Estuaries: Communities
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Estuaries as Ecosystems
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Estuaries: Communities
- 2. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Open Water Mudflats Salt Marshes Mangrove Forests Other Estuarine Communities
- 3. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Open Water Lots of suspended sediment â murky water â poor light penetration â limited primary production by phytoplankton Small estuaries â planktons are flushed in and out Large estuaries â have own estuarine species Good nurseries for fish and invertebrates Abundant food Fewer predators
- 4. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Open Water The Atlantic Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)
- 5. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Open Water yellow-eyed mullet flatfish anchovies
- 6. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Open Water Some organisms move through estuaries during migration Anadromous Fishes - migrate from the sea to spawn in fresh water. Salmon Smelt Shad
- 7. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Open Water Some organisms move through estuaries during migration Catadromous Fishes - migrate from fresh water to spawn at sea. European eelLong-fin eel
- 8. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Open Water Few spend entire lives in estuaries Killifish ( Fundulus )
- 9. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Bottoms of estuaries that are exposed at low tides Extensive in large tidal range Sand - accumulate near river mouth & tidal creeks Fine, silty â in calmer central part of mudflat Low tides expose organisms to dessication, temperature change, & predation Regular variations in salinity
- 10. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Primary producers: not usually evident EnteromorphaSea lettuce (Ulva)
- 11. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Primary producers: Diatoms forming golden-brown patches
- 12. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Primary producers: Bacteria decompose organic matter Production of HâS by some bacteria HâS is used by sulfur bacteria to produce energy
- 13. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Infauna Most dominant Burrow on sediments Feed on detritus Epifauna Live on sediment Some are sessile
- 14. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Meiofauna A.k.a interstitial animals Most are deposit feeders
- 15. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Deposit feeders â eat organic materials in sediments Suspension feeders â feed on suspended materials in water
- 16. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats
- 17. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Predators: âResource Partitioningâ
- 18. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Predators:
- 19. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mudflats Predators:
- 20. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Salt Marsh Temperate and sub-arctic regions Partially flooded at high tide Salt / tidal marshes In N. Hemisphere, more extensive on the left side
- 21. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Salt Marsh: Communities are dominated by grasses & land plants A salt marsh near Atlantic Beach, North Carolina
- 22. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Salt Marsh zonation of plants in salt marshes Zone location is related to height of tide Varies accdg. To geographical location, substrate etc. Ex. Soil Salinity
- 23. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Salt Marsh Cordgrasses â most common where it meets mudflats Soil is drained , richer oxygen, less salty May gradually invade mudflats Stabilize soils by decreased wave action California cordgrass (Spartina foliosa),
- 24. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Salt Marsh Home to decay bacteria, diatoms, green algae, & cyanobacteria. Bacteria decompose â major source of detritus Some bacteria are nitrogen fixers âenrich sediment Animals: burrowing animals in mudflats Nematodes, small crustaceans, larvae of land insects
- 25. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Salt Marsh Animals: Fiddler crabs â burrows along mudflat edge â increase oxygenation Scavengers: Sesarma Hemigrapsus
- 26. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Salt Marsh Animals: Air breathing snails that feed on detritus, algae, fungi that grow on marsh plants Coffee bean snails (Melampus) Marsh periwinkles (Littorina)
- 27. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Salt Marsh Animals: Horse Mussel Juvenile Silverside American coot
- 28. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mangrove Forest Tropical equivalent to salt marshes Mangroves â Mangals 75% of sheltered tropical shores are surrounded by mangroves Need fresh water for growth Black Mangrove leaf
- 29. Mangrove Forest ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES
- 30. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mangrove Forest mangrove forest on the southern coast of Puerto Rico.
- 31. Mangrove Forest Red Mangrove Lives right on the shore Roots branch downward along the shores of southern Florida, the Caribbean, and the gulfs of California and Mexico ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Rhizophora mangle
- 32. Mangrove Forest Black Mangrove Along the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts of the Western Hemisphere Seedlings can survive high salinity Develop pneumatophores - aerate the plant ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Avicennia germinans
- 33. Mangrove Forest White Mangrove Found only along the land ward edge of the forest Sweat glands ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Laguncularia racemosa
- 34. Mangrove Forest Animals: ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Sesarma Cardisoma mudskipper(Periophthalmus) Indo-West Pacific mangrove forests and mudflats
- 35. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mangrove Forest Animals: Sponges â provide nitrogen compounds. Protect the roots from isopods polychaetes, mud shrimps, and clams at the muddy bottom rich nurseries for many species of commercially important shrimps, spiny lobsters, and fishes
- 36. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Mangrove Forest Animals: Birds, snakes, frogs, lizards, bats & other land animals Detritus are broken down by bacteria
- 37. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Other Estuarine Communities Muddy bottoms below low tide Seagrasses: Roots help stabilize sediment Leaves shelter many organisms Source of detritus Eelgrass (Zostera) -temperate Turtle grass (Thalassia) -warm
- 38. ⢠TYPES OF ESTUARINE COMMUNITIES Other Estuarine Communities Oyster reefs: Form beds in temperate waters Provide 3-d surface for many organisms Oyster-reef community: seaweeds, sponges, tubeworms, barnacles,
- 40. Salt marshes in Southern California and in many other locations around the globe have been obliterated with reclamation. dredging of navigation channels destroys salt marshes
- 41. Mangrove forests converted to Shrimp mariculture, and causes pollution Clearing of Mangroves for urban development, roads, garbage dumps Mangrove forests once fringed around 75% of all sheltered tropical coastlines, but 35 to 50% of these mangrove forests have been destroyed.