Dans le contexte de l’avènement de la société de la connaissance, la diffusion des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) associée aux nouveaux modèles de travail (tels que la décentralisation de la prise de décision ou le travail en équipe) permettent d’accroître la performance des entreprises. Le problème économique majeur pour les entreprises, dans ce contexte, est de fournir un environnement de travail motivant favorisant le bien être et la performance de leurs salariés. La présentation visera à donner un éclairage récent sur le thème des TIC, pratiques managériales innovantes en lien avec le bien-être au travail et la performance des salariés. Pour cela, le Dr. Ludivine Martin nous présentera les principaux résultats mis en évidence par ses travaux de recherche.

1. T ECHNOLOGY
USE , INNOVATIVE WORKPLACE PRACTICES
&
EMPLOYEES ’ PERFORMANCE AND WELL BEING
DR. LUDIVINE MARTIN
RESEARCH FELLOW IN ECONOMICS
TECHNOLOGIES ET BIEN-ÊTRE AU TRAVAIL
LUXEMBOURG, JEUDI 14 NOVEMBRE 2013

2. 2
“You want to know the difference information and
communication technologies make? Try to live
without them”
International Telecommunication Union – 2006

3. 3
C ON T E XT
• Advent of the knowledge society:
Large diffusion of ICT within firms (computer, Internet,
e-mail, ERP, ... ) à Strengthen the acquisition and the
transfer of information and knowledge between employees
• Associated with innovative work practices:
Tayloristic
organization
Holistic
organization

4. 4
S TYLIZED
FACTS I N TH E
E CON OMIC
LITERATURE
• At the firm level:
• Technologies and innovative work practices increase
firms' productivity
• At the employee level:
• Technologies and innovative work practices influence
working conditions quality

5. 5
R E PORTS
ON THE TOPIC
• EUROFOUND – European level
December 2008:
• “Use of technology and working conditions in the
European Union”
www.eurofound.europa.eu
• Centre d’analyse stratégique (CAS) – France
February 2012:
• “ L’impact des TIC sur les conditions de travail”
www.strategie.gouv.fr

6. 6
MAI N CON CLUS ION S F ROM T HOS E REP ORTS
• Diffusion of ICT strengthens:
• the acquisition of new competencies
• the transfer of information and knowledge inside firms
• ICT play a central role in workplaces:
• enabling a faster production of goods and services
• facilitating innovation processes

7. 7
MY
RES EARCH ES
1. Technology use, innovative workplace practices
and employee’s performance
2. Technology use, innovative workplace practices
and employee’s well being
3. Main current conclusions
4. New preliminary results on Luxembourg

8. 8
1. Technology use, innovative
workplace practices and employee’s
performance
16 European countries – EWCS 2005 - 2010

9. 9
R E SE A RCH
ARTICLE
"The complementarities between ICT use, new
organizational practices and employees’ contextual
performance: Evidence from Europe in 2005 and 2010"
with A. Ben Youssef (University of Nice Sophia Antipolis)
and N. Omrani (Ecole Polytechnique)
• Work in progress presented at the 62th Annual Meeting
of French Economic Association (AFSE)
• Data: Eurofound Europe (EWCS) 2005 and 2010
à 11 100 observations in 2005 and 16 400 in 2010 in
16 European countries

10. 10
TECHNOLOGY
USE AND EMPLOYEE’ PERFORMANCE
Technology
use
(computer
and
Internet)
New
organiza=onal
prac=ces
(HRM,
quality
management,
Just-­‐in-­‐
=me)
Contextual
performance
3 measures of contextual performance:
• Interpersonal Citizenship Performance (ICP): behaviours to assist,
support and cooperate with co-workers
• Organizational Citizenship Performance (OCP): citizenship
behaviours that demonstrate commitment to the organization
• Job/Task Conscientiousness (JTC): extra efforts demonstrating
dedication to the job

11. 11
S OME
F IG URES
Internet use
4,0
Average
3,5
3,0
Non users
2,5
Almost never
2,0
Around 1/4 of time
1,5
Around 1/2 or 3/4 of time
1,0
Interpersonal
Organizational
Job/Task
Citizenship
Citizenship
Conscientiousness
Performance (1-5) Performance (1-5)
(1-4)
Almost all of the time or all of
the time
Source: EWCS 2005

12. 12
USE
OF AN ECON OMETR I C MOD E L
• To highlight significant links between two
variables…
• Here computer, Internet use and employee’s contextual
performance
• … when controlling for several other variables:
•
•
•
•
Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, etc.)
Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, etc.)
Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.)
Work practices (HRM, quality management, just-in-time)

13. 13
M AIN
E CON OMETRI C RES ULTS
• The frequency of Internet use is positively associated
with all facets of contextual performance
• Asymmetric effects between Internet and computer use:
• The recent generation of ICT (Internet) is more likely to
induce changes in workers’ behaviour than the previous
one (computers)

14. 14
M AIN
E CON OMETRI C RES ULTS
• HRM: formal assessment, telework, team work
are positively associated with all facets of
contextual performance
• To t a l q u a l i t y m a n a g e m e n t e n h a n c e s t h e
commitment to organizational rules
• Contraints on work rythm (Just-in-time) is
negatively associated with almost all facets of
contextual performance

15. 15
2. Technology use, innovative
workplace practices and employee’s
well being
France – EPCV 2005

16. IFMA – WORKPLACES
R E SE A RCH
GETTING SMARTER
16
ARTICLE
• "Usage des TIC, conditions de travail et satisfaction des
salariés" (ICT usage, working conditions and employees'
job satisfaction) with N. Colombier and T. Pénard
(University of Rennes 1)
• Published in 2007 in
Vol. 25, No. 143, pp.
115-146
http://reseaux.revuesonline.com/
• Data: INSEE France (EPCV) 2005
2 400 employees

17. 17
TECHNOLOGY
STRESS?
U S E A N D W O R K I N G C O N D I T I O N S : S AT I S FA C T I O N A N D / O R
Enriching
work
Promo=on
opportuni=es
Need
to
rush
Technologies:
Computer,
Internet
and
mobile
phone
Conflict
delay/quality
Must
handling
incidents
alone
Autonomy

18. 18
S OME
F IG URES
100%
80%
Average
60%
Computer non users
Computer users
Internet non users
40%
Internet users
Mobile phone non users
20%
Mobile phone users
0%
Enriching work
Promotion
opportunities
Satisfaction
Must handling
incidents alone
Autonomy
Conflict delay/
quality
Need to rush
Stress
Source: EPCV 2005

19. 19
USE
OF AN ECON OMETR I C MOD E L
• To highlight significant links between two
variables…
• Here ICT use (computer, Internet, mobile phone) and
employee’s well being
• … when controlling for several other variables:
•
•
•
•
Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, etc.)
Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, etc.)
Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.)
Work practices (work schedule flexibility, repetitive work)

20. 20
M AIN
E CON OMETRI C RES ULTS , IN
2005:
• Intensive use of a computer:
• + satisfaction
• + autonomy
• - stress
Use of Internet:
• + satisfaction
• autonomy and stress: no additional link
Intensive use of mobile phone after working hours:
• + satisfaction
• + autonomy
• + stress

21. 21
3. Main conclusions

22. 22
M AIN
CURREN T RES ULTS ON
C o m p u t e r during
working time:
+ sa tis f acti on a nd
- s tre ss
Internet use:
+ sa tis f acti on
E - c ont act a f t e r
working hours :
+ sa tis f acti on b ut
+ stre ss
ICT
USE B Y E MP LOYE E S
Internet use:
C o n t e x t u a l performance
improved
+ behaviours to assist, support
and cooperate with co-workers
+ behaviours that demonstrate
commitment to the organization
+ extra efforts demonstrating
dedication to the job

23. 23
4. New preliminary results on
Luxembourg

24. 24
TWAIN (2012-2015)
New research project supported by
TWAIN: Technology use at Work And INnovative work
practices: Assessing the impact on work environment,
employees’ motivations and effort in Luxembourg
• 3 research questions:
• What are the impacts of ICT use and new work models on employees'
work environment, motivations and performance?
• How do ICT affect the decentralization of the decision making and its
consequences on work motivation and effort?
• How does the virtualization of contacts affect the outcome of a team?

25. 25
S OME
F IG URES ON
IT
AN D
S AT I S FACT I ON
8,0
Internet
Email Pro
7,0
smartphone
IT failure
Average
Internet
non
users
Internet
users
6,0
Email
pro
non
users
<30'
5,0
30'-­‐1h
1-­‐2h
4,0
>2h
Smartphone
non
users
3,0
Smartphone
users
2,0
No
IT
Never
IT
failure
1,0
Some=mes
Oen
0,0
Sa=sfac=on
(0-­‐10)
Source: QVT 2013

26. 26
S OME
F IG URES ON
IT
AN D
S T R E SS
3,4
Internet
Email pro
3,3
smartphone
IT failure
Average
Internet
non
users
3,2
Internet
users
Email
pro
non
users
3,1
<30'
30'-­‐1h
3,0
1-­‐2h
2,9
>2h
Smartphone
non
users
2,8
Smartphone
users
No
IT
2,7
Never
IT
failure
Some=mes
2,6
Oen
2,5
Stress
(1-­‐4)

27. 27
USE
OF AN ECON OMETR I C MOD E L
• To highlight significant links between two variables…
• Here 3 ICT uses and IT failure and employee’s well being
• … when controlling for several other variables:
•
•
•
•
•
Employees’ characteristics (gender, age, nationality, education)
Jobs characteristics (occupation, tenure, income, full time, CDI)
Firms characteristics (size, business sector, etc.)
Incentives (monitoring and pay-for-performance)
Work practices (norms, hierarchical constraint on work
schedule, teamwork, telework, job rotation, assessment)

28. 28
M AIN PRELIMINARY
E C ON OME T R IC RES ULTS
• Internet use:
• + satisfaction
• - stress
• Email pro:
• No link with satisfaction
• + stress
• Smartphone:
• + satisfaction
• + stress
• IT failure:
• - satisfaction
• + stress

29. 29
M AIN PRELIMINARY
E C ON OME T R IC RES ULTS
Innovative work practices:
• Norms: + satisfaction ; + stress
• Hierarchical constraint on work schedule:
- satisfaction ; + stress
• Teamwork: No link with satisfaction ; + stress
• Job rotation: +satisfaction ; - stress
• Job assessment: + satisfaction ; No link with stress
• Telework: + satisfaction ; - stress
Incentives:
• Monitoring: - satisfaction; + stress
• pay-for-performance: + satisfaction ; + stress

30. Dr. Ludivine Martin
ludivine.martin@ceps.lu
https://sites.google.com/site/ludivinemartinceps/