Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14

2. ATMOSPHERE
LAYER OF GASES ENGULFING THE
PLANET EARTH
05/31/12 2

3.  The biosphere is that layer of
earth that supports life.
 Floors of the ocean to the tops
of the highest mountains.
 All together, it is about 20
kilometres thick.
 However most organisms live in
a very narrow range.
05/31/12 3

4.  Deep below the ocean life is rare
because the pressure is too high for
most organisms.
 Few organisms live high upon the tallest
mountains, because the oxygen is too
thin and temperatures are too cold.
 Most life on the earth exists between
500 meters below the surface of the
ocean and about 6 kilometres above sea
level.
05/31/12 4

5.  Within the biosphere, organisms live
in a wide variety of environments.
 The biosphere provides all
organisms with the materials they
need to live.
 For example, we live on the
lithosphere, but breathe the air of
the atmosphere and drink the water
of the hydrosphere.
05/31/12 5

6.  Weather is the condition of the
atmosphere at a particular place and
time measured in terms of wind,
temperature, humidity, atmospheric
pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation
(rain, snow, etc.).
 At most places, weather can change
from hour-to-hour, day-to-day and
season-to-season.
05/31/12 6

7.  Climate is the average pattern of
weather in a place.
 For example:
Thar Desert has a “warm climate”
which means temperatures are
generally higher in summer, there is
limited rainfall, and humidity is
typically low.
05/31/12 7

8.  Climate has a big influence on plants
and animals in the natural environment,
on oceans, and on human activities,
such as agriculture, water supplies, and
heating and cooling.
 The effects of climate change depend
upon how much change there is?
 How fast it occurs, and how easily the
world can adapt to the new conditions.
05/31/12 8

9.  Effects of climate change on people would
change a lot from place-to-place.
 Economically developed societies, like those in
North America, Europe and Japan, could use
technology to reduce direct impacts.
 For example, they might develop new crop
varieties, construct new water systems, and
limit coastal development.
 Some northern countries, such as Canada and
Russia, might even benefit from longer
growing seasons and lower heating bills if the
climate becomes warmer.
05/31/12 9

10.  In contrast, economically less
developed societies, like those in
parts of Africa, Asia, and South
America depend much more directly
on climate, and could be hit much
harder by sudden or large changes.
 Places like coastal Bangladesh and
low-lying islands, could be flooded
by storms or rising sea level.
 Droughts in Africa might become
more serious.
05/31/12 10

11.  Developing countries have far fewer
resources for adapting to such changes.
 They may not be able to afford large
projects such as sea walls.
 Farmers may have difficulty adopting
new agricultural practices.
 The resulting social tensions could lead
to more political unrest, large-scale
migrations, and serious international
problems such as terrorism and wars.
05/31/12 11

12.  When scientists look at the past they find the
natural environment has often adapted to
climate changes that have occurred gradually
over many thousands of years.
 However, they also find instances in which
changes have occurred rapidly, brought about
by events such as sudden shifts in ocean
currents.
 These rapid changes have often caused
widespread species extinctions and the
collapse of natural ecosystems.
05/31/12 12

13.  Changes in insect pests: Climate
change can affect the number and kinds
of pests
 It can also affect them by changing the
mix of plant varieties and their nutrient
content.
 This can influence plant survival, food
chains, and the spread of disease.
 Mangrove swamps: Mangrove swamps
are important breeding grounds for
many animals that live in water.
 Increased ocean flooding may damage
these areas by changing the supply of
nutrients and the amount of salt.
05/31/12 13

14.  Abatement: To abate means to slow
or stop.
 Abatement strategies aim to reduce the
emissions of carbon dioxide and other
gases that can cause climate change.
 They include improving energy
efficiency, so that we burn less fuel,
and using sources of energy that emit
no greenhouse gases, such as solar or
nuclear power.
05/31/12 14

15.  Adaptation: Under this strategy people
find ways to live successfully with the
changed climate.
 For example, land use may change.
 Aqueducts can be built to bring water
into newly dry areas.
 Coastal populations can be protected
from rising sea level by building dikes
and sea walls, by relocating populations
inland, and by protecting fresh-water
supplies from salt-water intrusion.
05/31/12 15

16. Most Effective Actions
 Since most of our energy comes from
oil, coal and gas, actions that reduce
energy use will reduce the emissions of
carbon dioxide. For example:
 When you buy a car, choose one that
gets good mileage.
05/31/12 16

17.  Insulate and weatherise your home or
apartment.
 Carpool or drive less.
 Replace old, worn-out appliances
(e.g., refrigerators, heat pumps) with
the most efficient new models.
 If the average citizen undertakes all
of these actions, they can reduce
their carbon dioxide emissions by
about 25%.
05/31/12 17

18.  Turn off lights and appliances when not
needed.
 Plant trees.
 Recycle.
 If the average citizen undertakes all of
these actions, they can reduce their
carbon dioxide emissions by about 3%,
which equals just over half a ton of
carbon dioxide per year.
05/31/12 18

19.  Become informed and help your
family and friends to learn
about climate change.
 Actively support the government
policies that are most
appropriate.
05/31/12 19

20.  Improve energy efficiency:
 More efficient cars, appliances, and industrial
systems use less energy, which means that
less fuel is burned and less carbon dioxide is
emitted.
 Substantial energy efficiency improvements
can be obtained by replacing individual
devices.
 In the longer run, even larger savings may be
possible through structural changes, such as
being able to work closer to home or
redesigning the way houses and cities are
built.
05/31/12 20

21.  Develop and use energy sources that emit little
or no carbon dioxide:
 Hydropower, solar power and windmills, as
well as other "renewable energy" sources, emit
no carbon dioxide.
 Neither does nuclear power.
 Burning natural gas emits less carbon dioxide
than burning coal or oil.
 In the future, hydrogen, which emits no carbon
dioxide when it is burned, may become a
practical fuel.
 Ways of capturing and storing carbon dioxide
might also be developed.
05/31/12 21

22.  Improve forest and agricultural
management practices:
 Trees remove carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere and store it in
wood.
 Methane produced by some
agricultural activities, such as
raising cattle, landfills and rice
farming, can be reduced.
05/31/12 22

23.  Reduce the impacts of climate change:
 New varieties of crops can be developed
to grow in changed climates.
 Aqueducts can carry water to regions
affected by drought.
 Coastal settlements and water supplies
can be protected from rising sea level
with dikes and sea walls.
 Coastal ecosystems, especially wetlands,
are harder to protect.
05/31/12 23

24.  Government regulation: Government
can require desired behaviors (e.g., force
auto companies to build more efficient
cars).
 An advantage of regulation is that it
specifies the desired outcomes and can
force action.
 However, regulation can be inflexible
and discourage innovation.
05/31/12 24

25.  Prices and markets: Higher prices for fossil
fuels encourage people to save energy by
promoting energy efficient devices and
behavior (e.g., expensive gas prompts
companies to make and people to buy more
fuel efficient cars).
 An advantage of using prices is that they
present a constant incentive to innovate.
 However, using prices can have undesirable
side effects, such as imposing a relatively
larger burden on the poor.
05/31/12 25

26.  Information and education: People often
do not know how to improve efficiency or
reduce emissions.
 Government can provide them with the
information they need to make better choices.
 Research and development: Government
and industry can support research to
demonstrate and improve existing technology,
and to develop new technologies that use less
energy or emit no carbon dioxide.
 For example: refrigerators that use less
electricity, cheap solar water heaters, and
inexpensive solar/hydrogen technology).
05/31/12 26

27.  The atmosphere covers the entire globe
and climate affects everyone.
 If abatement strategies are to be
effective they will require international
cooperation.
 Until now, developed countries have
been the major sources of emissions.
 In the future, large developing countries,
such as China, will be an increasingly
important source of emissions.
05/31/12 27

28.  These countries argue that if the world must
reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases, the U.S., Europe, and Japan
should reduce the most.
 For years, they argue, these developed
countries have been the largest emitters and
they have already enjoyed the associated
benefits of economic development.
 While this is true, developing countries could
also help by doing more to control population
growth.
05/31/12 28

29.  Rate at which the composition of the
atmosphere is altered through human actions
has accelerated in recent decades.
 The level of CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, CFC’s, and
other greenhouse gases released by human
industrial, agricultural and forestry activities
are building up in the troposphere.
 There is strong scientific consensus that if
current trends continue, the build up of these
gases is likely to cause significant warming of
the global climate.
 Some warming may already be inevitable
because of past emissions.
05/31/12 29

30. S. Gas Pre 1996 Present Annual Rate
No. industrial of Increase (Percent)
1 CO2 275 ppm 346 ppm 1.4 ppm (0.4)
2 CH4 0.75 ppm 1.65 ppm 17 ppb (1.0)
3 CFC’s-11 0.00 400 ppt 19 ppt (5.0)
4 CFC’s-12 0.00 230 ppt 11 ppt (5.0)
5 N 2O 280 ppb 305 ppt 0.6 ppb (0.2)
6 O3 Unknown 35 ppb Unknown
05/31/12 30

31. The effects of a climate change
resulting in global warming over the
half century are likely to include:
 A rise in sea level of perhaps 30 cm
 Changes in winds
 Changes in ocean currents
05/31/12 31

32.  Melting of polar ice caps & the
frequency of storms
 Variations in the range of disease –
bearing organisms and other
impacts on public health
 Alterations in precipitation patterns
that will affect water availability
and agriculture
 Changes in wetlands, forests and
other natural ecosystems, possibly
leading to the increased extinction
of plant and animal species
05/31/12 32

33.  The carbon dioxide has received the most
attention.
 The studies indicate that the contribution of
major greenhouse gases is:
 Carbon dioxide ----------- > 50 %
 Chlorofluorocarbons ----------- > 20 %
 Methane ----------- > 16 %
 Tropospheric Ozone ----------- > 08 %
 Nitrous Oxide ----------- > 06 %
05/31/12 33

34. 1. Equatorial Zone
0 o – 10 o North – South Latitude: Diurnal
Variation in temperature is greater than
seasonal.
2. Tropical Zone
10 o – 30 o North – South: Clear Season,
rains in summer season.
3. Sub – Tropical Zone
Pole ward 30 o North – South: Rainfall very
low, temperature very high in summer.
05/31/12 34

35. 4. Transitional Zone
Around 40 o : In summer it belongs to high-
pressure zone and in winter it receives
cyclonic rains.
5. TEMPERATURE ZONES
 Warm Temperate Zone
 Typical Temperate Zone
 Cold Temperate Zone
 Arctic Climate Zone
05/31/12 35

36.  Tropical Ever Green Rain Forests
 Tropical moist and dry Deciduous
Forests (Australia, Africa)
 Sub – Tropical deserts & Semi
deserts
 (North America, Chile, Peru, Arabian
states, Indian and Iranian desert)
05/31/12 36

37.  Warm temperature wet Ever Green
Forests (East Asia, New Zealand)
 Deciduous Forests of Temperate
Zone (North America, Central
Europe, East Asia)
 Conifer Zone (North America,
Eurasia)
 Tundra Zone (Pole in Arctic
Climate Zone, tip of South
America)
05/31/12 37