5. Europe's specific challenges
Seven crises in about 10 years. Just too many?
Since 2008: the financial crisis
Since 2011: the euro crisis
Since 2014: the immigration crisis
Since 2015: the crisis of "new nationalism"
Since 2016: BREXIT
Since 2020: COVID
Since 2022: Ukraine/energy
No time for recovery
6. Major challengs for Europe
▪Continuous crisis
▪Low growth and slow recovery after crisis
6
28. Major challengs for Europe
▪Continuous crisis
▪Low growth and slow recovery after crisis
▪Nationalism and autocraty
▪Weak, oversized banks
▪High public debt
28
32. Major challengs for Europe
▪Continuous crisis
▪Low growth and slow recovery after crisis
▪Nationalism and autocraty
▪Weak, oversized banks
▪High public debt
▪Ecb and monetary policy
32
40. Major challengs for Europe
▪ Continuous crisis
▪ Low growth and slow recovery after crisis
▪ Nationalism and autocraty
▪ Weak, oversized banks
▪ High public debt
▪ Ecb and monetary policy
▪ Ukraine and energy?
40
41. Major challengs for Europe
▪ Continuous crisis
▪ Low growth and slow recovery after crisis
▪ Nationalism and autocraty
▪ Weak, oversized banks
▪ High public debt
▪ Ecb and monetary policy
▪ Ukraine and energy?
▪ Ambitions in a globalised world?
41
42. EU AGENDA
FOCUS ON THE FINANCIAL SECTOR
▪Major challenges for Europe
▪European agenda and the financial sector
46. EUROPEAN AGENDA AND THE FINANCIAL
SECTOR
▪ ESG
▪ The complexity to define the concept
▪ The complexity to regulate (taxonomy, MIFID,
CRR,…)
▪ The difficulty to comply (SFDR art 8 or 9)
▪ The challenge to comply (greenwashing and
reputation)
▪ The cost of transition
▪ A challenge that will not go away easily
46
48. Chaotic developments and experiments
• “CBDC’s would have implications for financial
intermediation and would need careful design
and implementation; but our analysis suggests
the impacts on bank desintermedion and lending
could be manageable for the banking sector”
(BIS, september 2021)
• What is the vision?
49. EUROPEAN AGENDA AND THE FINANCIAL
SECTOR
▪ ESG
▪ CBDC
▪ MICA
▪ Currency or asset?
▪ New regulation
49
56. 56
Return to Keynes
•“If we consistently act on the optimistic hypothesis, this
hypothesis will tend to be realised; whilst by acting on the
pessimistic hypothesis we can keep ourselves for ever in the pit of
want.”
8 November 1931