLIAFERRI
F. ZABINI
THANK YOU!!!