The document discusses research on the Mediterranean diet and its relationship to longevity. Key points include: 1) Observational studies have linked greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet - characterized by foods like whole grains, olive oil, fruits and vegetables - to lower risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer as well as overall mortality. 2) The first major study was the Seven Countries Study in the 1960s, which found those following a traditional Mediterranean diet had lower cardiovascular mortality. 3) Benefits are thought to be due to reductions in inflammation and oxidative stress from bioactive nutrients in the diet. 4) However, the Mediterranean lifestyle of social engagement and regular physical activity likely also contribute to longevity beyond the diet alone.