BCAS Campus Civil Department

1. Task 1.1
Considering The Proposed Site Condition, The Nature Of construction and The
List of Earth Moving Equipment Given Below. Select the Most suitable Equipment
for this project.
For the top soil removing and the excavation there are two methods. It may be continuing by manually
or with a help of earth moving equipment.
Here by considering the area of the project we can’t use the manual method. So we
have to analyze the BOQ to use the earth moving equipment.
The process above I told I select:
 Back hoe excavator
 Dump Track
 Bulldozer
Backhoe Excavator.
Backhoe is used for the construction workplace, such as excavations and land amendment. Many works can
easily be done with this machine in the construction workplace. A Backhoe is combined of three construction
machines .
It is the most suitable machine for digging below the
machine level , such as , trenches , footing basements etc..
It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface avoiding the
use of manual effort for dressing the excavated the surface.
This machine makes some works in the construction workplace.
1. Small Demolitions.
2. Excavation.
3. Land Leveling.
4. Digging Holes.
5. Road Paving.
6. Landscaping.
They are used mainly as trench or large scale open excavation. But sometime they are also used as
loading machines.
 They also helping cleaning construction site.
 Also removes the dirt and dump it in the bean.
 Less Accident and Injuries.
 Less Time and Quick Work.
(http://www.google.lk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=advantages%20for%20backoe.
[Accessed 05 October 2014].)

2. Dragline Excavator.
Draglines used in civil engineering are almost always of
this smaller, crane type. This machine uses for major works in
construction site.
The dragline is so name because of its prominent operation of
dragging the bucket against the material to be dug.
The basic parts of a drag line including the boom , hoist cable , drag
cable , hoist chain, drag chain and bucket.
 It is the most suitable machine for dragging softer
material and below its track level.
 It is very useful for excavating trenches when the
sides are permitted to establish their angle of
repose without shoring.
 It has long reaches.
 It is mostly used in the excavation for canals and depositing on the embankment without
hauling units.
The work done in the construction work place by Dragline Excavator:
1. Road Excavation.
2. Deep down pile diving.
3. Construction Of Ports , Harbor , ETC
4. Surface Mining.
5. Deep Down Excavation.
6. Under Water Excavation.
Types Of Dragline:
1. Wheel Mounted Dragline.
2. Crawler Type Dragline.
3. Truck Mounted Dragline.
(http://www.google.lk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=dragline%20excavator.
[Accessed 05 October 2014].)
 The biggest advantage of the dragline over other machine is its long reach for both digging
and dumping.
 It is high cycle speed.
 The dragline cuts or digs to the front and dumps on either side of the excavation.

3. Clam Shell.
This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to a clam which is like a shell fish with hinged double shell.
The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially
designed bucket loosely attached at the end through cables as
in a drag line.
The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given
in cubic meters.
The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing line, hoist
line, sheaves, brackets, tagline, shell and hinge.
 This machine makes some works in construction
site:
1. Used for handling loose material such as
crushed stone, sand, gravel, coal etc.
2. Main feature is vertical lifting of material from
one location to another.
3. Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam,
sewer main holes, well foundations etc.
Bulldozer.
Bulldozer also called Dozer. Powerful machine for pushing earth or rocks.
This machine designed preliminary for cutting & pushing material
relatively short distance. Consist of a tractor with a front mounted
blade controlled by hydraulic cylinders use for different cut for
different depth & leveling as per condition of land.
Bulldozers are Uses In Construction Site:
1. Shallow digging and ditching.
2. Short range transportation of material.
3. Spreading soil dumped from trucks.
4. Cleaning and Leveling around loading equipment.
A bulldozer can do many types of excavation.
Bulldozer can divided into two categories.
1. Wheeled Dozer
2. Tracked Dozer
bulldozer (machine) -- Encyclopedia Britannica. 2014. bulldozer (machine) -- Encyclopedia Britannica. [ONLINE]
Available at:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84406/bulldozer. [Accessed 11 October 2014].

4. Dump Track.
Dump tracks are used for transporting loos material such as sand , dirt and gravel for construction
site. The motor vehicle which is specially designed & constructed for
currying the heavy loads under various operations condition can be
called as dumpers.
These are meant for carrying rocks, coal,
minerals, aggregate and other materials is construction site.
Front End Loader.
Loaders are used extensively in construction site. operation to handle and transport material. to load
haul units to excavate and to charge aggregate bins at both asphalts and concrete plants.
in construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials. Such as bricks, pipe,
metal, bars, and digging tools. over short distance.
Loaders Type.
1. Heavy equipment front loaders.
2. Armored wheeled loaders.
3. Tractor front loaders.
4. compact front end loaders.
5. skid loaders & Track Loaders.
6. Swing Loaders.
7. Backhoe Loaders.
Selecting Most Suitable Equipment’s:
 Types of Excavation.
 Site condition. (wet / dry )
 Types of soil.
 Site Accessibility.
I Select Some Equipment For This Project.
1. Back-hoe Excavator.
2. Dump Track.
3. Front End Loader.
4. Bulldozer.

5. Conclusion.
We have been selected back hoe excavator is the most suitable excavation equipment for our project.
 It is not a big machine.
 Less cost. It can save cost our budget.
 It may be increase our time duration.
Task 1.2
Discuss appropriate techniques (such as earth retention or ground or slope stability
methods and dewatering techniques) used to ensure safe and productive activities during
deep excavation.
Dewatering is the process we are using before or parallel time in the excavation of a project. Because of the
ground water table or the flood.
Advantages of dewatering system
 Reduces the amount of sediment leaving the site.
 Allows for a more in-depth site assessment – additional necessary erosion control measures may
identified
Disadvantages of dewatering system
 Must abide by multiple government laws and standards and obtain appropriate permits .
 Requires frequent maintenance
 May be costly
According to the area of the project BOQ and the excavating equipment. The excavation can be divided in
to so many types.
1. Top soil excavation.
2. Earth excavation.
3. Rock excavation.
4. Muck excavation.
5. Unclassified excavation.
To ensure the safety for the excavation.
 Properly planned.
 Managed.
 Supervised and executed in order to prevent accident.

6. Excavation hazards.
1. Collapse of the sides of the excavation.
2. Materials falling onto the people working in the
excavation.
3. People and vehicles falling into the excavation.
4. The undermining of nearby structures causing their
collapse into the excavation.
5. Damage to underground services during excavation work causing electrocution, explosion, gas escape,
flooding.
6. Ingress of water causing flooding.
The precaution to be taken are:
1. Trench collapse should be avoided by battering the sides to a safe angle or by supporting them with
sheeting or proprietary support systems. Support should be installed without delay as the work
progresses. Ensure the workers are competent and experienced as far as possible and that they have
clear instructions.
2. Excavated spoil, plant or materials should not be stored close to the sides of excavations as loose material
can fall in. The extra loading can make the sides of the excavation more likely to collapse.
3. Prevent people from falling into excavations by substantial barriers around the edges. This must be done
if the depth exceeds 2 meters but is recommended for excavations of lesser depths.
4. Prevent vehicles from falling into excavations or surcharging and causing the collapse of the sides of the
excavation by keeping them out of the area. Baulks and barriers can be provided for this purpose and
should be painted to be easily visible. If vehicles have to tip materials into excavations then they should
be prevented from over-running into the excavation by using stop blocks.
5. Provide safe access in and out of the excavation.
6. Hazardous fumes should be considered. Diesel and petrol engine equipment should not be allowed into
excavations without arranging for exhausts to be ducted away
or forced ventilation to be used.
7. Cable and / or pipe plans and service plans should be used to
locate underground services which should be marked on the
ground and where practicable digging should take place as far
as possible from them. Use cable and pipe locators during the
course of the excavation work. Great care should be taken to
ensure that mechanical means of digging are not used within
0.5 meters of underground services and spades and shovels
should be used instead of picks and forks which are more
likely to pierce cables. Once services are located and exposed
they should be supported. Both new and existing services should be permanently marked by the use of
appropriate tapes over the service and by placing permanent markers above ground indicating the
service type, depth, route etc.
8. Precautions should be taken against flooding by installing efficient means of pumping out the excavations
ensuring that the outflow from the pump does not cause flooding problems elsewhere.
(https://www.google.lk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-
8#q=excavation%20hazard%20and%20precaution. [Accessed 09 November 2014])

7. Task 1.3
Illustrate with sketches the most suitable shoring method that you have proposed for the
treatment tank construction.
To avoid the project from collapse which means the excavating area or the excavation pit, we are using the
shoring method to protect them.
There are 3 types of shoring methods.
1. Raking shores
2. Flying shores.
3. Dead shores
Raking shores
In this method, inclined members known as rakers are used to give lateral supports to walls.
1. Rake’s or inclined member
2. Wall plate.
3. Needles
4. Cleats
5. Bracing
6. Sole plate
Flying shores
It is a system of providing temporary supports to the party walls of the two buildings where the
intermediate building is to be pulled down and rebuilt.

8. Dead shores
This is the system of shoring which is used to render vertical support to walls and roofs, floors, etc
when the lower part of a wall has been removed for the purpose of providing an opening in the wall or to rebuild
a defective load bearing wall in a structure.
( http://www.google.lk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=shoring%20methods.
[Accessed 09 November 2014])
 By considering the area and the depth of RCC treatment sedimentation tank. I select Flying shores
method of this project. Because of the 5.5m depth. From the existing ground level.

9. Task 2
2.1 Explain with annotated sketches the methodology and techniques used in
carrying out the following pilling system.
According to the subsoil condition and the bearing capacity of sub soil the foundation of a building is to be
needed an additional support to avoid the cracks and the settlement.
So that we are using the piling method to provide external bearing capacity by transferring the whole
loads throw the pilling system to the deep soil.
Sheet piling.
Interlocking rolled – steel sections given vertically in to the ground to serve as sheeting in an excavation or
to cut off the flow of ground water.
Steel Sheet Pile
Steel sheet piles are long structural sections with a vertical interlocking system that creates a
continuous wall. The walls are most often used to retain either soil or water. The ability of a sheet pile section to
perform is dependent upon its geometry and the soils it is driven into. The pile transfers pressure from the high
side of the wall to the soil in front of the wall.
There are permanent and temporary applications. Permanent sheet piles remain in
the ground and serve as permanent retaining structures. Temporary sheet piles are designed to provide safe
access for construction, and are then removed.
Steel sheet piling system Advantages:
1. Provides high resistance to driving stresses.
2. Light weight
3. Can be reused on several projects.
4. Long service life above or below water with modest protection.
5. Easy to adapt the pile length by either welding or bolting
6. Joints are less apt to deform during driving.
Steel sheet piling system Disadvantages:
1. Sections can rarely be used as part of the permanent structure.
2. Installation of sheet piles is difficult in soils with boulders or cobbles. In such cases, the desired wall depths
may not be reached.
3. Excavation shapes are dictated by the sheet pile section and interlocking elements.
4. Sheet pile driving may cause neighborhood disturbance
5. Settlements in adjacent properties may take place due to installation vibrations
(http://www.groundforce.uk.com/Piling/Products/piletecproducts/SteelSheetPiles. [Accessed 24 November
2014].)

10. Cast in – Place Piling
A concrete pile cast or formed at its permanent location. Such a pile can be cast with or without a casing.
Cast-in-place concrete piles eliminate the need for pile driving machinery which can cause
dangerous vibrations and precipitate landslides and which is sometimes too costly for use on small jobs. The
first method of cast-in-place piles is with steel cores.
Because of hairline cracks that were appearing in the area in which the
contractor was proceeding to excavate. Because of the instability of the earth, no vibration could be done. To
solve this problem, the construction crew drilled holes and then placed steel beams in these. These holes were
then backfilled with concrete assuring the stability of the earth.
The second method was developed by a British piling company that has
introduced a system which uses precast sections for the core of the pile. A hole is bored in the ground to the
required depth and lined with a steel casting made up in convenient lengths. The precast sections are then
threaded over a central steel tube to form the pile core. Lowering into the borehole continues as each section is
added. The steel lining of the borehole is withdrawn and a grout mix pumped in simultaneously through the
central hole in the sections. Subsoil water is forced out as the level of the mix rises. The result is a high-strength
core grouted together and into the subsoil to form a solid pile encased in a thick skin of concrete firmly keyed to
the substratum.
Cast in – place piling system Advantages:
1. Wastage of material is less as only the required length is cast
2. No case of stresses due to handling and driving and hence no extra reinforcement for these
3. Transportation is avoided
4. No fear of breaking of piles and those are not blown by hammers
5. They can be designed for heavy loads by providing bulbs or pedestals
Pre-cast Concrete Pile
Precast Concrete Piles may be defined as a reinforced concrete pile which is precast in circular, square,
rectangular or octagonal form. The precast concrete piles are cast and cured in a casting yard and then
transported to the site for driving. In case space is available, pile can also be cast and cured near the site of
works.
Pre- cast concrete piling system Advantages:
Considerable reduction in construction time
Low overhead and crew size is required; the work can be carried out by two men and a crawler crane
with an operator
Precast concrete piles gives a consistent end result
Minimizes or removes need for spoil removal
Cost effective solution for contaminated sites
(Precast Concrete Piles | The Construction Civil. 2014. Precast Concrete Piles | The Construction Civil.
[ONLINE] Available at:http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/precast-concrete-piles. [Accessed 29 November
2014].)

11. Caissons.
. Shallow caissons may be open to the air, whereas pneumatic caissons, which penetrate soft mud, are
sealed at the top and filled with compressed air to keep water and mud out at depth. An airlock allows access to
the chamber.
Caissons systems Advantages:
It is easily adaptable to varying site conditions. This means that no matter where the structure is being
constructed, caissons can be easily put in place. The hardest part of placing them is the drilling of the
holes.
High axial and lateral load capacity for these foundations. The weight of the structure can be easily
held by the piers and is very sturdy.
They are very economical. The cost to drill and install the caissons is minimal when compared to the
cost to lay a traditional foundation.
Piers minimize the need for pile caps. Because the piers are filled with concrete, pile caps are really
not necessary.
The caisson foundation will reduce vibrations and has slightly less noise. Since the foundation is based
on piers, there are less vibrations that will upset the structure.
 Economics
 Minimizes pile cap needs
 Slightly less noise and reduced vibrations
 Easily adaptable to varying site conditions
 High axial and lateral loading capacity

12. Task 2.2
Explain why large span bridges need complex or deep foundations such as pilling
and caissons.
The large span bridges ( constructed on major highway ) wants to carry the heavy load of
the vehicles. So for the particular place the soil test will done. According to the soil testing
report the bearing capacity of the subsoil will consider with the loads have to carry by the
bridges.
Then the bearing capacity of the subsoil did not satisfy the required bearing capacity the
complex or deep foundation such as piling and caissons will need.
Describe in detail (with sketches showing all stages) how a caisson supported
bridge peer is constructed.
Caissons and piles are commonly used types of deep foundations in bridge. They are deeply
embedded in the soil to support the weight of the structure and to resist the lateral loads transmitted from the
structure.
In designing a bridge foundation, the lateral response of the foundation is of considerable importance,
because it often governs the final design. For obtaining the lateral response of deep foundations, many analysis
methods have been developed, ranging from complex finite element models to simple beam-spring models. In
engineering practice, the Winkler-beam model is a popular method for analyzing the behavior of piles under
lateral loads. The piles are simulated by beam elements and the lateral soil reactions are simulated using
independent horizontal spring elements.
Compared to piles, caissons generally have relatively large cross-sections, but shallow embedment,
such that they behave like a rigid foundation and the soil within the embedded depth of the caissons is
influenced by the caisson movement. Therefore, the modeling of a laterally loaded caisson requires more types
of soil springs to simulate the different sources of soil resistance, including the normal stress and the shear
stress along the perimeter of the caisson and the shear force on the base of the caisson, creating further difficulty
in determining the soil spring properties. In addition, in situ lateral load tests on the caisson are essential for
examining the applicability of the analysis models and the associated spring properties

13. Task 2.3
Illustrate with sketches how a 2km long 600mm diameter sewer line is
constructed. The pipe line laid below 1.5m at a gradient of 1:80. The trench is
back filled with sand and gravel. It is assumed the water table is at 1.0m below
the existing ground level.
For the sewer line before the process of setting out we have to decide type of the floor
in to the sewer system. It may be the floor because of the mechanical pumping system or the
ordinary gravity floor.
If it is the floor because of the mechanical pumping system the sewer line may be on
equal plan or if it is the ordinary gravity floor we have to calculate the elevation of the sewer line
by leveling.
According to the sewer line drawing the initial setting out with the work place will
marked then the excavation process will carry out by the JCB backhoe or the manual method.
In this process we have to consider above the dewatering and the shoring for the
sewer line trench. Because of the water table below 1m from the existing ground level. So that
here we are using shoring dewatering method.
Then the excavated sewer line base will level by the leveling instrument with the
reference of the reading which has prepared from the calculation.
Then the sewer line will construct alone 2km below 1.5m at a gradient of 1:8 after the
placement of sewer line pipe the excavated trench will back filled with sand carefully by
removing stone and the course aggregates from that sand.
The balance of the trench will fill up with the gravel than it will compact with the bagger
or the roller vibrator.

14. Task 03
Task 3.1
Discuss appropriate construction method or building solution you propose in
terms of client’s needs and expectation. Also it is important to justify your
selection by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the proposes
building solution with order building solutions mentioned in the list.
1. Reinforced concrete (RCC) building.
Reinforced concrete, or RCC, is concrete that contains embedded steel bars, plates, or fibers that
strengthen the material. The capability to carry loads by these materials is magnified, and because of this RCC is
used extensively in all construction. In fact, it has become the most commonly utilized construction material.
Reinforced materials are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the two materials resist the
applied forces together. The compressive strength of concrete and the tensile strength of steel form a strong
bond to resist these stresses over a long span. Plain concrete is not suitable for most construction projects
because it cannot easily withstand the stresses created by vibrations, wind, or other forces.
Advantages of RCC.
Reinforced Cement Concrete has good compressive stress (because of concrete)
Maintenance cost of RCC is practically nil.
RCC also has high tensile stress (because of steel).
Reinforced Concrete is durable.
The monolithic character of reinforced concrete gives it more rigidity.
It has good resistance to damage by fire and weathering (because of concrete).
RCC prevents steel from rusting.
RCC protects steel bars from buckling and twisting at the high temperature.
Disadvantages of RCC.
It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its compressive strength.
It need mixing, casting , and curing , all of which affect the final strength of concrete.
The cost of the forms used to cast of concrete placed in the forms.
Crack develops in concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live loads.
(What is Reinforced Concrete or RCC? - Introduction, Performance, Non-steel Reinforcement, Deterioration Of Steel Reinforced
Concrete. 2014. What is Reinforced Concrete or RCC? - Introduction, Performance, Non-steel Reinforcement, Deterioration Of
Steel Reinforced Concrete. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.brighthubengineering.com/concrete-technology/43886-fundamentals-of-
reinforced-concrete/. [Accessed 02 December 2014].)

15. 2. Pre – fabricated or pre – engineered metal building.
The concept of precast structures also known as prefabricated modular structures. The structural
components are standardized and produced in plants in a location away from the building site. Then transported
to the site for assembly. The components are manufactured by industrial methods based on mass production in
order to build a large number of buildings in a short time at low cost.
Advantages of Pre – Engineered metal Building.
Quick erection times.
Possibility of conversion, disassembling and moving another site.
Possibility of erection in areas where a traditional construction practice is not possible or difficult.
Low labor intensively.
Reduce wastage of materials.
Easier management of construction sites.
Better overall construction quality.
Ideal fit for simple and complex structures.
Disadvantages of Pre – Engineered metal Building.
Leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for the materials of
which they are made, which can often be packed more efficiently.
Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and handling to
place in position.
3. Pre – Cast Concrete building
Precast concrete means a concrete member that is cast and cured at allocation other than its final
designated location. The use of rain forced concrete is a relatively recent invention usually dated to 1848 when
jean Louis lambert became the first to use it.
Advantages of Pre- Cast Concrete.
Very rapid speed of erection.
Good quality control.
Entire building can be pre cast walls , floors , beams.
Rapid construction on site.
High quality .

16. Disadvantages of Pre – Cast Concrete.
Very heavy members.
Camber in beams and slabs.
Very small margin for error.
Connection may be difficult.
So that I propose the Pre – fabricated or pre – engineered metal building method in terms of
client need an Expectation.
Task 3.2
Explain the use of false work and form work in construction. Is there a difference
between false work and formwork.
Form work.
Formwork is a die or a mold including all supporting structures, used to shape and support
the concrete until it attains sufficient strength to carry its own weight. It should be capable of carrying all
imposed dead and live loads apart from its own weight.
Different formwork systems provide a wide range of concrete construction solutions that can be chosen to suit
the needs of a particular development.
Traditional formwork for concrete construction normally consisted of bespoke solutions requiring skilled
craftsmen. This type of formwork often had poor safety features and gave slow rates of construction on-site and
huge levels of waste.
Formwork system types.
Table form/flying form
System column formwork
Horizontal panel
Slip form
Tunnel form
Wall formwork

17. form work for reinforced concrete beam and slab arrangement at a double height slab
Form work for large RCC walls. ( Without Wall )
Form work for large RCC walls.
(With Wall )

18. Selection of formwork (Advantages)
Easy to strike off or removable.
Can be reused.
Consistent surface finish.
Specification.
Method of hoisting.
False work
The temporary structure used to support a permanent structure, material, plant, equipment
and people until the construction of the permanent structure has advanced to the stage
where it is self-supporting.
False work includes the foundations, footings and all structural members supporting the permanent structural
elements. False work can be used to support formwork for in-situ concrete, prefabricated concrete elements,
steel sections or stone arches, for example during bridge construction.

19. Task 4.2
Explain Briefly the UK legal Framework For Health Safety and The Requirement
of The CDM 2007 Regulation.
CDM Regulation 2007
These Regulations concern occupational health, safety and welfare in construction. They place
duties in relation to management arrangements and practical measures on a range of construction project
participants, including clients, designers and contractors.
These Regulations are intended to focus attention on planning and management throughout
construction projects, from design concept onwards. The concept is for health and safety considerations to be
treated as an essential, but normal part of a project’s development – not an afterthought or bolt-on extra.
The key aim of CDM2007 is to integrate health and safety into the management of the project
and to encourage everyone involved to work together.
Approach
The effort devoted to planning and managing health and safety should be in proportion to
the risks and complexity associated with the project. When deciding what you need to do to comply with these
Regulations, your focus should always be on action necessary to reduce and manage risks. Any paperwork
produced should help with communication and risk management. Paperwork that adds little to the management
of risk is a waste of effort, and can be a dangerous distraction from the real business of risk reduction and
management.
Hazard identification
 When does hazard occur.
1. Design / survey stages.
2. Construction stage.
3. Scheme in use.
4. Maintenance and repairs.
5. Ultimate future demolition.
 Who is put at risk.
1. Designers
2. Contractors / sub - contractors
3. Employer / client
4. Public
5. Maintenance personal
6. Owner / workers
7. Future demolition contractor
(Google. 2014. Google. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.google.lk/#q=when+does+hazard+occur+for+cdm+regulation+2007.
[Accessed 13 December 2014].)

20. Clients must do..
 Designers, contractors and other team members that they propose to engage are competent (or work
under the supervision of a competent person), adequately resourced and appointed as early as is
practicable.
 They allow sufficient time for each stage of the project, from concept onwards.
 They co-operate with others involved with the project as is necessary to allow them to comply with their
duties under the regulations.
 They co-ordinate their own work with others involved with the project in order to ensure that safety of
those carrying out the construction work, and others who may be affected by it.
 There are effective management arrangements in place throughout the life of the project to ensure that
the construction work can be carried out safely and without risk to health (This does not mean
managing the work themselves, as few clients have the expertise and resources needed and it can
cause confusion).
 All parties are clear on their role and how it interfaces with other parties.
 Suitable welfare facilities are provided by the principal contractor for those carrying out the construction
work.
 Any fixed workplace (e.g. offices, shops, factories, schools) that is being built will comply with any
requirements of the Workplace (Health and Safety) Regulations 1992; and CDM Regulations Guidance
2007 8.
CDM Coordinators must do..
 the contents of the Health and Safety File.
 the information the principal contractor needs to prepare the construction phase plan.
 any design development that may affect planning and management of the construction phase. This will in
particular include management of changes to design during the construction phase where co-operation is
needed between designers, principal contractors and contractors. CDM coordinators must recognize that
during the construction phase the site is controlled by the principal contractor who remains responsible for
implementing good practice. A good way of carrying out this duty could be to have sight of the construction
phase plan as it develops.
Designer must do..
 Ensure that they are competent to address the health and safety issues likely to arise from the design;
 Ensure that clients are aware of their duties
 Ensure that, for notifiable projects, the client has appointed a CDM coordinator and notified HSE.
 When carrying out design work, eliminate hazards where this is reasonably possible, and reduce risk
associated with those hazards which remain, taking account of the information supplied by the client
 Provide adequate information about any significant risks associated with the design
 Co-ordinate their work with that of others in order to improve the way in which risks are managed and
controlled

21. Principal contractors must do..
 Ensure that they are competent to address the health and safety issues likely to be involved in the
management of the construction phase.
 Ensure that the construction phase is properly planned, managed and monitored, with adequately
resourced, competent site management appropriate to the risk and activity.
 Ensure that every contractor who will work on the project is informed of the minimum amount of time
which they will be allowed for planning and preparation before they begin work on site.
 Ensure that all contractors are provided with the information about the project that they need to enable
them to carry out their work safely and without risks to health. Requests from contractors for
information should be met promptly.
 Ensure safe working and co-ordination and co-operation between contractors.
Contractors must do..
 plan, manage and monitor their own work to make sure that their workers are safe from the start of
their work on site.
 satisfy themselves that they and anyone they employ or engage are competent and adequately
resourced.
 check clients are aware of their duties. This does not mean that every contractor has to contact the client
with duplication of duty but to ensure that the CDM coordinator has made the client aware.
 provide their workers (whether employed or self-employed) with any necessary information, including
about relevant aspects of other contractors’ work, and site induction (where not provided by a principal
contractor) which they need to work safely, to report problems or to respond appropriately in an
emergency.

22. Task 4.3
Evaluate the Role of the Planning supervisor in civil Engineering Activities.
Planning supervisor.
Planning supervisor means any person for the time being appointed under regulation. The
executive has made its views known on many occasions that role of planning supervisor should not be seen as ,
no develop into a separate profession. However such a view should not detract from the pivotal role that an
effective planning supervisor has on the manner in which the regulations are implemented.
The planning supervisor Role :
 Ensuring designers cooperated and avoided and reduced risks.
 Ensuring that the health & safety plan and health & safety file were prepared.
 Advising the client about the adequacy and competence of designers and contractors.
 Advising the client about the health & safety plan.
 Ensuring the project was notified to the health & safety executive.
Planning supervisors do not have to do:
 Approve the appointment of designers, principal contractors or contractors, although they normally
advise clients about competence and resources.
 Approve or check designs, although they have to be satisfied that the design process addresses the need
to eliminate hazards and control risks.
 Approve the principal contractor’s construction phase plan, although they I have to be able to advise
clients on its adequacy at the start of construction.
 Supervise the principal contractor’s implementation of the construction phase plan - this is the
responsibility of the principal contractor

23. Task 5.1
Identify the Problems and Issues Inherent to construction industry in UK.
Political
 Late rendering procedures.
 Payment problems.
 Workers strikes.
 Bribes or frauds.
Technical
Traditionally, due to its labor-intensive nature, the use of plant and machinery
in the construction industry has been less than that used in manufacturing. Nevertheless, there has been an
underlying trend towards a greater use of equipment in construction. The scale of modern construction work
and the demand for shorter construction times, make the extensive (efficient) use of equipment essential.
Equipment down-time needs to be minimized to ensure that the return on its investment is achieved. However,
the amount of time that plant is unused can be as much as 90 per cent. This low plant utilization places a capital
burden on the contractor, and it is commonplace in the construction industry. Plant utilization cannot be
ignored if contractors are to reduce construction costs.
 Energy perfuming.
 Instant design changes
Financial
 Late payments.
 Lack of investment.
 Increase of capital cost.
 Increases of fuel costs.
 Over ordering of materials.
Quality
Average construction worker is only productive for 40 per cent of the time, the remaining 60 per
cent is spent moving from one task to another or waiting for materials and/or instruction. Material problems
causes the low quality

24. Environmental
 Unsustainability.
 Emission of carbon.
 High land prices.
Time
Absence of Labor Absenteeism can create enormous problems for the construction industry,
seriously affecting planning by reducing the effectiveness of teamwork and output Excessive overtime.
Health and safety
Management and supervision Inexperienced Poor quality / workmanship.
Social
 Poor reputation.
 Poor communication between stake holders

25. Task 5.2
Based on the Hazard Assessment Carried out you are Required to
Produce or Propose a Detailed Health & Safety Plan for the Construction of the
Water Treatment Plant.
Project description
Project : water supply treatment plant
Started date : 2015 March 03
Duration : 18 month
Location : Maharagama ( 12km away from Colombo city )
Summary of work : large reinforced concrete settlement tanks
Project involves: Deep excavations, construction of substructures and superstructures
Health and safety targets of this project.
This project will be completed with no major injury accidents. All workers will attend appropriate tool box talks
and this will be recorded and monitored.
Arrangements.
 Regular contact and cooperation between the architect, principal contractor and client.
 Consultation with the workforce.
 Handling design changes during construction phase - The site manager will consult with the client,
architect and CDM coordinator if any significant design changes arise during the course of construction
which give rise to additional significant risks
 The selection and management of sub-contractors
 The exchange of health and safety information between contractors
 Arrangements for site security/access.
 On site trainings.
 Production and approval of method statements.

26. Health and safety management and control measures.
 Personal protective equipment: All operatives will wear the following: safety wellington boots whilst
working with concrete, safety helmet, high visibility vest and gloves.
 All operatives will be informed (via a site induction / toolbox talk) of and expected to comply with the
contractor’s site rules
 Specific site hazards: Any specific site hazards will be identified and dealt with prior to any excavation
work of settlement tank.
 Access to the work area: The provision of a safe means of access to the work area is the responsibility of
the contractor / client.
 Welfare facilities: The contractor / client must provide access to the welfare facilities.
The following toolbox talks will be given throughout the project at the appropriate stages:
Excavations:
 Demolition
 Existing services
 Methods of trench support
 Plant and machinery cranes and lifting appliances
 Traffic management
 Protecting the public
 Hit by machineries
 Stuck by an object from height.