The continuity of the situation currently experienced by Brazil is therefore unsustainable paving the way for a catastrophic time in the country. There is only one way to avoid the political and social upheaval in Brazil that would be the dismissal or the joint resignation of Dilma Rousseff and Michel Temer and the formation of a provisional government composed of respected public figures who have the mandate to convene a new constituent assembly to reorganize the national life, seek the country's consensus in addressing the economic and social crisis, prevent the escalation of violence in Brazil and carry new general elections in the country. This would be the way to avoid a fratricidal struggle or a civil war in Brazil.

1. 1
BRAZIL TOWARDS THE INEVITABLE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
CONFRONTATION?
Fernando Alcoforado *
Considering the due proportions, it is very great similarity between the current Brazil
and Germany of the Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1933 with regard to the gravity of
the economic, political and social crisis. It should be noted that the Weimar Republic,
celebrated in the city of Weimar in 1919, was the period of German history between the
end of the 1st World War and the rise of the Nazi party to power. The historical events
of this period resulted from the reaction of sectors of German society to defeat in the 1st
World War and influenced the outbreak of the 2nd World War. The existence of the
Weimar Republic can be divided into three phases: 1) a phase of political and economic
instability, between 1919 and 1923; 2) a phase of recovery and stabilization between
1923 and 1929; and 3) a new phase of devastating crisis, resulting from the crash of the
New York Stock Exchange in 1929 which led to the rise of Nazism, between 1929 and
1933.
In the first phase, replacing the Kaiser Wilhelm II, who resigned after the German
defeat in 1st World War, rises to power Friedrich Ebert, from the Social Democratic
Party, whose first major task was to prevent that Germany will not fragment amid
several local uprisings. In Germany, there are between the people feelings of outrage,
dismay, despair and disillusionment caused by unreasonable compensation demands
made by the victorious countries in the 1st World War and the subsequent economic
crisis, social and political resulting there from. The country has lost all its overseas
empire in Africa, Asia and Oceania, parts of its own territory and was unable to
reconstruct its armed forces. Moreover, had lost important economic resources, such as
the mines of the Ruhr and was even forced to pay war debts of an absurd amount.
To make matters worse, an unprecedented economic crisis exploded in the mid-1920s,
resulting in a hyperinflation scenario and widespread unemployment. In parallel with
this, there was the German Revolution of 1918-1919 in order to form a Socialist
Republic in Soviet mold. German soldiers and workers tried to seize power in Berlin
under the leadership of the communist Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. The
revolutionary forces were crushed and several leaders were arrested and executed,
including Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. Even at the first phase there were a
series of coup d´état attempts due to political instability.
In the second phase, from 1923, Germany experienced a period of political and
economic stability due to the approach to American capitalist groups that took the
decision to invest in Germany. The economic stability achieved improved workers'
wages, and reduced unemployment rates. However, as these investments linked the
German economy to the New York Stock Exchange, the crisis of 1929 took deep hold
of Germany. In the third phase, which began in 1929, the resulting economic debacle of
the "crack" of the New York Stock Exchange, meant that the number of unemployed in
Germany to reach 5 million workers. This has led to discredit of the Social Democrats
who ruled Germany, a fact that led the way in the 1932 elections to the rise of the Nazis.
One of the characteristics of this phase are the constant street battles between Nazis and
Communists. With the support of industrial capitalists, who opposed the communists,
the Nazis took advantage of the country's political crisis and made Hitler Chancellor of
Germany in 1933. In the same year, with the Reichstag fire being touted as the

2. 2
communist action, Hitler put into lawlessness the Communist Party and after the Social
Democratic Party. The death of President Hindenburg in 1934, contributed to the rise of
Adolf Hitler to power as only head of state and government, the Führer, starting this
way the organization of the Third Reich.
The film "Serpent's Egg" (1977), Ingmar Bergman is the best movie playback of the rise
of Nazism in Germany. The work depicts a society on the brink of economic and
political chaos and demonstrates how, under these circumstances, you can see the
contours of the rising Nazi movement. The film "The Serpent's Egg" portrayed with
great fidelity the first steps of the German society, already divided, would end in the
hands of the Nazis from 1933. In the movie "The Serpent's Egg" you could already see,
ten years before the rise of the Nazis to power, a ghost prowling Germany and assume
that in the midst of disorder, economic crisis and political vacuum, one radicalism seed
and violence was to come. Often the serpent's egg was used as a metaphor to express the
finding of an evil being prepared in incubation. In it, the serpent's egg, in its
development, one can follow the slow and inexorable evolution of the monster that was
being created, Nazism.
Considering the due proportions, it can be said that the economic crisis, political and
social facing Brazil today is very similar to what happened in Germany of the Weimar
Republic. Like Weimar Germany, Brazil is experiencing a devastating economic crisis,
is disintegrating as economic, social and political organization, it is a divided country, it
is in disarray and there is a power vacuum due to bankruptcy and demoralization of
political institutions. The failure of the Brazilian government and the general political
institutions to offer effective responses to overcome the economic, political and social
crisis in Brazilian nation is already contributing to the increase in political violence in
Brazil.
Just as the SA (Nazi militia) and communist paramilitary groups emerged and were
confronted with extreme violence in Germany during the Weimar Republic after 1st
World War, it is already happening in Brazil at the moment as to what occurred on
today (02/17/2016) at the Barra Funda Forum in São Paulo where were confronted
supporters of PT (Workers Party) and his opponents. The PT militias already exist,
called by Lula as the "army" of Stedile, MST leader, to fight against his political
enemies with the use of violence along the lines of Chavez militias that are terrorizing
Venezuela.
Brazil is already experiencing, unfortunately, anarchy described by Ralf Dahrendorf in
his book, which he wrote in 1985, called A Lei e a Ordem (Law and Order.Editora
Instituto Liberal, 1997). Ralf Dahrendorf said that anarchy is defined as a general lack
of respect for social norms that usually precede totalitarian regimes. The Brazil goes,
unfortunately, for anarchy described by Ralf Dahrendorf. The failure of the Brazilian
government and the general political institutions to offer effective responses to
overcome the economic, political and social crisis in the Brazilian nation contributes to
the disregard of social norms and the increase in political violence in Brazil. Without
solving these problems, the country will enter into political and social upheaval paving
the way for the establishment of exceptional regimes.
The continuity of the situation currently experienced by Brazil is therefore
unsustainable paving the way for a catastrophic time in the country. There is only one
way to avoid the political and social upheaval in Brazil that would be the dismissal or
the joint resignation of Dilma Rousseff and Michel Temer and the formation of a

3. 3
provisional government composed of respected public figures who have the mandate to
convene a new constituent assembly to reorganize the national life, seek the country's
consensus in addressing the economic and social crisis, prevent the escalation of
violence in Brazil and carry new general elections in the country. This would be the way
to avoid a fratricidal struggle or a civil war in Brazil.
* Fernando Alcoforado, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and
consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is
the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova
(Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado.
Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e
Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX
e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of
the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe
Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011),
Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012) and
Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2015).