Conceptualizing Development

1. CONCEPTUALIZINGCONCEPTUALIZING
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

2. CLASS OUTLINECLASS OUTLINE
 Growth And DevelopmentGrowth And Development
 Three Objectives of DevelopmentThree Objectives of Development
 Ways of defining developmentWays of defining development
 How can development be measuredHow can development be measured
 Characteristics of Highly Developed SocietiesCharacteristics of Highly Developed Societies
 3 Indicators of Social Development: Social, Cultural and3 Indicators of Social Development: Social, Cultural and
Political AspectsPolitical Aspects
 PovertyPoverty
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3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH:GROWTH:
Growth is used here in an economic sense.
Economic growth is an increase in the capacity of an
economy to produce goods and services, compared from one
period of time to another.
It can be measured in nominal or real terms, the latter of
which is adjusted for inflation. Traditionally, aggregate
economic growth is measured in terms of gross national
product (GNP) or gross domestic product (GDP), although
alternative metrics are sometimes used.
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4. Meaning of Development:Meaning of Development:
Development is not purely an economicDevelopment is not purely an economic
phenomenon but rather a multi-dimensionalphenomenon but rather a multi-dimensional
process involving reorganization andprocess involving reorganization and
reorientation of entire economic AND socialreorientation of entire economic AND social
systemsystem
Development is process of improving the qualityDevelopment is process of improving the quality
of all human lives with three equally importantof all human lives with three equally important
aspects.aspects.
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
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5. Three Objectives of Development:Three Objectives of Development:
1. Raising peoples’ living levels, i.e. incomes and1. Raising peoples’ living levels, i.e. incomes and
consumption, levels of food, medical services,consumption, levels of food, medical services,
education through relevant growth processeseducation through relevant growth processes
2. Creating conditions conducive to the growth of2. Creating conditions conducive to the growth of
peoples’peoples’ self-esteemself-esteem through the establishment ofthrough the establishment of
social, political and economic systems andsocial, political and economic systems and
institutions which promote human dignity andinstitutions which promote human dignity and
respectrespect
3. Increasing peoples’ freedom to choose by3. Increasing peoples’ freedom to choose by
enlarging the range of their choice variables, e.g.enlarging the range of their choice variables, e.g.
varieties of goods and servicesvarieties of goods and services
CONT’DCONT’D
THESE ARE:THESE ARE:
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6. WAYS OF DEFININGWAYS OF DEFINING
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
AS ECONOMIC GROWTHAS ECONOMIC GROWTH
Development is the set of processesDevelopment is the set of processes
which increase the value of a country’swhich increase the value of a country’s
economic outputeconomic output (GNP, GDP)(GNP, GDP)
Development involves “modernization”Development involves “modernization”
of both technologies and social relationsof both technologies and social relations
Human welfare will improve as aHuman welfare will improve as a
consequence of economic growthconsequence of economic growth
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7. WAYS OF DEFINING DEVELOPMENTWAYS OF DEFINING DEVELOPMENT
As meeting basic human needsAs meeting basic human needs
Development is anything which increasesDevelopment is anything which increases
the number of people who can meet athe number of people who can meet a
minimum standard of nutrition, housing,minimum standard of nutrition, housing,
health and educationhealth and education
Economic growth may or may notEconomic growth may or may not
enhance this process, and may evenenhance this process, and may even
contradict itcontradict it
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8. WAYS OF DEFININGWAYS OF DEFINING
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
As empowermentAs empowerment
Development means increasing people’sDevelopment means increasing people’s
abilities to govern their own lives and theabilities to govern their own lives and the
array of choices they can makearray of choices they can make
““Underdeveloped” countries are thoseUnderdeveloped” countries are those
where individual rights and freedomswhere individual rights and freedoms
are curtailedare curtailed
Very hard to measure and to quantifyVery hard to measure and to quantify
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9. HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT BEHOW CAN DEVELOPMENT BE
MEASURED?MEASURED?
Economic indicators:Economic indicators:
GNP or GDP per capitaGNP or GDP per capita
Gross national product (GNP) is a broad measure of a nation's totalGross national product (GNP) is a broad measure of a nation's total
economic activity. GNP is the value of all finished goods and serviceseconomic activity. GNP is the value of all finished goods and services
produced in a country in one year by its nationalsproduced in a country in one year by its nationals.
Poverty lines (e.g. dollar-a-day)Poverty lines (e.g. dollar-a-day)
Percentage of population living on less than $1.25 per day.Percentage of population living on less than $1.25 per day.
Purchasing Power ParityPurchasing Power Parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a theory which states that exchange ratesPurchasing power parity (PPP) is a theory which states that exchange rates
between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power isbetween currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is
the same in each of the two countries.the same in each of the two countries.
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10. HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT BE MEASURED?HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT BE MEASURED?
Social indicatorsSocial indicators
 Adult literacy rate, life expectancy, infantAdult literacy rate, life expectancy, infant
mortalitymortality
Basic-needs indicatorsBasic-needs indicators
 Human Development IndexHuman Development Index
 (The HDI was developed by the Pakistani(The HDI was developed by the Pakistani
economisteconomist Mahbub ul HaqMahbub ul Haq))
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic ofThe Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of
life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators,life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators,
which are used to rank countries into four tiers of humanwhich are used to rank countries into four tiers of human
developmentdevelopment
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11. CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHLY DEVELOPEDCHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHLY DEVELOPED
SOCIETIESSOCIETIES
Economic:Economic:
•High income per capitaHigh income per capita
•High income equalityHigh income equality
•Little UnemploymentLittle Unemployment
•High Saving RatioHigh Saving Ratio
Social :Social :
•Low child MortalityLow child Mortality
•High average life lengthHigh average life length
•Little malnourishmentLittle malnourishment
•High Literacy rateHigh Literacy rate
•High rate of School EnrolmentHigh rate of School Enrolment
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12. CONT’DCONT’D
Mental Welfare :Mental Welfare :
•Little Mental DistressLittle Mental Distress
•Wide opportunities for mental and intellectual enrichmentWide opportunities for mental and intellectual enrichment
Relational:Relational:
•Freedom from mental and physical violenceFreedom from mental and physical violence
•High Social SecurityHigh Social Security
•High rate of participation in social affairsHigh rate of participation in social affairs
Institutional :Institutional :
•Human rights promoting laws and rulesHuman rights promoting laws and rules
•Participation promoting political systemParticipation promoting political system
•Effective and efficient public administrationEffective and efficient public administration
•Good Health service for allGood Health service for all
•Basic Education services for allBasic Education services for all
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13. 3 INDICATORS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:3 INDICATORS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:
SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLITICALSOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL
ASPECTSASPECTS
Social Aspects:Social Aspects:
•The society is more modern and less traditional.
•The society is more democratic and less authoritarian
•The society is urbanized and the general way of life of people is
urban. Rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban migra-tions are high in a
developing society.
•Social and occupational mobility in society is unrestricted and fast
•The rate of population growth is lower
•Rates of mortality, including maternal deaths and infant mortality are
also lower.
• Literacy rates – both male and female – are high.
• Health facilities are expanded and made available to all – from top
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14. CONT’DCONT’D
Cultural Aspects:
•Attitude of people in developed societies is essentially
individualistic, materialistic and profit-oriented. Maximi-zation of
achievements is the goal of people.
•Nationalism and pluralism develop along with social devel-opment.
•The institutions and agencies of human rights grow
•Customs and traditions become weak
•Religions and the believers exist but religious practices and rites
seem to be on the wane.
•People become more rational and less superstitious
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15. CONT’DCONT’D
Political Aspects:
•Nation and nationhood develop.
•Liberty to every citizen is ensured. People enjoy freedom of speech,
choice of profession, practice of religion, etc.
•The state is secular. It does not discriminate one citizen from the
other on the basis of caste, creed, religion and region
•State seeks to guarantee equality among its citizens
•Consciousness about the human rights and civil society develops with
social development and maturity of democracy. The state and the non-
governmental organiza-tions (NGOs) become concerned about these
matters and the welfare of citizens gains paramount attention
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16. POVERTYPOVERTY
• Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community
lacks the financial resources and essentials to enjoy a minimum
standard of life and well-being that's considered acceptable in
society.
• Condition where people's basic needs for food, clothing, and
shelter are not being met
Poverty is generally of two types:
(1)Absolute poverty
(2)Relative poverty
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17. CONT’DCONT’D
Absolute povertyAbsolute poverty
This is based on a measurement of the absolute minimum a personThis is based on a measurement of the absolute minimum a person
requires forrequires for biological survivalbiological survival::
• FoodFood
• WaterWater
• sheltershelter
• ClothingClothing
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18. CONT’DCONT’D
Relative poverty:Relative poverty:
Relative poverty is when people are compared to those around them,
or to what others might reasonably be expected to afford.
It can include lack of:
• Educational opportunity
• Material possessions
• Health care
• Good quality housing
• Civil Rights
• Social opportunity
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