CE 72.32 (January 2016 Semester): Lecture 1a - Overview of Tall Buildings

1. Dr. Naveed Anwar
Executive Director, AIT Consulting
Affiliated Faculty, Structural Engineering
Director, ACECOMS
Design of Tall Buildings

2. Dr. Naveed Anwar
Executive Director, AIT Consulting
Affiliated Faculty, Structural Engineering
Director, ACECOMS
Lecture 1: An Overview of Tall
Buildings
Design of Tall Buildings

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Why Tall Buildings?
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Why Tall Buildings?
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Humans have always admired tall structures since
ancient times because of their social status:
THEY ARE VISIBLE TO ALL.
Their builders were held in the highest respect of their
societies, and their structures are the subjects of legends.
The early tall buildings are
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

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The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
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The Lighthouse of Alexandria
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The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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The Colossus of Rhodes
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The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
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The Great Pyramids of Egypt
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Percentage of Urbanized World
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Rate of Urban Population Growth
www.globalchange.umich.edu
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World’s Population Urban-to-Rural Ratio
(www.un.org)
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Urbanization - Future Trends
Source: www.globalchange.umich.edu
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Urbanization → Growing need for built-up space
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Why Tall Buildings?
55 m
50m
House
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House
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House
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House
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House
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House
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House
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House
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House
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House
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Vs.
45m
40m
A street of 10 small houses
(Accommodating 10 Families)
A 40-story tall building on
almost the same area
(Accommodating 200 Families)
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Tall Buildings
Trends and Evolution
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• Classification can be done in many ways:
– Based on architectural design
– Based on total height
– Based on relative height
– Based on number of floors
– Based on building services
– Based on structural response
• For Structural Design:
– Tall building is the one in which, selection, behavior and design of lateral load
resisting system, significantly affects the overall design of the building
What Makes a Building “Tall”?

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Empire State Building, New York World Trade Center Towers, New York Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur
Burj Khalifa, Dubai

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Historical Background
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Monadnock Building,
Chicago
Sears Tower,
Chicago
Chrysler Building,
New York City
Woolworth Building,
New York City

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• The development of high-rise architecture
can be divided into the following eras.
– The first stage is attributed to the
early 1940s
• Before the advent of air conditioning
and fluorescent light fixtures, the
building form was controlled by the
need for natural daylight and
ventilation.
• A building width of 55–60 ft. (16.7-
18.3 m) with office spaces on either
side of a double-loaded corridor was
common.
Evolution of High-rise Architecture

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Evolution of High-rise Architecture
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– The second phase
• Emerged as a result of interactions
between the desire to create an
increasing amount of rentable area in
a given space and the advent of air
conditioning and fluorescent lighting.
• Stressed the aesthetic value of
simplicity in facade treatment by
using simple cubic shapes, such as
rectangles, squares, circles, and ovals.

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Evolution of High-rise Architecture
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– The third phase of high-rise architectural
development
• A result of interaction between marketing
experts and a mild boredom of the
architectural community
• The simplest prismatic shape has only four
corners, and therefore could offer, at best,
four corner offices.
• To capture the market, the trend in high-
rise floor planning is to create as many
corner offices as possible which is
achieved by undulating the exterior by
providing nicks, notches, and other
contortions at the perimeter of the
building.

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Evolution of High-rise Architecture
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– Fourth phase
• It is known as postmodern
architecture and is currently
sweeping through the profession,
bringing in daringly articulated
buildings.
• These buildings not only have step
backs, angles, notches, and curves,
but the resulting articulations are
so severe as to preclude the use of
any one type of structural system.

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Evolution of High-rise Architecture
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– Fifth Phase
• It can be looked upon
as a modification of
the current building
shapes in the energy
conservation context.
• Energy conservation
efforts have brought
about an
understanding of
spaces as a whole.

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Structural Engineering At Its Best
– Tubular Systems
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• Emergence of Tubular Systems
– The combination of long-span moment
frames and bracing systems (used in
phase 2) when placed within the
confines of the service core, were no
longer economical for modern tall
buildings.
– A natural structural response to the
economic requirements was to move
the bracing from the interior to the
exterior of the building, thereby
creating maximum separation between
the windward and leeward walls.

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Structural Engineering At Its Best
– Tubular Systems
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– To make the windward and leeward walls
work as integral parts of a three-
dimensional system, it was necessary to
introduce a shear-resisting element
between the two faces of the building.
– This was achieved either by
• providing diagonal bracing between
the exterior columns
• a system of closely spaced columns
and deep spandrels along the
building periphery
– Thus a new concept termed a “tubular
system” was introduced into the
structural vocabulary

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Tall Building Statistics
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Top 10 Tall Buildings of World
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Rank Building City Country
Height
(m)
Floors Built
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai UAE 828 m 163 2010
2 Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m 120 2012
3 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 509 m 101 2004
4 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai China 492 m 101 2008
5 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong Hong Kong 484 m 118 2010
6 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 88 1998
7 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 88 1998
8 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 89 2010
9 Willis Tower Chicago USA 442 m 108 1973
10 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen China 442 m 100 2011

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W o r l d ‘ s T a l l e s t B u i l d i n g s

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World’s Tallest Buildings Chart
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Statistics for 2014-2015
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Statistics for 2014-2015

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Statistics for 2014-2015

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Statistics for 2014-2015

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Statistics for 2014-2015

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Statistics for 2014-2015

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Statistics for Thailand

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Key Structural System
Development
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Development of Tube Approach
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Tubular Systems
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• First introduced by the late Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan of the
architectural and engineering firm of Skidmore, Owings, and
Merrill (also recognized as Father of Tubular Designs of High-
rises)
• Immediately freed up the economical height restrictions of
moment frames.
• Neither required invention of new materials nor new framing or
erection techniques.
• Employed the very basic elements of high-rise structures, namely, beams and
columns, and by strategically manipulating their locations, a very economical
structural system has been found almost overnight.

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Tubular Systems
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• The system did not require new methods
of analysis other than encouraging the
engineer to think in three dimensions.
• The emergence of the tube as the most
logical form for high-rise structures is
reflected by the innumerable examples of
such buildings built in almost every
growing metropolis throughout the
world.
• The tube structure was suited admirably
to the international style. Buildings were
prismatic with compact plan forms and,
therefore, did not penalize the efficiency
of the framed tubes.
Tubular system: Closely spaced
exterior columns interconnected with
deep spandrels

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Examples of Tube, Framed (Braced) Tube, Tube in Tube and Bundled Tube Systems

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• The current state of high-rise architecture is characterized by the use of articulated
sculptured forms.
• Owners and developers are demanding, and the public has come to expect these
daring shapes.
• Buildings are designed not to express the pure form of the structural elements but
to express the technological progress by creating facades that appear to be
structural feats.
• The goal is the expression of the architectural envelope, not the structure. Today’s
bracing design required to limit the sway or wind drift of the building calls for
ingenuity not in terms of visualizing a single pure structural system but in
combining several systems to make the dramatic design concepts of the architect
an economic reality.
Current Stage of High-rise Architecture

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Current Stage of High-rise Architecture
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John Hancock Building, ChicagoJin Mao Tower, ShanghaiBank of China, Hong Kong

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Elements and Professionals Involved in a
Tall Building Project
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• The main difference between “Low-rise Building” and “High-rise Building”
is the Service Core
• A Service Core contains:
– Elevators and stair wells
– HVAC ducts
– Plumbing and fire piping
– Electrical, communication and security cables
• One tall building is designed around one or more Service Cores
Tall Building and Service Core

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Some Typical Building Layouts
(a) Cross Wall Structure (b) Tube-in-Tube Structure

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A Core Wall Tall Building

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A Core Wall Tall Building

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A Hotel Building

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Residential Apartments

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• A building structure particularly that of a tall building can be said to have
at least two aims of equal importance: the technical and the aesthetic.
– The technical function is to stand upright and secured from collapse or
excessive deformation. The structure accomplishes this by withstanding loads
and transferring them, through the building components, to the ground.
– The aesthetic function, mainly in the architect’s domain, is to act as a potent
and meaningful visual vehicle that can become a convincing and recognizable
medium of architectural expression.
• Both the technical and the aesthetic functions of a building structure must
be satisfied simultaneously if the structure is to be more than just an
assemblage of answers to various technical problems.
Sky Scraper Pluralism

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Sky Scraper Pluralism
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Structural theory is universal
while
architecture varies according to time and place.
The forces that are transferred from the beam to the column are the same,
whether at the limestone Doric Aphaian temple (fifth century BC) or at Sears
Tower in Chicago (1974).

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• A building is an assemblage of various systems
– Basic Functional Systems and Architecture
– Structural Systems
– HVAC Systems
– Plumbing and Drainage Systems
– Electrical, Electronic and Communication Systems
– Fire Safety Systems
– Cladding Systems
– Security Systems
– Other specialized systems
Building Systems

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“The Team”

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“The Work”

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Responsibility Matrix
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The Responsibility
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Building Officials
Structural Designer
Architect Structural Design Codes
General Building Codes
Legal and Justice System
Public/ Users/ Occupants
Client/Owner
Law Makers
Builder/Contractor
Peer Reviewer
Geotech Consultants

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• Architects – Team Leader
• Structural Engineers
• Geotechnical Engineers
• Electrical and Electronic Engineers
• Mechanical Engineers
• Plumbing Engineers
• Construction Engineers
• Communication Engineers
• Landscape Architects
• Fire Safety Engineers
• Security Consultants
Professionals Involved

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Advanced Tools for Tall Buildings
Integrated 3D Bridge Design Software
Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design
Integrated Analysis, Design and Drafting of Building Systems
Integrated Design of Flat Slabs, Foundation Mats and Spread Footings
Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment for 3D Structures
Design of Simple and Complex Reinforced Concrete Columns
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Computer Models of various Buildings
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Innovative Systems and
Technologies
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Innovative Systems
Doha Tower, Qatar
CTBUH Best Tall Building Award 2012
KfW Westarkade, Frankfurt
CTBUH Best Tall Building Award
2011
Burj Khalifa, Dubai
CTBUH Best Tall Building Award 2010
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Innovative Systems
Linked Hybrid, Beijing
CTBUH Best Tall Building Award 2009
Shanghai World Financial Center, China
CTBUH Best Tall Building Award 2008
The Beetham Hilton Tower,
Manchester, UK
CTBUH Best Tall Building Award 2007
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The Diagrid System
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BRB-based Systems
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Prefabrication
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Slip Forming
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Top Down Construction
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Modular Construction
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30-story building built in 15 days, China

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Concrete Printing
An Innovative Construction Process
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Contour Crafting
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Innovative Solutions for
Foundations and Deep Basements
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Tall Buildings and Sustainability
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• A sustainable building is one in which the design team has struck a
balance between environmental, economic and social issues at all stages –
design, construction, operation and change of use/end of life.
• This may involve greater emphasis on different aspects at different stages
in the building’s life, for example, energy for building services and
transport of building users and occupants and associated CO2 emissions
are key to sustainable operation.
• A purist’s definition of a sustainable tall building is one which emits no
pollution to air, land and water, and can be economically occupied
throughout its design life, whilst contributing positively to the local
community.
What is a Sustainable Tall Building?
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• There are a number of environmental assessment processes, design tools
and key performance indicators for sustainability, although none of them
are specifically intended for high-rise construction.
• These include:
– The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM)
– The Civil Engineering Environmental Quality and Assessment Award
(CEEQUAL)
– ARUP’s Sustainable Project Appraisal Routine (SPeAR)
– The DTI’s Movement for Innovation (M4i) indicators
– DETR’s (now DEFRA) “Quality of Life Counts” indicators
Measuring the Sustainability of Tall Buildings
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• Energy Demand
• Energy Sources
• Operational and Embodied Energy
• Waste
– Reduction
– Re-use
– Recycling
• Transport
• Social and Ethical Issues
– Sustainable Communities
– Health and Well-being
Prudent Use of Natural Resources
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• Natural elements are being harnessed to improve the sustainability of new
buildings
– Free heating
– Free cooling
– Day-lighting
– Borehole cooling
– Rainwater collection
– Solar power
– Wind power
Towards Sustainable Construction of
Tall Buildings
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• Land take
• Building form and use
– Design for flexible use
• Tall building structures
– Floor plate impact
– Structural stability and efficiency
– Foundations
• Embodied energy of materials and environmental impact of buildings
– Environmental profile of materials
– Construction industry research and implementation
• Construction of tall buildings compared to other forms
High Rise Structures and Use of Materials
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• Building services and design issues
• Energy use in buildings
– Electricity consumption in offices
– Telecommunications
• The use of air-conditioning
• Heating loads in offices
• Electric lighting and daylight
– Diffuse daylight
– Direct sunlight
• Fire safety engineering
• Vertical transportation in tall buildings
• Water and waste water
Services in Tall Buildings
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• Construction
– Orientation on plan: daylight and passive solar gain
– Building shape and the effects of wind
– Floor plate depth and ceiling height
– Floor slab thickness and thermal mass
– Facade Engineering
• Core Design
• Operation
– Combined Heat and Power
• Photovoltaics for Buildings
– PV Potential
– Cost implications of PV
– Architectural design with PV
• Fuel Cells for Buildings
• Water conservation
– Practical Considerations for Tall Buildings
Construction and Operation
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99. Dr. Naveed Anwar
Executive Director, AIT Consulting
Affiliated Faculty, Structural Engineering
Director, ACECOMS
Thank You