1. The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

2. Functions of the Nervous SystemFunctions of the Nervous System
1.1. Control center for all body activitiesControl center for all body activities
2.2. Responds and adapts to changes that occurResponds and adapts to changes that occur
both inside and outside the bodyboth inside and outside the body
(Ex: pain, temperature, pregnancy)(Ex: pain, temperature, pregnancy)

3. Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
NeuronsNeurons : microscopic: microscopic
nerve cells that makenerve cells that make
up the brain, spinalup the brain, spinal
cord, and nervescord, and nerves
- 30,000 neurons can fit- 30,000 neurons can fit
on a pinheadon a pinhead

4. Anatomy of a NeuronAnatomy of a Neuron
Each neuron contains:Each neuron contains:
-- Cell bodyCell body withwith
nucleusnucleus
-- DendritesDendrites : fibers that: fibers that
receive messages fromreceive messages from
other neuronsother neurons
-- AxonsAxons : fibers that: fibers that
send messages to othersend messages to other
neuronsneurons

5. • Neurons do NOT touch;Neurons do NOT touch;
there is a gap betweenthere is a gap between
them called athem called a synapsesynapse
• Messages are sentMessages are sent
across the synapses byacross the synapses by
special chemicals calledspecial chemicals called
neurotransmittersneurotransmitters

6. Communication BetweenCommunication Between
NeuronsNeurons
- The use ofThe use of
neurotransmittersneurotransmitters
causes an electricalcauses an electrical
currentcurrent
There is enoughThere is enough
electrical current in theelectrical current in the
brain to power abrain to power a
flashlightflashlight

7. Brain TeaserBrain Teaser
If you were running a race, and you passedIf you were running a race, and you passed
the person in 2the person in 2ndnd
place, what place wouldplace, what place would
you be in now?you be in now?
SecondSecond

8. Two Major DivisionsTwo Major Divisions
of the Nervous Systemof the Nervous System

9. Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
BrainBrain : a mass of 100: a mass of 100
billion neurons locatedbillion neurons located
inside the skullinside the skull
-Learning occurs as more-Learning occurs as more
and strongerand stronger
connections are madeconnections are made
between neuronsbetween neurons

10. Anatomy of the BrainAnatomy of the Brain
CerebrumCerebrum : largest part of: largest part of
human brainhuman brain
- Responsible for:- Responsible for:
- Thought- Thought
- Language- Language
- Senses- Senses
- Memory- Memory
- Voluntary movement- Voluntary movement

11. Retrieval of a MemoryRetrieval of a Memory
A memory is not aA memory is not a
snapshot stored in thesnapshot stored in the
brain – it must be putbrain – it must be put
together fromtogether from
information stored ininformation stored in
various parts of thevarious parts of the
brainbrain

12. Anatomy of the BrainAnatomy of the Brain
Cerebellum : at base of
brain
-Responsible for:
- Muscle coordination
- Balance
- Posture

13. Anatomy of the BrainAnatomy of the Brain
Brain StemBrain Stem : connects: connects
brain to spinal cordbrain to spinal cord
-Responsible for:-Responsible for:
- Breathing- Breathing
- Swallowing- Swallowing
- Heartbeat- Heartbeat
- Blood pressure- Blood pressure

14. Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
Spinal CordSpinal Cord : Column of: Column of
nerves from brain tonerves from brain to
tailbone – protected bytailbone – protected by
vertebrae of spinevertebrae of spine
- Responsible for:Responsible for:
- Conducting- Conducting
impulses between theimpulses between the
brain and the rest ofbrain and the rest of
the bodythe body
*Impulses may travel as*Impulses may travel as
fast at 268 miles/hrfast at 268 miles/hr

15. Brain TeaserBrain Teaser
A H I M N O T U V W
Which of the letters above does not belong
with the rest?
N It is not a mirror-image of itself

16. Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
NervesNerves : visible bundles: visible bundles
of axons and dendritesof axons and dendrites
that entend from thethat entend from the
brain and spinal cord tobrain and spinal cord to
all other parts of theall other parts of the
bodybody

17. -Responsibilities:-Responsibilities:
-- Sensory nervesSensory nerves --
carry messages fromcarry messages from
body to brain (pain,body to brain (pain,
pressure, temperature)pressure, temperature)
-- Motor nervesMotor nerves – carry– carry
messages from brainmessages from brain
to body to respondto body to respond

18. Brain TeaserBrain Teaser
There is a town where 5% of all the peopleThere is a town where 5% of all the people
living there have unlisted phone numbers.living there have unlisted phone numbers.
If you selected 100 names at random fromIf you selected 100 names at random from
the town’s phone directory, on average,the town’s phone directory, on average,
how many of these people would havehow many of these people would have
unlisted phone numbers?unlisted phone numbers?
0 They would not be in the phone book if0 They would not be in the phone book if
their number was unlistedtheir number was unlisted

19. Problems of the Nervous SystemProblems of the Nervous System
ConcussionConcussion
A temporary disturbanceA temporary disturbance
of the brain’s ability toof the brain’s ability to
function due to a hardfunction due to a hard
blow to the headblow to the head

20. ParalysisParalysis
A loss of sensation andA loss of sensation and
movement of part ofmovement of part of
the body due to anthe body due to an
injury of the spinalinjury of the spinal
cord or braincord or brain

21. Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease
The brain does not produce enough of theThe brain does not produce enough of the
neurotransmitter that transmits messages from theneurotransmitter that transmits messages from the
brain to the musclesbrain to the muscles
Symptoms: tremors, rigid muscles, shuffling walk,Symptoms: tremors, rigid muscles, shuffling walk,
and loss of facial expressionand loss of facial expression
Red areas showRed areas show
where chemicalwhere chemical
is storedis stored

22. Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease
A gradual shrinking of the neurons in the cerebrumA gradual shrinking of the neurons in the cerebrum
Symptoms: memory loss, emotional disturbances,Symptoms: memory loss, emotional disturbances,
inability to function on own, deathinability to function on own, death

23. EpilepsyEpilepsy
Abnormal transmission of messages between theAbnormal transmission of messages between the
neurons in the brainneurons in the brain
Symptoms: seizuresSymptoms: seizures

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Schizophrenia
• Definition
• By Mayo Clinic staff
• Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people
interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some
combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking
and behavior.
• Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia isn't split
personality or multiple personality. The word "schizophrenia" does
mean "split mind," but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance
of emotions and thinking.
• Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
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Depression• By Mayo Clinic Staff
• Depression is a medical illness that causes a persistent feeling of
sadness and loss of interest. Depression can cause physical
symptoms, too.
Also called major depression, major depressive disorder and clinical
depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave. Depression
can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You
may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and
depression may make you feel as if life isn't worth living.
More than just a bout of the blues, depression isn't a weakness, nor is
it something that you can simply "snap out" of. Depression is a
chronic illness that usually requires long-term treatment, like
diabetes or high blood pressure.
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