Totalitarianism

1. NEXT
Poster from the Bolshevik
Revolution, celebrating the
Red Navy.
Revolution and Nationalism,
1900–1939
Political upheavals lead
to the formation of a
totalitarian state in
Russia, civil war in
China, and limited
self-rule in India.

2. NEXT
Revolution and Nationalism,
1900–1939
Map
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Revolutions in Russia
CASE STUDY: Totalitarianism
Imperial China Collapses
Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia
Chart
Chart

3. NEXT
Section 1
Revolutions in Russia
Long-term social unrest in Russia explodes
in revolution, and ushers in the first Communist
government.

4. NEXT
Czars Resist Change
Revolutions in Russia
End to Reform
• In 1881, Alexander III becomes czar, ends reforms
• Institutes autocratic rule, suppressing all opposition,
dissent
SECTION
1
Czars Continue Autocratic Rule
• Government censors written criticism; secret police
monitor schools
• Non-Russians living in Russia are treated harshly
• Jews become target of government-backed
pogroms (mob violence)
• In 1894, Nicholas II becomes czar, continues
autocratic ways

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Russia Industrializes
SECTION
1
Rapid Industrialization
• Number of factories doubles between 1863 and
1900; Russia still lags
• In late 1800s, new plan boosts steel production;
major railway begins
The Revolutionary Movement Grows
• Industrialization breeds discontent over working
conditions, wages
• Growing popularity of Marxist idea that the
proletariat (workers) will rule
• Bolsheviks—Marxists who favor revolution by a
small committed group
• Lenin—Bolshevik leader—an excellent organizer,
inspiring leader
Image

6. NEXT
Crises at Home and Abroad
SECTION
1
The Russo-Japanese War
• Defeat in Russo-Japanese War of early 1900s
causes unrest in Russia
Continued . . .
Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905
• In 1905, 200,000 workers march on czar’s palace to
demand reforms
• Army fires into the crowd, killing many
• Massacre leads to widespread unrest; Nicholas
forced to make reforms
• The Duma, Russia’s first parliament, meets in 1906
• Czar unwilling to share power; dissolves Duma after
only 10 weeks

7. NEXT
World War I: The Final Blow
• Heavy losses in World War I reveal government’s
weakness
• Nicholas goes to war front; Czarina Alexandra
runs government
• Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputin—
mysterious “holy man”
• Nobles fear Rasputin’s influence, murder him
• Army losing effectiveness; people at home
hungry and unhappy
continued Crises at Home and Abroad
SECTION
1

8. NEXT
The March Revolution
SECTION
1
First Steps
• In March 1917, strikes expand; soldiers refuse to fire
on workers
The Czar Steps Down
• March Revolution—protests become uprising;
Nicholas abdicates throne
• Duma establishes provisional, or temporary,
government
• Soviets—committees of Socialist revolutionaries—
control many cities
Lenin Returns to Russia
• In April 1917, Germans aid Lenin in returning from
exile to Russia

9. NEXT
The Bolshevik Revolution
SECTION
1
The Provisional Government Topples
• In November 1917, workers take control of the
government
Bolsheviks in Power
• Lenin gives land to peasants, puts workers in control
of factories
• Bolsheviks sign treaty with Germany; Russia out of
World War I
Continued . . .

10. NEXT
SECTION
1
Civil War Rages in Russia
• Civil War between Bolsheviks’ Red Army and
loosely allied White Army
• Red Army wins three-year war that leaves 14 million
dead
Comparing World Revolutions
• Russian, French Revolutions similar—both attempt
to remake society
Interactive
continued The Bolshevik Revolution

11. NEXT
Lenin Restores Order
SECTION
1
New Economic Policy
• In March 1921, Lenin launches New Economic
Policy; has some capitalism
• NEP and peace restore economy shattered by war,
revolution
• By 1928, Russia’s farms, factories are productive
again
Political Reforms
• Lenin creates self-governing republics under
national government
• In 1922, country renamed Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (U.S.S.R.)
• Communist Party—new name taken by Bolsheviks
from writings of Marx

12. NEXT
Stalin Becomes Dictator
SECTION
1
A New Leader
• Trotsky and Stalin compete to replace Lenin when
he dies
• Joseph Stalin—cold, hard Communist Party
general secretary in 1922
• Stalin gains power from 1922 to 1927
• Lenin dies in 1924
• Stalin gains complete control in 1928; Trotsky forced
into exile
Image

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After Lenin dies, Stalin seizes power and
transforms the Soviet Union into a totalitarian
state.
Section 2
Totalitarianism
CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia

14. NEXT
A Government of Total Control
Totalitarianism
SECTION
2
CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
Totalitarianism, Centralized State Control
• Totalitarianism—government that dominates every
aspect of life
• Totalitarian leader often dynamic, persuasive
Police Terror
• Government uses police to spy on, intimidate people
Indoctrination
• Government shapes people’s minds through slanted
education
Continued . . .

15. NEXT
continued A Government of Total Control
SECTION
2
Propaganda and Censorship
• Government controls all mass media, crushes
opposing views
Religious or Ethnic Persecution
• Leaders brand religious, ethnic minorities “enemies
of the state”

16. NEXT
Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Police State
• Stalin’s police attack opponents with public force,
secret actions
• Great Purge—terror campaign against Stalin’s
perceived enemies
• By the end of 1938, Stalin in complete control; 8–
13 million dead
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
Russian Propaganda and Censorship
• Government controls newspapers, radio, movies
• Artists censored, controlled; work harnessed to
glorify the Party
Image

17. NEXT
continued Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Education and Indoctrination
• Government controls all education, from early grades
to college
• Children learn the virtues of the Communist Party
• Teachers, students who challenge the Party are
punished
SECTION
2
Religious Persecution
• Government attacks Russian Orthodox Church
• Magnificent churches, synagogues destroyed;
religious leaders killed
• People lose all personal rights, freedoms

18. NEXT
New Economic System
• Command economy—government makes all
economic decisions
Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy
An Industrial Revolution
• Five-Year Plans—Stalin’s plans for developing the
economy
• Result: large growth in industrial power; shortage of
consumer goods
An Agricultural Revolution
• In 1928, government creates collective farms—
large, owned by state
• Peasants resist this change; 5–10 million die in
crackdown
• By 1938, agricultural production rising
Chart
SECTION
2

19. NEXT
Gains at Great Cost
• People better educated, gain new skills
• Limited personal freedoms; few consumer goods
Daily Life Under Stalin
Women Gain Rights
• Communists say women are equal to men
• Women forced to join labor force; state provides
child care
• Many women receive advanced educations,
become professionals
• Women suffer from demands of work, family
SECTION
2

20. NEXT
Powerful Ruler
• By mid-1930s, Stalin has transformed Soviet Union
- totalitarian regime; industrial, political power
• Stalin controls all aspects of Soviet life:
- unopposed as dictator, Communist Party leader
- rules by terror instead of constitutional government
- demands conformity, obedience
Total Control Achieved
Image
SECTION
2

21. Chapter 31
Years of Crisis

22. NEXT
Unemployed men in a Chicago soup
kitchen during the Great Depression
(1930).
Years of Crisis,
1919–1939
Societies undergo
political, economic, and
social changes that lead
to renewed aggression.

23. Section 3
Fascism Rises in Europe
In response to political turmoil and economic
crises, Italy and Germany turn to totalitarian
dictators.
NEXT

24. NEXT
Fascism’s Rise in Italy
New Political Movement
• Fascism is new, militant political movement
• Emphasizes nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian
leader
SECTION
3 Fascism Rises in Europe
Il Duce’s Leadership
• Mussolini takes firm control of politics and economy
in Italy
Mussolini Takes Control
• Italians want a leader who will take action
• Fascist Party leader, Benito Mussolini, promises to
rescue Italy
• Italian king puts Mussolini in charge of government

25. NEXT
Hitler Rises to Power in Germany
A New Power
• Adolf Hitler—obscure political figure in 1920s
Germany
The Rise of the Nazis
• Nazism—German brand of fascism
• Hitler becomes Nazi leader, plots to seize national
power
• Mein Kampf—Hitler‘s book detailing beliefs, goals
• Hitler believes that Germany needs lebensraum, or
living space
• Germans turn to Hitler when economy collapses
SECTION
3

26. NEXT
Hitler Becomes Chancellor
Hitler’s New Power
• Hitler is named chancellor
• Turns Germany into totalitarian state
• Uses brutal tactics to eliminate enemies
• Nazis take command of economy
Hitler Makes War on the Jews
• Nazis deprive Jews of rights, promote violence
against them
SECTION
3
Image
The Führer Is Supreme
• Hitler takes control over every aspect of German
life
Image

27. NEXT
Other Countries Fall to Dictators
World Is Divided
• Most of eastern Europe falls to dictators
• Only Czechoslovakia retains democratic
government
• World splits into two camps—democratic and
totalitarian
SECTION
3

28. NEXT
Section 4
Aggressors Invade Nations
As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer
other countries, the rest of the world does
nothing to stop them.

29. NEXT
Militarists Take Control of Japan
• Military leaders take control of country
• Want to solve economic problems through foreign
expansion
Japan Seeks an Empire
SECTION
4 Aggressors Invade Nations
Japan Invades China
• In 1937, Japan launches war on China
Japan Invades Manchuria
• Japan has investments in Manchuria, Chinese
province
• In 1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria
• League of Nations protests action; Japan
withdraws from League
Map

30. NEXT
Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia
• In 1935, Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
• League of Nations does not stop aggression
European Aggressors on the March
SECTION
4
Continued . . .
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
• In 1935, Hitler begins rebuilding German army
• In 1936, Germany occupies Rhineland
• Britain urges appeasement, a policy of giving in
to aggression
• Germany, Italy, and Japan—the Axis Powers—
form an alliance

31. NEXT
Civil War Erupts in Spain
• In 1931, a republic is declared in Spain
• In 1936, General Francisco Franco leads
rebellion
• Hitler and Mussolini help Franco and his Fascists
• In 1939, Franco wins Spanish Civil War
• Franco becomes Spain’s Fascist dictator
SECTION
4
continued European Aggressors on the March

32. NEXT
United States Follows an Isolationist Policy
• Isolationism—avoidance of political ties with
other countries
• In 1935, Congress passes Neutrality Acts
Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace
SECTION
4
Continued . . .
The German Reich Expands
• Hitler plans to expand Third Reich—German
Empire
• In 1938, Hitler annexes Austria
• Hitler demands the Sudetenland from
Czechoslovakia
• Czechs refuse, ask France for help
Image

33. NEXT
Britain and France Again Choose
Appeasement
• Leaders meet at Munich Conference to settle
Czech crisis
• Britain and France agree to let Hitler take
Sudetenland
• But in 1939, Hitler still takes rest of
Czechoslovakia
• Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of
Poland
SECTION
4
continued Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace
Nazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact
• In 1939, Stalin and Hitler pledge never to attack
one another
Image

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