Not 100 % genuine slides, took from a couple of sources --> credits to those sources. #important thing is students are able to learn conveniently BIOLOGY GCE O level Syllabus NOTE: NEED TO DOWNLOAD BECAUSE THERE ARE MANY MANY ANIMATIONS THAT HIDE SOME OF THE CONTENT

1. Prepared By:
Faiz Abdullah
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
HUMANS

2. 1) Cell
2) Tissues
3) Organs
4) Systems
5) Organism
BLOOD CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

3. Unicellular organism
No part of the cell is far
from the external
environment
EASY O2 + nutrients
can go into the cell easily
Multicellular organism
Many cells are far from
the outside environment!
HARD diffusion alone
is not enough to bring
materials into these cells
UNICELLULAR VS MULTICELLULAR
THAT IS WHY WE NEED A
TRASNPORT SYSTEM!!

4. In humans,
Circulatory system transports blood to and from all parts of the
body.
Thus it functionally connects the aqueous environment of all
body cells to organs specialized for exchanging gases,
absorbing nutrients and disposing waste.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. It carries oxygen and food
to all cells in the body
2. It carries waste away from the
cells of the body

5. HUMAN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

6. The human circulatory system consists of three
parts:
THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
An organ that
pumps blood
around the
body
Blood vessels
A network of
tubes
To carry blood
around the
body
Blood
A liquid that
transports
materials
Arteries Capillaries Veins

7. Humans  Closed circulatory system
Direction of blood flow:
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
Arteries Capillaries Veins
Pumps
blood
to
Back to
Backflow does
Not happen VALVES

8. Prevents
backflow of
blood
VALVE

9. picture
ARTERIES

10.  Arteries receive blood directly from heart
 Narrow lumen
 Flow of blood  fast + at high pressure
Thus, The walls of the arteries are THICK, MUSCULAR and
ELASTIC to withstand the pressure.
- Elastic enables arteries to stretch and recoil, which pushes
blood in spurts and gives rise to pulse
- Blood moves along the arteries by contraction and relaxation
of muscles in the walls.
 Arteries branch into smaller vessels  arterioles
(smallest), which connects to the smallest blood
vessel, capillaries
ARTERIES

11.  Veins carry blood towards the heart
 Blood pressure is lower than in arteries
 Blood flows more slowly and smoothly Thin layer of wall and
elastic tissue
 Have internal valves
 Waste products are brought back to the heart when capillaries
join to form  VENULES
VEINS

12. ARTERY VS VEIN

13. The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
the wall of a capillary
is only one cell thick
they exchange materials between
the blood and other body cells.
The exchange of materials between the
blood and the body can only occur
through capillaries.

14. CHARACTERISTIC
S
ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES
Direction of blood
flow
Carries blood from
heart organs
Carries blood
from organs
blood
Carries blood from
arterioles venules
Valves Absent except in
pulmonary artery
Present Absent
Size of wall Thick Thin A single layer of cells
Layer of elastic
and muscle tissue
Thick Thin Absent
Oxygen content Oxygenated except
pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated
except
pulmonary vein
Oxygenated arteriole
Deoxygenated venule
Color Red Bluish-red Bluish-red
Location Deep in muscle Nearer to body
surface
Inside all tissues

15. BREATHING TAKING IN
AND OUT OF AIR
What is
happening
inside the
lungs?

17. air sac in
the lung

18. air sac in
the lung
oxygen

19. air sac in
the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through
the lungs the haemoglobin
in the red cells picks up
oxygen

20. air sac in
the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the
lungs the haemoglobin in the
red cells picks up oxygen
2 Haemoglobin and
oxygen join to make
oxyhaemoglobin

21. air sac in
the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the
lungs the haemoglobin in the
red cells picks up oxygen
2 Haemoglobin and
oxygen join to make
oxyhaemoglobin
3 when the blood flows
past cells with very little
oxygen in them the
oxyhaemoglobin breaks
down

22. air sac in
the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the
lungs the haemoglobin in the
red cells picks up oxygen
2 Haemoglobin and
oxygen join to make
oxyhaemoglobin
3 when the blood flows past
cells with very little oxygen
in them the oxyhaemoglobin
breaks down
oxygen diffuses into the cells of the
body
oxygen is used for respiration

23. air sac in
the lung
oxygen
1 as blood flows through the
lungs the haemoglobin in the
red cells picks up oxygen
2 Haemoglobin and
oxygen join to make
oxyhaemoglobin
3 when the blood flows past
cells with very little oxygen
in them the oxyhaemoglobin
breaks down
oxygen diffuses into the cells of the body
oxygen is used for respiration
4 the haemoglobin in the
red cells goes back to
the lungs to pick up
more oxygen

24. DOUBLE CIRCULATION

25. Remember
this!
DIAGRAM

26. DOUBLE CIRCULATION
LUNGS
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Body
Right Ventricle
Right Atrium
Pulmonary Circulation
HeartLungsHeart
Systemic Circulation
HeartBodyHeart
Low pressure circulation
Walls of the right ventricle
are thinner and less
muscular than left ventricle
High pressure circulation
Blood has to be pumped to
the furthest part of the body

27. Blood passes the heart twiceWHY DOUBLE CIRCULATION?

28. THE HUMAN HEART Source of
life <3

29. THE HUMAN HEART
 The human heart has four chambers – two smaller chambers
(atria) and two large chambers (ventricles)
 A muscular wall down the middle  SEPTUM, divides the
heart into right half and left half  to prevent mixing of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

30. The Heart
These are arteries. They
carry blood away from
the heart.
This is a vein. It brings
blood from the body,
except the lungs.
Coronary
arteries, the hearts
own blood supply
The heart has four chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles

31. The Heart
Left Ventricle
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
valve
Vein from Lungs
Artery to Head and BodyArtery to Lungs
Vein from Head and Body
valve

32. How does the Heart work?
blood from the
body
blood from
the lungs
The heart beat begins when the
heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
STEP ONE

33. The atria then contract and
the valves open to allow blood
into the ventricles.
How does the Heart work?
STEP TWO

34. How does the Heart work?
The valves close to stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contract forcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxing and once again filling with
blood.
The cycle then repeats itself.
STEP THREE

35. SUMMARY
Chambers of the heart, made up of cardiac muscles, contract in pairs
Deoxygenated blood
from two anterior vena
cavae and a posterior
vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Blood travels through
the pulmonary artery
to the lungs
enters
Oxygenated blood from
the pulmonary vein
arising from the lungs
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Blood travels through the
aorta to be distributed to
other parts of body
enters
Remember:
Happen simultaneously

36. VALVES
MEMORIZE

37. LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
LUP-DUP
HEARTBEAT

38. HEARTBEAT
HEARTBEAT
DIASTOLE SYSTOLE
• Heart expands
• Muscles of ventricle relax
• Bicuspid and tricuspid valves open
• Arterial valves open
• Blood heart
• Heart contracts
• Muscles of ventricle contract
• Bicuspid and tricuspid valves
close
• Arterial valves open
• Blood  lungs & body

40. Each time a heart beats, it sets up a wave of pressure called a
pulse wave along the main arteries
PULSE

41. STETHOSCOPE – MEASURE HEARTBEAT

42. CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
Diseases
of the
heart and
the blood
vessels

43. Hypertension (High blood pressure)
Arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries)
Artherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries)
EXAMPLES

44.  Occurs when coronary arteries become clogged less blood
flows through and parts of heart muscles do not get sufficient
blood
 Fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries make them narrow

 Atherosclerosis progresses gradually
 Coronary artery becomes more and more clogged and may
eventually get blocked 
CORONARY HEART DISEASE

46. In coronary occlusion, the blood flow in the artery stops and so
does the supply of oxygen and nutrients
CORONARY OCCLUSION
HEART ATTACK WHEN ONE OR MORE
CORONARY ARTERIES BECOME
BLOCKED

47. ARTERIOSCLE
ROSIS

48. ATHEROSCLEROSIS VS
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

50. Unbalanced diet Stress, lack of
exercise, smoking
CAUSES OF HEART DISEASE

51. Reduce consumption of items rich in fats and cholesterol
Eat more heart-healthy food
Stay within ideal weight range by eating right diet
Exercise regularly
Don’t smoke
Reduce stress
PREVENTION

52. componentsBLOOD

53. WHAT IS BLOOD MADE UP OF?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Breakdown products of digestion, such as
glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Dissolved mineral salts
Carbon dioxide
Urea
hormones

54. TWO MAIN COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Plasma
55%
Blood cells
45%

55. WHAT IS PLASMA?
 Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which carries everything
else.
 Plasma is a straw-yellow coloured liquid
 If everything in plasma was removed, plasma would look like
this

56.  Nutrients
 Waste products
 Dissolved gases
 Hormones
SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED BY THE
PLASMA
Amino Acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol
Urea, ammonia, bile pigments
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen
Insulin, oestrogen, testosterone

57. WHAT DO THE DIFFERENT PARTS
OF BLOOD LOOK LIKE UNDER A
MICROSCOPE?
Red
blood
cells
White
blood
cells

58. WHAT IS THE JOB OF RED BLOOD
CELLS?
 They have a round, flat disc
shape for a large surface
area
 They do not have a nucleus
 They contain haemoglobin
which combines with oxygen
in areas of high
concentration to form
oxyhaemoglobin
 Oxygen + haemoglobin
oxyhaemoglobin
 Red blood cells carry oxygen
to the cells of the body for
use in respiration

59. WHAT DO WHITE BLOOD CELLS DO?
White blood cells
help the body to
fight invading
bacteria
White blood cells
will engulf and
ingest invading
bacteria

60. OTHER IMPORTANT JOBS OF THE
WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
They produce
antibodies which
can recognise and
fight bacteria
They produce
antitoxins which
neutralise the
toxins (poisons)
that bacteria
produce, which
make us feel ill

61. WHAT DO PLATELETS DO?
 Platelets are fragments of cells
 The job of platelets is to help blood clot and form a scab
 The platelets are involved in the formation of fibrin, which is
needed for clotting blood
 This is useful for stopping bleeding, and for preventing germs
from entering the body through the cut

62. SUMMARY OF THE COMPOSITION
OF BLOOD