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Faculty of Engineering

ENG1040
Engineering Dynamics
Revision of concepts
Dynamics
Dr Lau Ee Von – Sunway

Lecture 3

ENG1040 – Engineering Dynamics
Outline
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• Statics vs Dynamics
• Kinetics
• Kinematics
Mechanics Roadmap
Thus the study of
FORCES

Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Stationary

Moving

Statics

Dynamics

Kinematics

Kinetics

Our main interest
is in this area.
Statics
Lecture Outline

The study of bodies at rest  stresses, loads, etc.
Burj Khalifa:
828m tall

Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Millennium Bridge
World’s lowest-profile suspension bridge
Statics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

The study of bodies at rest  stresses, loads, etc.
Burj Khalifa:
828m tall
Dynamics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• Statics: Analysis of a body at rest
• E.g., dams, buildings, etc.

• Dynamics  If the body is moving:
• Provided motion not approaching speed of light,
we can rely on Newtonian mechanics (Sir Isaac
Newton)
• This study named “DYNAMICS”, and comprises
sub-classes
• Kinematics
• Kinetics
Kinematics & Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• Kinetics:
• Deals with forces causing the motion

• Kinematics:
• Deals with geometry of motion (s, v, a, t)
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

In this unit, we will use Newton’s Laws as a
model governing the motion of mechanical
devices.
He deduced three laws of motion.

The First Law
A particle originally at rest,
or moving in a straight line
with a constant velocity, will
remain in this state provided
the particle is not subjected
to an unbalanced force.
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

In this unit, we will use Newton’s Laws as a
model governing the motion of mechanical
devices.
He deduced three laws of motion.
The Third Law
The mutual forces of
action and reaction
between two
particles are equal,
opposite and
collinear.
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

In this unit, we will use Newton’s Laws as a
model governing the motion of mechanical
devices.
He deduced three laws of motion.
The Second Law
A particle acted upon by an
unbalanced force F
experiences an acceleration
a that has the same direction
as the force and a magnitude
that is directly proportional to
the force.
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Isaac Newton proposed the following to model
objects moving in a straight line (the 2nd law):

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

F

m a

An important feature of
this equation, is that we
must know either all the
forces acting on, or the
acceleration of, the mass
m to be able to solve our
problem.
11
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Often we know two terms of this equation, and
need to calculate the third.

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

F

m a

Example:
A crate, of mass 80kg is
being hoisted with a
force of 90kN. What is its
acceleration?
12
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Example:
This crate, of mass 80kg
is being hoisted upward
with a force of 90kN.
What is its acceleration?
First step : Define a coordinate system. Which way is positive?

13
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Example:
This crate, of mass 80kg
is being hoisted upward
with a force of 90kN.
What is its acceleration?
Second step : Draw a free body diagram. Do we know all the
forces acting on the crate?

14
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Example:
This crate, of mass 80kg
is being hoisted upward
with a force of 90kN.
What is its acceleration?
Third step : Substitute our known forces into the general
equation – we don’t change the RHS of the equation...

F

m a
15
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Example:
This crate, of mass 80kg
is being hoisted upward
with a force of 90kN.
What is its acceleration?
Final step : Solve our equation for the unknown (acceleration)...

a

?

a = 1115.19 m/s2

What does the sign of a mean?
16
Kinetics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Often, we have several forces acting on a body.
They may be pulling the body in different
directions.

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• In this case, we write out the components of the
force in i,j,k format.

Fx

max

Fy

ma y

Fz

maz
17
Kinetics Example
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Example 2
A 50 kg crate rests on a horizontal plane with coefficient
of kinetic friction μk = 0.3.
From rest, the crate is subjected to a 400 N towing force.
What is the acceleration of the crate along the ground?
Kinetics Example
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Example 2
Analysis Procedure
• Establish a coordinate system

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Consider a Cartesian coordinate system in the plane of
the tow rope, the weight, and friction forces, etc.

y

x
Kinetics Example
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Example 2
Analysis Procedure
2. Draw Free Body Diagram
Kinetics Example
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Example 2
Analysis Procedure
3. Establish known & unknown quantities
We know the weight and towing force
We need to work out the normal reaction of the floor on
the crate. This will reveal the friction, which then allows
us to uncover any force imbalances
Kinetics Example
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Example 2
Analysis Procedure
4. Apply Equation(s) of Motion in each direction

Fx
Fy

max ;
ma y ;

Solving gives…

NC

290.5N

a 5.19m / s 2
Which is our answer...
Kinetics – a brief summary
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• There are many examples where Newton’s laws
are used to solve engineering problems...

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• But remember they are only a
model. They can’t be used for
all situations...

23
Kinetics Example
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Notice with both examples we have followed
the same steps.

In both cases we needed to know the
acceleration...
Kinematics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• Notice that Newton’s Second Law only provides
information about the mass, force and
acceleration.

F

m a

Often we want to
know the exact
position and velocity
of an object as well.
Enter kinematics...
25
Kinematics
Lecture Outline

by definition:

Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

by rearranging:

26
Kinematics
Lecture Outline

• Therefore finding the velocity or displacement
requires integration...

Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• If we have an equation for the velocity (or
displacement), we can find the derivative to find
the acceleration...
• Notice that kinematics does not require us to
know what the forces are, only what the motion
is.
27
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Example 4

Statics Review

A car moves in a straight line. For a short time its velocity
is defined by v = (0.9t2 + 0.6t) m/s (t in seconds).

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Determine its position and acceleration when t = 3 s.
When t = 0, s = 0.
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline

• Example 4

Topic Context

Solution:

Statics Review

Coordinate System:
Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

The position coordinate extends from the fixed origin O
to the car, positive to the right.

Position:
Since v = f(t), the car’s position can be determined
from v = ds/dt, since this equation relates v, s and t.
Noting that s = 0 when t = 0, we have

v

ds
dt

0.9t 2 0.6t
Rearrange…
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline

• Example 4

Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

s
0

t

ds

0

s

s

0.3t

0.9t
3

2

0.6t dt

0.3t

0

s

2

t
0

0.3t

3

0.3t

2

When t = 3 s,
s = 10.8 m
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline
Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• Example 4
Acceleration:
Since v = f(t), the car’s position can be determined
from a = dv/dt, since this equation relates v, s and t.

v
a

0.9t 2 0.6t
dv
1.8t 0.6
dt

When t = 3 s,
a = 6m/s2
Kinematics
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Occasionally we are lucky, and we can assume
constant acceleration...

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• In this case, the integral equations simplify to:

s

1 2
at
2

v

at

v

2

v

2
0

v0 t

v0
2as
32
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline

• Example 5

Topic Context

A rocket travel upward at 75m/s.

Statics Review

When at altitude of 40 m, the engine
fails.

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Determine:
• Max. height sB reached by the rocket,

• Speed just before it hits the ground.
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Example 5
Solution:

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Coordinate System:
• Origin O for the position coordinate at ground
level with positive upward.
Maximum Height:
• Rocket traveling upward, vA = +75m/s when t = 0.
• s = sB when vB = 0 at max height.
• For entire motion, acceleration aC = -9.81m/s2 (negative
since it act opposite sense to positive velocity or positive
displacement)
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Example 5
Maximum Height:

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Use

v

at v0

s

1 2
at
2

v

v2

v0 t

u 2 2as

2

u

2

2as

75 m/s
2
vB

0

2
vA

40 m

2aC ( s B

sA )

-9.81 m/s2

Solve for sB = 326.697…  327 m
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline

• Example 5

Topic Context

A rocket travel upward at 75m/s.

Statics Review

When at altitude of 40 m, the engine
fails.

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Determine:
• Max. height sB reached by the rocket,

• Speed just before it hits the ground.
Kinematics Examples
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Example 5
Speed before impact:

Statics Review

0

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

Use

v
s

v

v2

v0 t

v

2
B

2aC ( sC

sB = 327 m

sB )

-9.81 m/s2

at v0
1 2
at
2

2
C

0

2
vC

6415 .74

u 2 2as

vC

80 .1 m/s down

The negative root was
chosen since the rocket
is moving downward
Constant acceleration problems
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• To recap, kinetics and kinematics are interrelated:

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• If acceleration is constant,

38
Constant acceleration problems
Lecture Outline
Topic Context

• Remember that constant acceleration implies a
constant force (and vice versa)...

Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

F

m a

• If a problem specifies a constant force, you can
use the constant acceleration equations.

39
Kinetics/Kinematics problems...
Lecture Outline

Analysis procedure

Topic Context
Statics Review

1. Establish a coordinate system

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

2. Draw Free Body Diagram(s)
•

Graphical representation of all forces acting on
the system.

3. Establish known & unknown quantities
4. Apply Equation(s) of Motion in each direction
5. Evaluate kinematics to solve problem
Conclusions
Lecture Outline

• Statics – Deals with things which are stationary.

Topic Context
Statics Review

Dynamics:
Kinematics &
Kinetics

• Dynamics – Deals with things which move.
• Kinematics – Describes the motion of a body
• Kinetics – Describes the forces acting on a body

• Following the procedure discussed on the
previous slide, you should be able to tackle a
range of problems...

41

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ENG1040 Lec03

  • 1. Faculty of Engineering ENG1040 Engineering Dynamics Revision of concepts Dynamics Dr Lau Ee Von – Sunway Lecture 3 ENG1040 – Engineering Dynamics
  • 2. Outline Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • Statics vs Dynamics • Kinetics • Kinematics
  • 3. Mechanics Roadmap Thus the study of FORCES Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Stationary Moving Statics Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Our main interest is in this area.
  • 4. Statics Lecture Outline The study of bodies at rest  stresses, loads, etc. Burj Khalifa: 828m tall Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Millennium Bridge World’s lowest-profile suspension bridge
  • 5. Statics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics The study of bodies at rest  stresses, loads, etc. Burj Khalifa: 828m tall
  • 6. Dynamics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • Statics: Analysis of a body at rest • E.g., dams, buildings, etc. • Dynamics  If the body is moving: • Provided motion not approaching speed of light, we can rely on Newtonian mechanics (Sir Isaac Newton) • This study named “DYNAMICS”, and comprises sub-classes • Kinematics • Kinetics
  • 7. Kinematics & Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • Kinetics: • Deals with forces causing the motion • Kinematics: • Deals with geometry of motion (s, v, a, t)
  • 8. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics In this unit, we will use Newton’s Laws as a model governing the motion of mechanical devices. He deduced three laws of motion. The First Law A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with a constant velocity, will remain in this state provided the particle is not subjected to an unbalanced force.
  • 9. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics In this unit, we will use Newton’s Laws as a model governing the motion of mechanical devices. He deduced three laws of motion. The Third Law The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles are equal, opposite and collinear.
  • 10. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics In this unit, we will use Newton’s Laws as a model governing the motion of mechanical devices. He deduced three laws of motion. The Second Law A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force.
  • 11. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context • Isaac Newton proposed the following to model objects moving in a straight line (the 2nd law): Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics F m a An important feature of this equation, is that we must know either all the forces acting on, or the acceleration of, the mass m to be able to solve our problem. 11
  • 12. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context • Often we know two terms of this equation, and need to calculate the third. Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics F m a Example: A crate, of mass 80kg is being hoisted with a force of 90kN. What is its acceleration? 12
  • 13. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Example: This crate, of mass 80kg is being hoisted upward with a force of 90kN. What is its acceleration? First step : Define a coordinate system. Which way is positive? 13
  • 14. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Example: This crate, of mass 80kg is being hoisted upward with a force of 90kN. What is its acceleration? Second step : Draw a free body diagram. Do we know all the forces acting on the crate? 14
  • 15. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Example: This crate, of mass 80kg is being hoisted upward with a force of 90kN. What is its acceleration? Third step : Substitute our known forces into the general equation – we don’t change the RHS of the equation... F m a 15
  • 16. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Example: This crate, of mass 80kg is being hoisted upward with a force of 90kN. What is its acceleration? Final step : Solve our equation for the unknown (acceleration)... a ? a = 1115.19 m/s2 What does the sign of a mean? 16
  • 17. Kinetics Lecture Outline Topic Context • Often, we have several forces acting on a body. They may be pulling the body in different directions. Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • In this case, we write out the components of the force in i,j,k format. Fx max Fy ma y Fz maz 17
  • 18. Kinetics Example Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Example 2 A 50 kg crate rests on a horizontal plane with coefficient of kinetic friction μk = 0.3. From rest, the crate is subjected to a 400 N towing force. What is the acceleration of the crate along the ground?
  • 19. Kinetics Example Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Example 2 Analysis Procedure • Establish a coordinate system Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Consider a Cartesian coordinate system in the plane of the tow rope, the weight, and friction forces, etc. y x
  • 20. Kinetics Example Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Example 2 Analysis Procedure 2. Draw Free Body Diagram
  • 21. Kinetics Example Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Example 2 Analysis Procedure 3. Establish known & unknown quantities We know the weight and towing force We need to work out the normal reaction of the floor on the crate. This will reveal the friction, which then allows us to uncover any force imbalances
  • 22. Kinetics Example Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Example 2 Analysis Procedure 4. Apply Equation(s) of Motion in each direction Fx Fy max ; ma y ; Solving gives… NC 290.5N a 5.19m / s 2 Which is our answer...
  • 23. Kinetics – a brief summary Lecture Outline Topic Context • There are many examples where Newton’s laws are used to solve engineering problems... Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • But remember they are only a model. They can’t be used for all situations... 23
  • 24. Kinetics Example Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Notice with both examples we have followed the same steps. In both cases we needed to know the acceleration...
  • 25. Kinematics Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • Notice that Newton’s Second Law only provides information about the mass, force and acceleration. F m a Often we want to know the exact position and velocity of an object as well. Enter kinematics... 25
  • 26. Kinematics Lecture Outline by definition: Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics by rearranging: 26
  • 27. Kinematics Lecture Outline • Therefore finding the velocity or displacement requires integration... Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • If we have an equation for the velocity (or displacement), we can find the derivative to find the acceleration... • Notice that kinematics does not require us to know what the forces are, only what the motion is. 27
  • 28. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline Topic Context • Example 4 Statics Review A car moves in a straight line. For a short time its velocity is defined by v = (0.9t2 + 0.6t) m/s (t in seconds). Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Determine its position and acceleration when t = 3 s. When t = 0, s = 0.
  • 29. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline • Example 4 Topic Context Solution: Statics Review Coordinate System: Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics The position coordinate extends from the fixed origin O to the car, positive to the right. Position: Since v = f(t), the car’s position can be determined from v = ds/dt, since this equation relates v, s and t. Noting that s = 0 when t = 0, we have v ds dt 0.9t 2 0.6t Rearrange…
  • 30. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline • Example 4 Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics s 0 t ds 0 s s 0.3t 0.9t 3 2 0.6t dt 0.3t 0 s 2 t 0 0.3t 3 0.3t 2 When t = 3 s, s = 10.8 m
  • 31. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • Example 4 Acceleration: Since v = f(t), the car’s position can be determined from a = dv/dt, since this equation relates v, s and t. v a 0.9t 2 0.6t dv 1.8t 0.6 dt When t = 3 s, a = 6m/s2
  • 32. Kinematics Lecture Outline Topic Context • Occasionally we are lucky, and we can assume constant acceleration... Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • In this case, the integral equations simplify to: s 1 2 at 2 v at v 2 v 2 0 v0 t v0 2as 32
  • 33. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline • Example 5 Topic Context A rocket travel upward at 75m/s. Statics Review When at altitude of 40 m, the engine fails. Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Determine: • Max. height sB reached by the rocket, • Speed just before it hits the ground.
  • 34. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline Topic Context • Example 5 Solution: Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Coordinate System: • Origin O for the position coordinate at ground level with positive upward. Maximum Height: • Rocket traveling upward, vA = +75m/s when t = 0. • s = sB when vB = 0 at max height. • For entire motion, acceleration aC = -9.81m/s2 (negative since it act opposite sense to positive velocity or positive displacement)
  • 35. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline Topic Context • Example 5 Maximum Height: Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Use v at v0 s 1 2 at 2 v v2 v0 t u 2 2as 2 u 2 2as 75 m/s 2 vB 0 2 vA 40 m 2aC ( s B sA ) -9.81 m/s2 Solve for sB = 326.697…  327 m
  • 36. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline • Example 5 Topic Context A rocket travel upward at 75m/s. Statics Review When at altitude of 40 m, the engine fails. Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Determine: • Max. height sB reached by the rocket, • Speed just before it hits the ground.
  • 37. Kinematics Examples Lecture Outline Topic Context • Example 5 Speed before impact: Statics Review 0 Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics Use v s v v2 v0 t v 2 B 2aC ( sC sB = 327 m sB ) -9.81 m/s2 at v0 1 2 at 2 2 C 0 2 vC 6415 .74 u 2 2as vC 80 .1 m/s down The negative root was chosen since the rocket is moving downward
  • 38. Constant acceleration problems Lecture Outline Topic Context • To recap, kinetics and kinematics are interrelated: Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • If acceleration is constant, 38
  • 39. Constant acceleration problems Lecture Outline Topic Context • Remember that constant acceleration implies a constant force (and vice versa)... Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics F m a • If a problem specifies a constant force, you can use the constant acceleration equations. 39
  • 40. Kinetics/Kinematics problems... Lecture Outline Analysis procedure Topic Context Statics Review 1. Establish a coordinate system Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics 2. Draw Free Body Diagram(s) • Graphical representation of all forces acting on the system. 3. Establish known & unknown quantities 4. Apply Equation(s) of Motion in each direction 5. Evaluate kinematics to solve problem
  • 41. Conclusions Lecture Outline • Statics – Deals with things which are stationary. Topic Context Statics Review Dynamics: Kinematics & Kinetics • Dynamics – Deals with things which move. • Kinematics – Describes the motion of a body • Kinetics – Describes the forces acting on a body • Following the procedure discussed on the previous slide, you should be able to tackle a range of problems... 41