2. Recovery & Recycling
The Recovery & Recycling model makes production and
consumption systems in which everything that used to be
considered waste is revived for other uses.
4. In 2012, according to FAO, almost 160 million tons of fish were
produced. In general, at least 25–30% of the total fish or seafood weight
is considered a waste (About 40 million tons ).
On the other hand, fisheries wastes and by-products contain valuable
compounds such as peptides, proteins, natural pigments, collagen, fatty
acids, chitin, chitosan and calcium, which could be
recovered and reutilized in different applications.
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5. Fish waste
Chitin and its derivatives
Proteins
Amino acids
Oil
Bioactive peptides
Collagen and gelatin
Enzymes
Minerals
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6. Peptides from fish wastes have been employed to create new biofilms.
The latest materials can be used as edible food coating, able to enlarge the shelf-
life of food products.
Collagen extracted from fish skin has various Industrial applications in cosmetics
and medicine. For instance, it can be used as an alternative to mammalian
collagen. Gelatin extracted from fish collagen has caught the interest of the
scientific community, due to the huge number of species having very different
intrinsic characteristics. Compared with mammalian gelatins, fish Gelatins are
characterized by low gelling strength and Temperatures as well as good swelling
capacity, Which allow them to be used in capsules of controlled drug release 6
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9. Collagen drink has been gaining popularity
among women seeking for youthful skin. Even
healthcare brands such as Kordel and Brand’s
have developed collagen drink which
purportedly helps reduce wrinkles and firm up
skin.
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13. Chitin and its derivatives are known to have wide range of biological
activities including:
antioxidant effects, antimicrobial effects, and many other properties that
could be used in the food industry to improve food safety, quality, and
shelf-life. Annually, over 80, 000 tons of chitin are produced from
industrial wastes, especially from the seafood processing industry.
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14. Chitosan is the deacetylated form of chitin and is soluble in
acidic solutions. Industrial applications of such polymers include
antimicrobial agents, edible films, food supplements,
emulsifiers, thickeners, purification of water, or
chromatography.
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24. Chitin is found in the
exoskeletons of shrimp,
crabs, and other
shellfish. Chitosan
boosts good cholesterol.
Chitosan attaches to
fat in the stomach
before it metabolizes.
It traps the fat and
prevents its absorption
in the digestive tract.
It is an excellent fat
burner. 24
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31. Antioxidant activity
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as oxidative stress which is
correlated with various pathologies: cancer (Manda et al., 2009),
cardiovascular disease (Zhang et al., 2010), premature aging (Cui et
al.,2012), rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammation (Filippin et al.,
2008).
Chitin is among various compounds (vitamin C and E) that have shown
antioxidant effects (Park & Kim, 2010).
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32. The chitosan food coating film can be make by dip the fruits or vegetables in
the liquid soup made from chitosan. it also can be sprayed in dilute form on
foods creating a protective, antibacterial, fungi static and yet an edible food
coating film.
Chitosan is not digested by human body, it acts as a fibre. It can bind to lipid
in the intestine and thereby reducing by 20-30% the amount of cholesterol
absorbed by human body.
Chitosan is a natural anti-microbial compound meaning it resist infection
from microbes, molds and fungi. The chitosan food coating film will modify
the internal atmosphere to decrease the transpiration loss and to delay the
ripening of the fruits and vegetables. Therefore, it can control the decay and
extend the shelf-life of the foods.
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35. Oil and fatty acids from marine wastes are mainly used as sources of
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Linolenic (ALA, 18:3 ω-3),
eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6 ω-3)
are the main ω-3 PUFAs, whereas linoleic (L, 18:2 ω-6) and arachidonic acids
(AN, 20:4 ω6) are the main ω-6 PUFAs in fillets obtained from farm-raised
trout.
Key applications of oil with high PUFAs content include cosmetics or food
supplements. Industrial applications for recovered oil as biodiesel have also
been developed.
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37. The color of many fish and shellfish is due to the presence of
carotenoids. These pigments can be detected in the flesh (salmon,
trout, or tuna) or integument (lobster, shrimp, and crab). Natural
carotenoids can be used as pigments, supplements, or as a source of
vitamin A. One of the most abundant carotenoids, astaxanthin, is a
powerful antioxidant, with anticancer activity and a photoprotective
effect . Once the pigments Of shells have been extracted, the resulting
product Is available to be used for chitin/chitosan extraction.
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38. Calcium can be recovered from bones, frames, and crustaceous wastes,
once protein, oil, and other compounds of interest have been extracted.
Food additive is the main application for calcium recovered from fisheries
wastes, that is, to handle calcium deficiencies in diets or animal feeding.
Hydroxyapatite is another compound that can be extracted from bones; as
well as serving in bone substitute applications it has also been used, for
example, as an ion exchanger for cleaning wastewaters.
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40. Fish wastes are also a source of enzymes, which can be extracted
and then used for enzymatic assisted extraction techniques. Such
enzymes are often Used in autolysis processes. Autolysis of wastes
has been successfully applied for Hydrolysates production, whereas
the yield in terms of protein recovery was similar to those obtained
by using commercial proteases.
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42. 42
Cheese production generates waste consisting of whey and cheese residues. Whey
proteins are characterized by their exceptionally high nutritional quality,
predominantly determined by amino acid composition and physiological
functionality. They possess also unique physical functional properties such as
gelling, foaming, water binding, and emulsifying capacity, which justify its inclusion
as ingredients in the food and related industries.
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43. 43
Faster digesting protein is desirable immediately before and after exercise to help
refuel recovering muscles, but slow digestion and absorption may be more
beneficial at other times including bedtime when your body typically goes for hours
without food. Casein products are acid sensitive and thicken in the stomach.
Compared to some other proteins, it can take longer for our Gold Standard 100%
Casein to be broken down into its amino acid subcomponents. By using only
premium micellar casein as a protein source, we've created a formula that sets the
standard for slow digesting protein support.
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44. The dairy industry is considered as one of the largest processing industries in the
food sector, and consequently is one of the largest generators of food waste and other
industrial effluents.
The first processing operation in the dairy industry (centrifugation of fresh milk)
generates a certain amount of sludge (275 g of sediment/t of centrifuged fresh milk),
which can be utilized in the animal feed industry due to its high nutritional value.
Dairy sludge could be mixed with other organic residues and bulking agents to improve
the structure and nutrient content, and used prior to the production of vermicompost.
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45. Cheese production generates waste consisting of whey and cheese
residues.
Waste streams from dairy processing contain high amounts of organic
matter composed of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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48. •WHAT DOES EGGSHELL MEMBRANE CONTAIN?
Eggshell membrane is a natural source of
chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, collagens and
glycosaminoglycans. These components in eggshell
membrane work synergistically to support your
joints’ comfort, flexibility and mobility.
•NEM EGGSHELL MEMBRANE: Healthy Origins
exclusively uses NEM Eggshell Membrane (ESM
technologies) for their raw material source. NEM is
produced by steam separation without the use of
chemicals, and has been thoroughly tested for its
safety, purity and efficacy. 48
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52. Safe Dynarex Mylar emergency response blanket
provides warmth by reflecting 90% of the body's heat
and is for use in emergency and survival situations.
The metallized BoPET (biaxially-oriented
polyethylene terephthalate) material is waterproof
and windproof, and it reduces heat loss through
convection, evaporation, and thermal radiation. Each
blanket is individually wrapped and compact with a
weight of 0.10 oz. to fit in a pocket. Emergency
response blankets (also called thermal or space
blankets) help keep people warm by reducing heat
loss through thermal radiation, evaporation, and
convection. They are made from a thin sheet of
plastic, often PET (polyethylene terephthalate),
coated with a metallic reflecting agent. The airtight
metallic reflecting agent reduces convection and
evaporation of perspiration.
The reflective surface also reduces heat loss by
reflecting up to 97% of radiated heat. 52
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57. These tomatoes are
growing in a greenhouse
heated using waste steam
from a nearby chemical
plant making ammonia.
Waste carbon dioxide from
the plant is also used by
injecting it into the
greenhouse atmosphere to
promote growth of the
fruit.
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58. This plant in Iceland is
capable of producing 1300
tonnes of methanol a year
from waste carbon dioxide
from geothermal sources. Its
capacity will shortly increase
to 4000 tonnes a year and the
next generation will increase
that tenfold. The technology
is such that plants could be
built adjacent to other
industrial emission sources
such as in the manufacture of
cement and steel.
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