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Security with VA Smalltalk
- 1. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. 24th ESUG Conference Prague, Czech Republic August 23, 2016 Security with VA Smalltalk Seth Berman Vice President of Engineering Instantiations, Inc.
- 2. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Agenda • Security Overview • Architectural Goals • OpenSSL 1.1 Compatibility • Cryptography Library • SSL/TLS Library
- 3. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Security Overview Understanding the Value • Secure communications is hard • Even Cryptographers get it wrong • Protocol Breakage: SSL, PPTP • Implementation Breakage: Heartbleed • Correct Protocol/Implementations can still be vulnerable • Side channel attacks
- 4. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Security Overview Understanding the Value • Demand for Secure Communications • Is only going one way…UP! • Our customers are receiving increasing pressure to provide higher security applications • The demands extend beyond just SSL/TLS connections
- 5. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Security Overview Looking Back… • Before VA Smalltalk 8.6.2 • Dated bindings to the OpenSSL SSL/TLS library • No Cryptographic primitives exposed • Minimal help with native memory management • Minimal Test Cases
- 6. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Security Overview Currently… • VA Smalltalk 8.6.2 • Official Support for 1.0.x • Native Memory Management • Introduction of the Cryptographic Library • Enhanced SSL/TLS APIs • Test Cases (with official test vectors) for all exposed Cryptographic Algorithms • Story-driven code examples describing common Cryptographic Algorithm usage
- 7. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Security Overview Coming Soon… • VA Smalltalk 8.6.3 • Added Support for OpenSSL 1.1.0 • Continued support for OpenSSL 1.0.x • Many new Cryptographic algorithms available • Authenticated Encryption • Key Derivation • Secure Memory Module • Helps protect In-Memory keys on long-running servers
- 8. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Architectural Goals • Compatibility • New Crypto layer will slide underneath SSL/TLS support • SSL/TLS API compatibility must be maintained • SSL/TLS and Crypto libraries must handle all OpenSSL versions we support • Currently: OpenSSL 1.0.0, 1.0.1, 1.0.2 • Next Release: Adding OpenSSL 1.1.0 • Differences between various OpenSSL versions should be transparent to the user (except algorithm availability) • Separation of Concerns • Performance • Safety
- 9. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Architectural Goals • Compatibility • Separation of Concerns • API Objects • Users should only interact with these • Dispatching Engine • Performs threaded calls • Error Detection and Notification • Native Memory Management • Various mechanisms to make working with native memory safer and prevent certain classes of errors. • Performance • Safety
- 10. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Architectural Goals • Compatibility • Separation of Concerns • Performance • Calls to OpenSSL are made on native threads • Asynchronous callouts which block only the calling ST process • Our thread-locking implementation plugs into OpenSSL to manage concurrency issues • This allows for the usage of multiple cores for higher throughput • Safety
- 11. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Architectural Goals • Compatibility • Separation of Concerns • Performance • Safety • Uses a Native Memory Manager • Uses a Smalltalk GC Notifier to help make sure the object’s native memory was freed • Various OpenSSL APIs may answer • Static memory (this should never be freed) • Reference counted memory (OpenSSL’s memory manager) • Unmanaged memory that the user must free • The Native Memory Manager keeps track of memory ownership and reference counts
- 12. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. OpenSSL 1.1 Overview • Major revamp of the OpenSSL codebase • Post-Heartbleed: It’s getting the attention it deserves now • More resources applied, both internal and external • FIPS 140-2 Accreditation is now sponsored • At this time: OpenSSL 1.1.0 Beta7 • With the good comes the bad…API breakageL
- 13. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. OpenSSL 1.1 Hiding the API Breakage • Version-adapting memory layout • All bindings to structures reconfigure their layout to meet the OpenSSL version layout specification • OpenSSL 1.1 uses opaque structures • So…we configure to those too and provide the various OpenSSL getter/setter APIs
- 14. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. OpenSSL 1.1 Hiding the API Breakage • Version fallback logic • General OpenSSL 1.1 APIs we added implement fallback code for lower version levels • This was done by implementing the OpenSSL logic in Smalltalk • We don’t do this for algorithms as this could lead to side-channel attacks • Our implementation may be correct. • But perhaps observable cpu or caching behavior leaks information • Or semantics of basic primitive operations were not considered • i.e. trialKey = storedKey L (not constant-time equality)
- 15. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Overview • Secure Memory • Streaming API • Message Digests • Message Authentication Code (MAC) • Symmetric Ciphers • Public/Private Key • Key Derivation • Secure Random Number Generator • X509 • ASN1
- 16. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Secure Memory • Mechanisms to secure in-memory storage • Intended for long running servers • Lots of sensitive data in memory • This sensitive data is long-lived • More aggressive thread-model • Our Secure Objects also override common APIs to expose as little as possible in case it gets logged
- 17. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Secure Memory on Linux/Unix • Strategy • Attempt to prevent paging sensitive data to disk • Should not show up in a core-dump • Special heap should be page-guarded to protect against buffer overrun/underrun • Uses OpenSSL 1.1 Secure Arenas • Implements the strategy above
- 18. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Secure Memory on Windows • Strategy • Limit the time window that sensitive data could be observed in decrypted form • Assume paging to disk or being core-dumped is unavoidable • Should not require a special section of the heap
- 19. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Secure Memory on Windows • Uses In-Memory Encryption (Microsoft CryptoAPI) • Encryption Key is per-user and generated on boot • Encryption Key is stored in nonpaged kernel memory • By default, only the VAST Smalltalk process can decrypt • OpenSSL Dispatcher has been enhanced to • Decrypt incoming arguments intended for OpenSSL functions • Immediately call the OpenSSL function • After the call, re-encrypt the required incoming arguments
- 20. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Streaming API • Powerful set of High-Performance OpenSSL Streams • Two types • Source/Sink • Socket, File, Memory • Filters • Digest, Cipher, Base64, Buffer • Chain them together to create cryptographic pipelines • Example chain to • Perform buffered writes of base64-encoded encrypted data to a file • Compute the sha512 hash of the plaint-text bufferBio | sha512Bio | aes256Bio | base64Bio | fileBio
- 21. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Message Digests • Secure one-way hash functions • Algorithms • MD5, RIPEMD160 • SHA1, SHA2 Family (224, 256, 384, 512) • Whirpool • Blake2 (OpenSSL 1.1) • Example: OSSslDigest sha512 printableDigest: ‘Hello World’. à 958D09788F3C907B1C89A945F478D58C
- 22. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Message Authentication Code (MAC) • Keyed hash function • Provides both data integrity and authenticity • Algorithms • HMAC • CMAC (OpenSSL 1.1) • Example: OSSslDigest sha1 hmacPrintableDigest: 'Hello Smalltalk‘ key: 'secretKey‘. à 4510149C9D6216D4460571E16B290312…
- 23. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Symmetric Ciphers • Encryption for confidentiality • Shared secret key • Block Ciphers • AES, Blowfish, Camellia, Cast5, DES, Triple-DES • Unauthenticated Modes: CBC, CFB, CTR, OFB, XTS • Authenticated Modes: GCM, CCM, OCB • Stream Ciphers • Unauthenticated: ChaCha20 • Authenticated: ChaCha20-Poly1305
- 24. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Symmetric Ciphers • Encrypt Example "Encrypt“ cipher := OSSslCipher aes_256_ocb. cData := cipher cipherDataFor: 'Hello Smalltalk'. cipherText := cipher encrypt: cData key: key iv: iv. authTag := cData tagData. "Decrypt“ cData := cipher cipherDataFor: cipherText. cData tagData: authTag. plainText := cipher decrypt: cData key: key iv: iv
- 25. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Public/Private Key • Algorithms using Key Pairs (public and private) • Use Cases • Key Exchange (i.e. agree on a shared key) • Non-Interactive Encryption • i.e. Encrypted Email • Digital Signatures • Algorithms • RSA • DSA • Diffie-Hellman
- 26. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Key Derivation • Derives one or more keys from an initial key material • Algorithms • HKDF • PBKDF2 • Scrypt (OpenSSL 1.1)
- 27. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Key Derivation • Password Hashing Example “Derive crypto key from a password“ scrypt := OSSslKDF scrypt keyLength: 16. pHash := scrypt derive: ‘password’. “Algorithm Params to store with the hash” pSalt := scrypt salt. pCost := scrypt cost. pBlkSz := scrypt blockSize. pPara := scrypt parallelization. pMaxMem := scrypt maxMemory.
- 28. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Cryptographic Library Key Derivation • Password Hashing Example “Verify supplied password with stored hash“ scrypt := OSSslKDF scrypt keyLength: 16 salt: pSalt cost: pCost parallelization: pPara blockSize: bBlkSz maxMemory: bMaxMem. (scrypt verify: ‘password’ with: pHash) ifTrue: [^’Password is correct’].
- 29. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. SSL/TLS Library • VA Smalltalk’s existing SSL/TLS support is now built on the new crypto library. • Inherits the safer memory management features • More options exposed for SSL/TLS connections • Gained TLSv1.2 support • More options for X509 certs • OpenSSL 1.1 compatible
- 30. Copyright © 2016 Instantiations, Inc. Thank you for your attention Questions?