Mon norton tut_queryinglinkeddata02

1. Querying Linked Data Presented by: Barry Norton

2. Motivation: Music! 2 Visualiza6on Module Metadata Physical Wrapper Streaming providers Downloads Access Data acquisi6on LD Wrapper D2R Transf. Musical Content Applica6on Analysis & Mining Module LD Dataset LD Wrapper RDF/ XML Integrated Dataset Vocabulary Interlinking Cleansing Mapping SPARQL Endpoint Publishing RDFa Other content

3. Agenda 1. Introduc+on to SPARQL 2. Querying Linked Data with SPARQL 3. SPARQL Algebra 4. Upda+ng Linked Data with SPARQL 1.1 5. SPARQL Protocol 6. Reasoning over Linked Data EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 3

4. INTRODUCTION TO SPARQL EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 4

5. SPARQL Seman6c Web Stack Berners-‐Lee (2006) * Protocol and RDF Query Language EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 5 Declara6ve query language

6. SPARQL EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 6 • SPARQL Query – Declara6ve query language for RDF data – hp://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-‐sparql-‐query/ • SPARQL Algebra – Standard for communica6on between SPARQL services and clients – hp://www.w3.org/2001/sw/DataAccess/rq23/rq24-‐algebra.html • SPARQL Update – Declara6ve manipula6on language for RDF data – hp://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-‐update/ • SPARQL Protocol – Standard for communica6on between SPARQL services and clients – hp://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-‐protocol/

7. SPARQL Query 1.1 • Aggregates, Subqueries, Nega6on, Expressions in the SELECT clause, Property paths, assignment, short form for CONSTRUCT, expanded set of func6ons and operators EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 7 • SPARQL 1.0 only allows accessing the data (query) • SPARQL 1.1 introduces: Query extensions Updates • Data management: Insert, Delete, Delete/Insert • Graph management: Create, Load, Clear, Drop, Copy, Move, Add Federa6on extension • Service, values, service variables (informa6ve) CH 5

8. SPARQL Basics dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:name "The Beatles" . dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album. ?album mo:track ?track . ?album ?p ?o . EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 8 • RDF triple: Basic building block, of the form subject, predicate, object. Example: • RDF triple paNern: Contains one or more variables. Examples: • RDF quad paNern: Contains graph name: URI or variable. Examples: GRAPH <:g> {:s :p :o .} GRAPH ?g {dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:name ?o.}

9. SPARQL Basics EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 9 • RDF graph: Set of RDF asser6ons, manipulated as a labeled directed graph. • RDF data set: set of RDF triples. It is comprised of: • One default graph • Zero or more named graphs • SPARQL protocol client: HTTP client that sends requests for SPARQL Protocol opera6ons (queries or updates) • SPARQL protocol service: HTTP server that services requests for SPARQL Protocol opera6ons • SPARQL endpoint: The URI at which a SPARQL Protocol service listens for requests from SPARQL clients

10. QUERYING LINKED DATA WITH SPARQL EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 10

11. SPARQL Query EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 11 Main idea: PaNern matching • Queries describe sub-‐graphs of the queried graph • Graph paNerns are RDF graphs specified in Turtle syntax, which contain variables (prefixed by either “?” or “$”) • Sub-‐graphs that match the graph paerns yield a result dbpedia: ?album The_Beatles foaf:made

12. SPARQL Query foaf:made foaf:made dc:6tle EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 12 dbpedia: ?album The_Beatles foaf:made dbpedia: foaf:made The_Beatles <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> Data: Graph paern: Results: "Help!" "Let It Be" dc:6tle dc:6tle <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> "Abbey Road" ?album <hp://musicbrainz.org...> <hp://musicbrainz.org...> <hp://musicbrainz.org...>

13. SPARQL Query foaf:made dc:6tle ?album foaf:made dc:6tle EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 13 dbpedia: The_Beatles dbpedia: foaf:made The_Beatles <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> Data: Graph paern: Results: "Help!" "Let It Be" dc:6tle dc:6tle <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> "Abbey Road" ?album ?+tle <hp://...> "Help!" <hp://...> "Abbey Road" <hp://...> "Let It Be" ?6tle

14. SPARQL Query ?album foaf:made EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 14 dbpedia: The_Beatles dbpedia: foaf:made The_Beatles <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> <hp:// musicbrainz.org /track/...> Data: Graph paern: Results: "Help!" "Help!" dc:6tle dc:6tle mo:track a mo:Record mo:Track mo:Record ?album <hp://musicbrainz.org...>

15. SPARQL Query: Components PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT ?album FROM <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album a mo:Record ; dc:title ?title EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 15 } ORDER BY ?title Prologue: • Prefix defini6ons • Subtly different from Turtle syntax -‐ the final period is not used

16. SPARQL Query: Components PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT ?album FROM <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album a mo:Record ; dc:title ?title EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 16 } ORDER BY ?title Query form: • ASK, SELECT, DESCRIBE or CONSTRUCT • SELECT retrieves variables and their bindings as a table

17. SPARQL Query: Components PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT ?album FROM <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album a mo:Record ; dc:title ?title EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 17 } ORDER BY ?title Data set specifica+on: • This clause is op6onal • FROM or FROM NAMED • Indicates the sources for the data against which to find matches

18. SPARQL Query: Components PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT ?album FROM <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album a mo:Record ; dc:title ?title EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 18 } ORDER BY ?title Query paNern: • Defines paerns to match against the data • Generalises Turtle with variables and keywords – N.B. final period op6onal

19. SPARQL Query: Components PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT ?album FROM <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album a mo:Record ; dc:title ?title Solu+on modifier: • Modify the result set • ORDER BY, LIMIT or OFFSET re-‐organise rows; • GROUP BY combines them EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 19 } ORDER BY ?title

20. Query Forms SPARQL supports different query forms: • ASK tests whether or not a query paern has a solu6on. Returns yes/no • SELECT returns variables and their bindings EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 20 directly • CONSTRUCT returns a single RDF graph specified by a graph template • DESCRIBE returns a single RDF graph containing RDF data about resource

21. Query Form: ASK Is Paul McCartney member Results: Results: EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 21 • Namespaces are added with the ‘PREFIX’ direc6ve • Statement paerns that make up the graph are specified between brackets (“{}”) PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX dbpedia-‐ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX mo: http://purl.org/ontology/mo/ ASK WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles mo:member dbpedia:Paul_McCartney.} Query: of ‘The Beatles’? true Query: Is Elvis Presley member of ‘The Beatles’? false PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX dbpedia-‐ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX mo: http://purl.org/ontology/mo/ ASK WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles mo:member dbpedia:Elvis_Presley.}

22. Query Form: SELECT What albums and tracks did ‘The Beatles’ make? EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 22 • The solu6on modifier projec+on nominates which components of the matches should be returned • “*” means all components should be returned Query: PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT ?album_name ?track_title WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album dc:title ?album_name ; mo:track ?track . ?track dc:title ?track_title .}

23. Query Form: SELECT (2) Filter expressions • Different types of filters and func6ons may be used Filter: Comparison and logical operators PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT ?album_name ?track_title ?date ?duration WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album dc:title ?album_name ; mo:track ?track . ?track dc:title ?track_title ; mo:duration ?duration; FILTER (?duration>300000 && ?duration<400000) } EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 23 Query: Retrieve the albums and tracks recorded by ‘The Beatles’, where the duraCon of the song is more than 300 secs. and no longer than 400 secs.

24. Query Form: SELECT (3) Elimina+on of duplicates Retrieve the name of the albums recorded by ‘The Beatles’ which have at least Query: two different songs. PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT Results: EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 24 MODIFIER ?album_name WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album dc:title ?album_name . mo:track ?track1 . mo:track ?track2 . FILTER (?track1 != ?track2) } ?album “Revolver” “Sessions” “Abbey Road” ?album “Revolver” “Revolver” “Revolver” “Sessions” “Abbey Road” “Abbey Road” DISTINCT REDUCED MODIFIER= MODIFIER=

25. Query Form: SELECT (4) Aggregates • Calculate aggregate values: COUNT, SUM, MIN, MAX, AVG, GROUP_CONCAT and SAMPLE • Built around the GROUP BY operator • Prune at group level (cf. FILTER) using HAVING Retrieve the duraCon of the albums recorded PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> SELECT ?album (SUM(?track_duration) AS ?album_duration) WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album mo:track ?track . ?track mo:duration ?track_duration . } GROUP BY ?album HAVING (SUM(?track_duration) > 3600000) EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 25 Query: by ‘The Beatles’.

26. Query Form: DESCRIBE Takes the resources within the solu6on, and provides informa6on about them as RDF statements. They can be iden6fied by: • Specifying PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> DESCRIBE dbpedia:Paul_McCartney EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 26 explicit IRIs • Bindings of variables in the WHERE clause PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> DESCRIBE ?member WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles mo:member ?member .}

27. Query Form: CONSTRUCT EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 27 • CONSTRUCT WHERE: In order to query for a subgraph, without change, it is no longer necessary to repeat the graph paern in the template Example: PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> CONSTRUCT WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album mo:track ?track .}

28. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (2a) dbpedia: foaf:made foaf:made dc:6tle EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 28 foaf:made The_Beatles <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> Data: Query: Result: "Help!" "Let It Be" dc:6tle dc:6tle <hp:// musicbrainz.org /record/...> "Abbey Road" CONSTRUCT { ?album dc:creator dbpedia:The_Beatles .} WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album .} dbpedia: The_Beatles <hp:// musicbrainz …> <hp:// musicbrainz …> <hp:// musicbrainz …> dc:creator dc:creator dc:creator

29. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (2b) Create the dc:creator descripCons for albums and their tracks recorded by ‘The Beatles’. EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 29 • Returns RDF statements created from variable bindings • Template: graph paern with variables from the query paern Query: PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> CONSTRUCT { ?album dc:creator dbpedia:The_Beatles . ?track dc:creator dbpedia:The_Beatles .} WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album mo:track ?track .}

30. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (3) Create the dc:creator descripCons for the 10 most recent albums and their tracks recorded EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 30 Subsets of results • It is possible to combine the query with solu+on modifiers (ORDER BY, LIMIT, OFFSET) Query: PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> CONSTRUCT { ?album dc:creator dbpedia:The_Beatles . ?track dc:creator dbpedia:The_Beatles .} WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album mo:track ?track ; dc:date ?date . } ORDER BY DESC(?date) LIMIT 10 by ‘The Beatles’.

31. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (4) Union Graph PaNern • Allows the specifica6on of alterna6ves (disjunc6ons) Create the dc:creator descripCons for the albums recorded by ‘The Beatles’ in ‘Abbey Road Studios’ PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> CONSTRUCT { ?album dc:creator dbpedia:The_Beatles . ?track dc:creator dbpedia:The_Beatles .} WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album dc:title ?album_name . {?album dbpedia-‐ont:recordedIn dbpedia:Abbey_Road_Studios .} UNION {?album dbpedia-‐ont:recordedIn dbpedia:Trident_Studios .}} EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 31 Query: or ‘Trident Studios’

32. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (5) Filter expressions • Different types of filters and func6ons may be used Filter: Regular expressions over strings PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> CONSTRUCT {?album dc:creator dbpedia:The_Beatles .} WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album dc:title ?album_name ; FILTER (REGEX(?album_name, ".*love.*", i)) } EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 32 Query: Create the dc:creator descripCons of the albums recorded by ‘The Beatles’ whose Ctle contains the word ‘love .

33. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (6) Type of func+on Func+on Result type Func6onal Forms bound IF COALESCE NOT EXISTS, EXISTS or, and RDFTerm-‐equal (=), sameTerm IN, NOT IN xsd:boolean rdfTerm rdfTerm xsd:boolean xsd:boolean xsd:boolean boolean Func6ons on RDF Terms isIRI, isBlank, isLiteral, isNumeric str, lang, datatype IRI BNODE xsd:boolean simple literal iri iri blank node Func6ons on Numerics ABS, ROUND, CEIL, FLOOR RAND numeric xsd:double Filter expressions Source:hp://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-‐query/#SparqlOps EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 33

34. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (7) Type of func+on Func+on Result type Func6ons on Strings STRLEN SUBSTR, UCASE, LCASE STRSTARTS, STRENDS, CONTAINS STRBEFORE, STRAFTER ENCODE_FOR_URI CONCAT langMatches REGEX REPLACE xsd:integer string literal xsd:boolean literal simple literal string literal xsd:boolean xsd:boolean string literal Func6ons on Dates and Times now year, month, day, hours, minutes seconds 6mezone tz xsd:dateTime xsd:integer xsd:decimal xsd:dayTimeDura6on simple literal Filter expressions Source:hp://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-‐query/#SparqlOps EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 34

35. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (8) Op+onal Graph PaNern • OPTIONAL clause encloses the op6onal parts • If variables in the construct clause are not bound in the op6onal, the triple paerns with these variables are not generated Create the dc:creator and dc:depicts descripQuery: PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX dbpedia-‐owl: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> CONSTRUCT { ?album dc:creator ?artist . ?picture dc:depicts ?artist . } EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 35 WHERE { ?artist foaf:made ?album . OPTIONAL {?artist foaf:depiction ?picture .}} Cons of arCsts.

36. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (9) Op+onal Graph PaNern • Can test if variables are bound in filter expressions • Solu6ons that meet the OPTIONAL clause can be filtered out by using the logical filter NOT (!) PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX dbpedia-‐owl: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> CONSTRUCT { ?album dc:creator ?artist . } WHERE { ?artist foaf:made ?album . OPTIONAL {?artist dbpedia-‐owl:deathPlace ?place_of_death .} FILTER (!BOUND(?place_of_death)) EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 36 } Create the dc:creator descripCons of those arCsts who are not dead. Query: NOT EXISTS {?artist dbpedia-‐owl:deathPlace ?place_of_death .}

37. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (10) Assigning Variables • The value of an expression can be added to a solu6on mapping by binding a new variable (which can be further used and returned) • The BIND form allows to assign a value to a variable from a BGP Calculate the duraCon of the tracks from ms to s, and store the value using the dbpedia-‐ont:runCme property . PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> PREFIX dbpedia-‐ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> CONSTRUCT { ?track dbpedia-‐ont:runtime ?secs .} WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album mo:track ?track . ?track mo:duration ?duration . BIND((?duration/1000) AS ?secs) .} EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 37 Query:

38. Query Form: CONSTRUCT (11) Sub-‐queries and Aggregate Values • To combine the CONSTRUCT query form with aggregate values, a sub-‐query should be created inside the WHERE clause Materialize the duraCon of the albums recorded PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> CONSTRUCT {?album music-‐ont:duration ?album_duration .} WHERE { SELECT ?album (SUM(?track_duration) AS ?album_duration) { dbpedia:The_Beatles foaf:made ?album . ?album mo:track ?track . ?track mo:duration ?track_duration . } GROUP BY ?album HAVING (SUM(?track_duration) > 3600000)} EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 38 Query: by ‘The Beatles’.

39. UPDATING LINKED DATA WITH SPARQL 1.1 EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 39

40. Data Management SPARQL 1.1 provides data update opera6ons: • INSERT EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 40 data: adds some triples, given inline in the request, into a graph • DELETE data: removes some triples, given inline in the request, if the respec6ve graphs contains those • DELETE/INSERT data: uses in parallel INSERT and DELETE CH 1 CH 1

41. Data Management (2) Insert the following albums recorded by The Beatles into the graph http://musicbrainz.org/20130209-‐004702 EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 41 INSERT data PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> INSERT DATA { GRAPH { <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> <http://musicbrainz.org/artist/b10bbbfc-‐cf9e-‐42e0-‐be17-‐e2c3e1d2600d> foaf:made <http://musicbrainz.org/release/3a685770-‐7326-‐34fc-‐9f18-‐e5f5626f3dc5> , < http://musicbrainz.org/release/cb6f8798-‐d51e-‐4fa5-‐a4d1-‐2c0602bfe1b6 > . <http://musicbrainz.org/release/3a685770-‐7326-‐34fc-‐9f18-‐e5f5626f3dc5> dc:title "Please Please Me". < http://musicbrainz.org/release/cb6f8798-‐d51e-‐4fa5-‐a4d1-‐2c0602bfe1b6 > dc:title "Something New". } } CH 1

42. Data Management (3) DELETE data Delete all the information about the album Casualities of The Beatles. PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> DELETE { ?album ?predicate ?object . } WHERE { <http://musicbrainz.org/artist/b10bbbfc-‐cf9e-‐42e0-‐be17-‐e2c3e1d2600d> foaf:made ?album . ?album dc:title "Casualities". ?album ?predicate ?object .} CH 1 EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 42

43. Data Management (4) DELETE/INSERT data Delete the status of ‘Peter Best’ as current member of´The Beatles´, and insert his status as former member of the band. PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX db-‐ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> DELETE { dbpedia:The_Beatles db-‐ont:currentMember ?x . } INSERT { GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130209-‐004702> { dbpedia:The_Beatles db-‐ont:formerBandMember ?x .} } EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 43 WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles db-‐ont:currentMember ?x . ?x foaf:name "Peter Best" .}

44. Graph Management SPARQL 1.1 provides graph update opera6ons: • CREATE: creates an empty graph in the Graph Store EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 44 • LOAD: reads the content of a document into a graph in the Graph Store • CLEAR: removes all triples in one or more graphs • DROP: removes the graph from the Graph Store • Other opera+ons: COPY, MOVE, ADD

45. Graph Management (2) CREATE GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> LOAD <http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/20100809.rdf> LOAD <http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/20100809.rdf> INTO <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 45 CREATE • Creates a new named graph • Can be used with the DEFAULT and ALL keywords LOAD • An RDF graph can be loaded from a URL • LOAD can be used with the SILENT keyword Named graph

46. Graph Management (3) CLEAR GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 46 CLEAR • Removes all triples in the graph (it is emp6ed but not deleted!) • The graph(s) can be specified with the following keywords: DEFAULT, NAMED, ALL, GRAPH • Can be used with the SILENT keyword DROP • The given graph is removed from the Graph Store, including its content • Can be used with the DEFAULT and ALL keywords DROP GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302>

47. Graph Management (4) SPARQL 1.1 provides other graph management opera6ons: • COPY COPY GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> TO GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130303> MOVE GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/temp> TO GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130303> EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 47 … TO … • MOVE … TO … • ADD … TO … ADD GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130302> TO GRAPH <http://musicbrainz.org/20130303>

48. SPARQL PROTOCOL FOR RDF EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 48

49. SPARQL 1.1. Protocol EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 49 • Consists of two opera+ons: query and update • An opera6on defines: • The HTTP method (GET or POST) • The HTTP query string parameters • The message content included in the HTTP request body • The message content included in the HTTP response body SPARQL Client SPARQL Endpoint Request alt [no errors]! [else]! Success Response Failure Response

50. Query Operation XML, JSON, CSV/TSV from a SELECT EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 50 • Sends a SPARQL query to a service and receives the results of the query • The response is: • May be invoked using HTTP GET or HTTP POST. The method POST with URL encoding is mostly used when the query string is too long query RDF/XML, Turtle from a CONSTRUCT query

51. Query Operation (2) EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 51 Example: SPARQL Query: PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX dbpedia-‐ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> SELECT ?album WHERE { ?album dbpedia-‐ont:artist dbpedia:The_Beatles .} LIMIT 3 HTTP GET request: Try this query! (Click on the hurl icon)

52. Update Operation EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 52 • Sends a SPARQL update request to a service • Should be invoked using the HTTP PATCH/POST method • The response consists of a HTTP response status code, which indicates success or failure of the opera6on

53. REASONING OVER LINKED DATA EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 53

54. Reasoning for Linked Data Integration EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 54 • Example: Integra6on of the MusicBrainz data set and the DBpedia data set Integra+on Data set Data set

55. Reasoning for Linked Data Integration mo:b10bbbfc-‐cf9e-‐42e0-‐be17-‐e2c3e1d2600d dbpedia:The_Beatles dbpedia-‐ont:origin dbpedia:Liverpool; dbpedia-‐ont:genre dbpedia:Rock_music; foaf:depiction . foaf:name The Beatles; mo:member mo:ba550d0e-‐adac-‐4864-‐b88b-‐407cab5e76af; mo:member mo:4d5447d7-‐c61c-‐4120-‐ba1b-‐d7f471d385b9; mo:member mo:42a8f507-‐8412-‐4611-‐854f-‐926571049fa0; mo:member mo:300c4c73-‐33ac-‐4255-‐9d57-‐4e32627f5e13. Integra+on EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 55 Data set Data set same

56. Reasoning for Linked Data Integration same mo:b10bbbfc-‐cf9e-‐42e0-‐be17-‐e2c3e1d2600d dbpedia:The_Beatles dbpedia-‐ont:origin dbpedia:Liverpool; dbpedia-‐ont:genre dbpedia:Rock_music; foaf:depiction . foaf:name The Beatles; mo:member mo:ba550d0e-‐adac-‐4864-‐b88b-‐407cab5e76af; mo:member mo:4d5447d7-‐c61c-‐4120-‐ba1b-‐d7f471d385b9; mo:member mo:42a8f507-‐8412-‐4611-‐854f-‐926571049fa0; mo:member mo:300c4c73-‐33ac-‐4255-‐9d57-‐4e32627f5e13. Result set: EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 56 Query: SELECT ?m ?g WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles dbpedia-‐ont:genre ?g; mo:member ?m.} ?m ?g mo:ba550d0e-‐adac-‐4864-‐ b88b-‐407cab5e76af dbpedia:Rock_music mo:4d5447d7-‐c61c-‐4120-‐ba1b-‐ d7f471d385b9 dbpedia:Rock_music mo42a8f507-‐8412-‐4611-‐854f-‐92 6571049fa0; dbpedia:Rock_music mo300c4c73-‐33ac-‐4255-‐9d57-‐4e 32627f5e13 dbpedia:Rock_music

57. SPARQL 1.1: Entailment Regimes EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 57 • SPARQL 1.0 was defined only for simple entailment (paern matching ) • SPARQL 1.1 is extended with entailment regimes other than simple entailment: – RDF entailment – RDFS entailment – D-‐Entailment – OWL RL entailment – OWL Full entailment – OWL 2 DL, EL, and QL entailment – RIF entailment Source: hp://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-‐mt/#RDFSRules

58. RDFS Resource Descrip+on Framework Schema Seman6c Web Stack Berners-‐Lee (2006) EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 58 Taxonomies and inferences

59. RDFS Entailment Regimes EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 59 • Contains 13 entailment rules denominated rdfsi for inference over RDFS defini6ons*: – rdfs:Literal (rdfs1, rdfs13) – rdfs:domain (rdfs2), rdfs:range (rdfs3) – rdfs:Resource (rdfs4a, rdfs4, rdfs8) – rdfs:subPropertyOf (rdfs5, rdfs6, rdfs7, rdfs12) – rdfs:Class (rdfs8, rdfs10) – rdfs:subClassOf (rdfs9, rdfs10, rdfs11) – rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty (rdfs12) – rdfs:Datatype (rdfs13) * Source: hp://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-‐mt/#RDFSRules

60. rdfs2 – rdfs:domain dbpedia: The_Beatles EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 60 dbpedia: Paul_McCartney SELECT ?x WHERE { ?x a mo:MusicGroup.} mo:member rdfs:domain mo:MusicGroup . ?x ?x dbpedia:The_Beatles … mo:member Schema: Query: Result set: Result set with inference: dbpedia: John_Lennon dbpedia: George_Harrison dbpedia: Ringo_Starr mo:member mo:member mo:member

61. rdfs3 – rdfs:range dbpedia: The_Beatles dbpedia-‐ont: bandMember EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 61 dbpedia: Paul_McCartney SELECT ?x WHERE { ?x a foaf:Agent.} mo:member rdfs:range foaf:Agent . ?x ?x dbpedia:Paul_McCartney dbpedia:John_Lennon dbpedia:Ringo_Starr dbpedia:George_Harrison … dbpedia-‐ont: bandMember Schema: Query: Result set: Result set with inference: dbpedia: John_Lennon dbpedia: George_Harrison dbpedia: Ringo_Starr dbpedia-‐ont: bandMember dbpedia-‐ont: bandMember

62. rdfs7 – rdfs:subPropertyOf dbpedia: Yesterday EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 62 dbpedia: Paul_McCartney SELECT ?x WHERE { dbpedia:Yesterday mo:performer ?x.} mo:singer rdfs:subPropertyOf mo:performer . ?x dbpedia:John_Lennon dbpedia:Ringo_Starr dbpedia:George_Harrison ?x dbpedia:John_Lennon dbpedia:Ringo_Starr dbpedia:George_Harrison dbpedia:Paul_McCartney mo:singer Schema: Query: Result set: Result set with inference: dbpedia: John_Lennon dbpedia: George_Harrison dbpedia: Ringo_Starr mo:performer mo:performer mo:performer mo:performer

63. rdfs9 – rdfs:subClassOf mo: MusicAr6st EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 63 dbpedia: The_Beatles SELECT ?x WHERE { ?x a mo:MusicArtist.} rdf:type mo:MusicGroup rdfs:subClassOf mo:MusicArtist . ?x ?x dbpedia:The_Beatles … Schema: Query: Result set: Result set with inference: rdf:type mo: MusicGroup

64. Inference from Schema mo:MusicGroup rdfs:subClassOf mo:MusicArtist . mo:MusicGroup a rdfs:Class . mo:MusicArtist a rdfs:Class . EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 64 • Knowledge encoded in the schema leads to infer new facts Schema: Inferred facts: • This is also captured in the set of axioma+c triples, which provide basic meaning for all the vocabulary terms rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:domain rdfs:Class . rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:range rdfs:Class .

65. RDFS: Lack of Consistency Check rdfs2 EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 65 • It is possible to infer facts that seem incorrect facts, but RDFS cannot prevent this: Schema: mo:member rdfs:domain mo:MusicGroup ; rdfs:range foaf:Agent . Exis6ng :PaulMcCartney a :SoloMusicArtist ; facts: :member :TheBeatles . Inferred :PaulMcCartney a :MusicGroup . facts: No contradic+on!: The mis-‐modeling is not diagnosed

66. • We might wish further inferences, but these are beyond the entailment rules implemented by RDFS RDFS: Inference Limitations Cannot model with RDFS that if ‘x makes y’ implies that ‘the creator of y is x’ EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 66 foaf:knows rdfs:domain foaf:Person ; rdfs:range foaf:Person . foaf:made rdfs:domain foaf:Agent . :PaulMcCartney foaf:made :Yesterday ; foaf:knows :RingoStarr . :PaulMcCartney a foaf:Agent ; a foaf:Person . :RingoStarr a foaf:Person . Schema: Existing fact: Inferred facts: :Yesterday dc:creator :PaulMcCartney. :RingoStarr foaf:knows :PaulMcCartney . These inferences require OWL! NOT inferred: Cannot model with RDFS that ‘x knows y’ implies ‘y knows x’

67. OWL Web Ontology Language Seman6c Web Stack Berners-‐Lee (2006) EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 67 Ontologies and inferences

68. Introduction to OWL More restric6ve than OWL DL EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 68 • Provides more ontological constructs and avoids some of the poten6al confusion in RDFS • OWL 2 is divided into sub-‐languages denominated profiles: – OWL 2 EL: Limited to basic classifica6on, but with polynomial-‐6me reasoning – OWL 2 QL: Designed to be translatable to rela6onal database querying – OWL 2 RL: Designed to be efficiently implementable in rule-‐based systems • Most triple stores concentrate on the use of RDFS with a subset of OWL features, called OWL-‐Horst or RDFS++

69. OWL Properties OWL dis6nguishes between two types of proper6es: • OWL ObjectProper+es: resources as values EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 69 • OWL DatatypeProper+es: literals as values :plays rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:domain :Musician; rdfs:range :Instrument . :hasMembers rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty; rdfs:domain :MusicGroup rdfs:range xsd:int .

70. Property Axioms SELECT ?x {dbpedia:The_Beatles dbpedia-‐ont:bandMember ?x.} Result set with inference: EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 70 • Property axioms include those from RDF Schema • OWL allows for property equivalence. Example: EquivalentObjectProperties(dbpedia-‐ont:bandMember mo:member) ≡ dbpedia-‐ont:bandMember owl:equivalentProperty mo:member. dbpedia: The_Beatles dbpedia: John_Lennon mo:member dbpedia: Paul_McCartney dbpedia: George_Harrison dbpedia: Ringo_Starr mo:member mo:member mo:member Query: ?x Result set: ?x dbpedia:Paul_McCartney dbpedia:John_Lennon dbpedia:Ringo_Starr dbpedia:George_Harrison

71. Property Axioms EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 71 • Property axioms include those from RDF Schema • OWL allows for property equivalence. Example: EquivalentObjectProperties(dbpedia-‐ont:bandMember mo:member) dbpedia-‐ont:bandMember owl:equivalentProperty mo:member. • OWL allows for property disjointness. Example: DisjointObjectProperty(dbpedia-‐ont:length mo:duration) dbpedia-‐ont:length owl:propertyDisjointWith mo:duration. • There is no standard for implemen6ng inconsistency reports under SPARQL ≡ ≡

72. Property Axioms (2) OWL allows the defini6on of property characteris6cs to infer new facts rela6ng to instances and their proper6es • Symmetry • Transi6vity • Inverse • Func6onal • Inverse Func6onal EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 72

73. Property Axioms: Symmetry Query: SELECT ?x WHERE { dbpedia:The_Beatles :associatedMusicalArtist ?x.} EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 73 dbpedia: Plas6c_Ono_ Band dbpedia: The_Beatles dbpedia: Billy_Preston :associatedMusicalArtist a owl:SymmetricProperty . ?genre dbpedia:Plastic_Ono_Band ?genre dbpedia:Plastic_Ono_Band dbpedia:Billy_Preston :associatedMusicalArtist Schema: Result set: Result set with inference: :associatedMusicalArtist

74. Property Axioms: Transitivity :subgenre a owl:TransitiveProperty . EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 74 :Rock :Heavy_ metal :Black_ metal :Punk_ rock SELECT ?genre WHERE { :Rock :subgenre ?genre .} ?genre :Heavy_metal :Punk_rock ?genre :Heavy_metal :Punk_rock :Black_metal :subgenre :subgenre :subgenre :subgenre Schema: Query: Result set: Result set with inference:

75. Property Axioms: Inverse Schema: mo:member_of owl:inverseOf mo:member. Query: SELECT ?x WHERE { ?x mo:member_of dbpedia:The_Beatles .} EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 75 ?x dbpedia: John_Lennon mo:member_of dbpedia:John_Lennon dbpedia:George_Harrison ?x dbpedia:John_Lennon dbpedia:George_Harrison dbpedia:Paul_McCartney dbpedia:Ringo_Starr Result set: Result set with inference: dbpedia: The_Beatles dbpedia: Paul_McCartney dbpedia: George_Harrison dbpedia: Ringo_Starr mo:member mo:member_of mo:member mo:member_of mo:member_of

76. Property Axioms: Functional It refers to a property that can have only one (unique) value for each instance Example: Every ar6st primarily plays only one musical instrument r1 r2 mo:primary_ instrument same mo:primary_ instrument mo:primary_instrument rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . dbpedia:Jimi_Hendrix mo:primary_instrument dbpedia:Electric_Guitar. dbpedia:Jimi_Hendrix mo:primary_instrument dbpedia:E-‐Guitar. Conclusion dbpedia:Electric_Guitar owl:sameAs dbpedia:E-‐Guitar . EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 76

77. Property Axioms: Inverse Functional It is useful for specifying unique proper6es iden6fying Example: Every recording has a unique ISRC (Interna6onal Standard Recording Code) mo:isrc rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . mo:21047249-‐7b3f-‐4651-‐acca-‐246669c081fd mo:isrc "GBAYE6300412" . dbpedia:She_Loves_You mo:isrc "GBAYE6300412" . Conclusion mo:21047249-‐7b3f-‐4651-‐acca-‐246669c081fd owl:sameAs :dbpedia:She_Loves_You . EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 77 an individual r2 mo:isrc mo:isrc same r1

78. Individual Axioms OWL Individuals represent instances of classes. They are related to their class by the rdf:type property EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 78 • We can state that two individuals are the same SameIndividual(<artist/ba550d0e-‐adac-‐4864-‐b88b-‐407cab5e76af#_> dbpedia:PaulMcCartney)s ≡ <artist/ba550d0e-‐adac-‐4864-‐b88b-‐407cab5e76af#_> owl:sameAs dbpedia:PaulMcCartney . • We can state that two individuals are different DifferentIndividuals(:TheBeatles_band :TheBeatles_TVseries) ≡ :TheBeatles_band owl:differentFrom :TheBeatles_Tvseries .

79. Class Axioms Axioms declare general statements about concepts which are used in logical inference (reasoning). Class axioms: • Sub-‐class rela6onship (from RDF Schema) EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 79 • Equivalent rela6onship: classes have the same individuals EquivalentClass(:Musician :MusicArtist) ≡ :Musician owl:equivalentClass :MusicArtist . • Disjointness: classes have no shared individuals DisjointClasses(:SoloMusicArtist :MusicGroup) ≡ :SoloMusicArtist owl:disjointWith :MusicGroup .

80. Class Construction Ar6st EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 80 • OWL classes are defined by the OWL term owl:Class • OWL classes can be subclassed as in RDFS: • OWL classes may be combined with class constructs to build new classes Music Ar6st :MusicArtist rdfs:subClassOf :Artist .

81. Class Construction (2) These class constructs are available in OWL, not in RDFS The class of female music ar6sts ObjectIntersectionOf(:Female :MusicArtist)s [a owl:Class; owl:intersectionOf(:Female :MusicArtist)] The class of music ar6sts ObjectUnionOf(:SoloMusicArtist :MusicGroup) [a owl:Class; owl:unionOf(:SoloMusicArtist :MusicGroup)] Everything that’s not instrumental music ObjectComplementOf(:InstrumentalMusic) [a owl:Class; owl:complementOf(:InstrumentalMusic)] Female Music Ar6st Solo Group Instrumental EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 81 ≡ ≡ ≡ NOTE: Anonymous classes!

82. Naming Class Constructions EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 82 • Direct naming can be achieved via owl:equivalentClass • This construc6on provides necessary and sufficient condi6ons for class membership • Class naming can be also achieved using rdfs:subClassOf, it provides a necessary but insufficient condi6on for class membership Music Ar6st Solo Group EquivalentClass(:MusicArtist ObjectUnionOf(:SoloMusicArtist :MusicGroup)) :MusicArtist owl:equivalentClass [owl:unionOf (:SoloMusicArtist :MusicGroup)] ≡

83. Summary In this chapter we studied: EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 83 • Basic concepts: triple paerns, graph paerns, SPARQL endpoint ... • SPARQL Query: • Query forms: ASK, SELECT, DESCRIBE, CONSTRUCT • Query paNerns: BGP, UNION, OPTIONAL, FILTER • Sequence modifiers: DISTINCT, REDUCED, ORDER BY, LIMIT, OFFSET • SPARQL 1.1 Update: • Data management: INSERT, DELETE; DELETE/INSERT • Graph management: LOAD, CLEAR, CREATE, DROP, COPY/MOVE/ADD • SPARQL Protocol: query opera6on, update opera6on Querying Linked Data

84. Summary (2) In this chapter we studied: EUCLID -‐ Querying Linked Data 84 • Reasoning over Linked Data: • SPARQL 1.1 entailment regimes • RDFS: entailment regimes, lacks of consistency check, inference limita6ons • OWL: proper6es, property axioms (symmetry, transi6vity, inverse, func6onal, inverse func6onal), individual axioms, class axioms, class construc6ons, naming classes … Reasoning over Linked Data

85. For exercises, quiz and further material visit our website: http://www.euclid-‐project.eu EUCLID -‐ Providing Linked Data 85 eBook @euclid_project euclidproject euclidproject Other channels: Course

86. Acknowledgements • Alexander Mikroyannidis • Alice Carpen6er • Andreas Harth • Andreas Wagner • Andriy Nikolov • Barry Norton • Daniel M. Herzig • Elena Simperl • Günter Ladwig • Inga Shamkhalov • Jacek Kopecky • John Domingue • Juan Sequeda • Kalina Bontcheva • Maria Maleshkova • Maria-‐Esther Vidal • Maribel Acosta • Michael Meier • Ning Li • Paul Mulholland • Peter Haase • Richard Power • Steffen Stadtmüller 86 People who have contributed to crea6ng Euclid training content:

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