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Group No:-3
Group Members
NAME ROLL
Shuvo Roy 1831004
Shahriar Hasan Antor 1831024
Maria Sultana Munni 1831026
Afroza Khatun Sathy 1831047
Nushrat Jahan Lima 1831049
Dept. of Environmental Science and Geography
Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
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CONTENTS
 Materials
 Segregation
 Municipal Solid Waste
 Reduce
 Reuse
 Recycling MSW
 Production Process
 Recycling Process
 Global facts
 Environmental Aspects
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Materials
Waste Materials means any
toxic or hazardous materials or substances;
solid wastes, including asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury, buried
contaminants, chemicals, flammable or explosive materials;
radioactive materials;
petroleum wastes and spills or releases of petroleum products; and
any other chemical, pollutant, contaminant, substance or waste that is
regulated by any governmental entity under any Environmental Law.
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Segregation
Waste segregation basically means keeping wet and dry wastes
separately, so that dry can be recycled and wet waste can be
composted.
Why should we segregate waste?
When we segregate waste, there is reduction of waste that gets
landfilled and occupies space, air and water pollution rates are
considerably lowered. Segregating waste also makes it easier to apply
different processes - composting, recycling and incineration can be
applied to different kinds of waste.
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 Why should we segregate waste?
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Figure: Waste segregation
Here are some steps to manage and segregate waste:
1. Keep separate containers for dry and wet waste in the kitchen.
2. Keep two bags for dry waste collection- paper and plastic, for the rest
of the household waste.

 Why should we segregate waste?
3. Keep plastic from the kitchen clean and dry and drop into the dry
waste bin. Keep glass/plastic containers rinsed of food matter.
4. Send wet waste out of your home daily. Store and send dry waste out
of the home, once a week.
5. Keep a paper bag for throwing the sanitary waste.
Waste segregation should be based on:
 The type of waste
 The most appropriate treatment and disposal
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improving the process of effective waste
segregation:
- recovery from waste of secondary raw
materials that may be recycled and produce
new products on their basis,
- ecologically safe removal and neutralization of
harmful, toxic waste,
- environmental protection and reclamation of
a devastated environment, eg in garbage
dumps, mine waste dumps and industrial waste
dumps,
- biological treatment of water, including rivers,
lakes and reduction of garbage and waste
discharged into the seas and oceans,
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 How to improve waste segregation system?

 How to improve waste segregation system?
- development of renewable energy sources and energy based on safe
incineration of waste that will not be subject to secondary recycling,
- production of biocompost from food waste for use in the process of
soil fertilization,
- application of technological advances, auto-tinting and robotization of
the waste segregation process etc
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Municipal Solid Waste
Solid wastes are generally classified into 3 general categories:
1. Municipal Solid Waste
2. Industrial solid waste
3. Hazardous solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)—more commonly known as trash or
garbage consists of everyday items we use and then throw away, such as
product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food
scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes from
our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses.
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Municipal Solid Waste
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Figure: Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste
According to Al-Maaded, the ‘3Rs’ model provides the basis for a
comprehensive management strategy of municipal solid waste. The
‘3Rs’ model is considered as state-of-the-art philosophy of waste
management.
The first R is (reduce)
The second R is (reuse)
The third R is (recycle)
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REDUCE
The first R (reduce) involves prevention
and reduction of waste. To reduce
waste means to minimize amount of
waste generated. Waste reduction
could be achieved through legislation,
product design, local programmes to
keep recyclables and compostables
from the waste.
Also, separation of waste at source
achieves the same goal of waste
reduction; intensified by public
awareness and education
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Figure: Reduce of waste

REDUCE
Several Ways to Reduce Waste:
 Reusable bags and containers.
 Reuse water bottles, coffee mugs, and
plates too.
 Skip on individually wrapped items
 Start composting in the kitchen and
yard.
 Pay your bills online.
 Go paperless in the kitchen too.
 Recycle more.
 Say no to disposable water bottles and
coffee cups.
 Reduce food waste.
 Stop wasting energy.
 Stop wasting food.
 Stop wasting plastic.
 Use a reusable bottle/cup for beverages
on-the-go.
 Use reusable grocery bags, and not just
for groceries.
 Purchase wisely and recycle.
 Avoid single-use food and drink
containers and utensils.
 Buy secondhand items and donate used
goods
 Take Care of Packaging.
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REDUCE
Importance of reduce of waste:
• Prevents pollution
• Saves energy
• Reduces green house gas emissions that contribute to global climate change
• Helps sustain the environment for future generations
• Saves money
• Reduces the amount of waste that will need to be recycled
• Financial and Social Impact
• Conserving Landfill Space
• Conserving Resources
• A safer future
• Preserving a clean & healthy environment
• Extending product lifespan
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REUSE
The second R (reuse) involves secondary
and subsequent uses of waste materials
either in part or whole. Reuse of waste is
exemplified by trade in second-hand
goods: cloths, electronics, automobiles,
furniture and other merchandise.
Reuse is preferable when compared to
recycling, as recycling requires much
more energy and resources than reuse.
Reuse prevents objects or materials from
becoming waste, and thus helps to
reduce damage to the environment
caused by pollution
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Figure:

REUSE
Several ways to reuse waste:
• One way to reduce is to reuse.
• Instead of using plastic bags, bring
reusable bags .
• Shop responsibly.
• Buy second hand item.
• Harnessing the Harmful Gas.
• Reclaiming the Waste
• Start recycling Go paper less
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Figure: Reuse

REUSE
Importance of reuse of waste:
• Saves or delays purchasing and disposal costs.
• conserves resources
• reduces the waste stream
• Causes less pollution
• Saving Money: Reusing items saves you money.
• Landfills: Another advantage of reusing items is that it reduces the
amount of material sent to the landfill.
• Raw Materials: reusing items reduces the number of those items that
suppliers need to make. .
• Energy saving
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REUSE
Importance of reuse of waste:
• CO2 emission reduction
• Environmental benefits
• Economic benefits
• Community benefits
• Saving natural resources
• Prevention of environmental pollution
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RECYCLING
The third R (recycle) depends on waste materials which cannot be
reused directly but can be converted to new product or raw material
through the processes of transformation.
Energy is recovered through recycling through: pyrolysis (combustion of
waste in the absence of oxygen to create gases, liquids and solid
compounds), incineration (combustion in the presence of oxygen to
produce oxidized compounds), anaerobic digestion, gasification and
pelletization as well as composting (biological and chemical degradation
of organic waste in either large centralized, small enterprise, backyard or
household basis)
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RECYCLING
In recent times, the recycling of MSW has drawn attention as the process can
add value through resources from the recovered waste materials and
facilitates the process of circular economy.
However, during the unprecedented coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, the risk
of infection with the highly contagious virus has proven detrimental to the
continuation of MSW as a valuable resource. The volume of waste, especially
household waste, is higher; face masks, PPE (personal protective equipment),
and hazardous materials such as batteries and empty chlorine bottles are
examples of extra waste that have arisen during the pandemic. Various
countries have set up initiatives for MSW management, including safety
measurements for employees in the MSW management sector.
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RECYCLING
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Figure: RECYCLING of MSW

RECYCLING
Benefits of recycling include:
 Reducing and water pollutants;
 Saving energy; greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change;
 Preventing releases of air
 Supplying valuable raw materials to industry;
 Protects Ecosystems and Wildlife
 Stimulating the development of greener technologies;
 Conserving resources for our children's future; and
 Reducing the need for new landfills and combustors.
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RECYCLING
The benefits of recycling are
innumerable. In the United States
alone the recycling effort is
responsible for almost 1.1 million
jobs. And that number is expected to
rise since initiatives are in place to
assist others in getting behind the
recycling movement.
Participating in the green movement
will save 15 trees from being
destroyed if we recycle only 1 ton of
paper.
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Figure: 10 E-waste recycling

Production Process
Waste production encompasses activities in which materials are
identified as no longer being of value (in their present form) and are
either thrown away or gathered together for disposal.
Waste production is, at present, an activity that is not very controllable.
In the future, however, more control is likely to be exercised over the
generation of wastes.
The agitated race of human society towards modern urban life around
the world generates tremendous amount of municipal solid waste
(MSW), because the generation rate is mounting even faster than the
rate of urbanization.
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Production Process
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Figure: Production Process of MSW

Recycling Process
Recycling includes the following four steps:
Step 1: Collection
There are several methods for collecting recyclables, including:
• Curbside collection
• Drop-off recycling centers, retail locations, or collection events
• Deposit / refund programs
Step 2: Processing
After collection, recyclables are sent to a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) to
be sorted, cleaned, and processed into materials that can be used in
manufacturing.
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Recycling Process
Step 3: Manufacturing
More and more of today's products are being
manufactured with recycled content. Common
household items that contain recycled materials
include:
Aluminum cans
Car bumpers
Carpeting
Cereal boxes
Comic books
Egg cartons
Glass containers
Laundry detergent bottles
Motor oil
Nails
Newspapers
Paper towels
Steel products
Trash bags
Recycled materials are also used in new ways
such as recovered glass in asphalt to pave roads
or recovered plastic in carpeting and park
benches.
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Recycling Process
Step 4: Purchasing Recycled-Content
Products
We’re not really recycling unless we are
buying recycled, i.e., “closing the loop.”
A recycled product is a product made in
whole or in part from material recovered
from the waste stream. Recycled-content
products are comparable in price and quality
to products made from virgin materials.
Buying recycled content products creates
long-term markets for recyclable materials.
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Figure: Plastic Recycling

Recycling Process
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Figure: Paper recycling process Figure: Glass recycling process

Global Facts
Several global facts of MSW are:
Worldwide, over 2 billion tons of MSW are generated each year.
Global waste is expected to increase to 3.4 billion tons by 2050.
Over 90% of waste is mismanaged in low-income countries.
In some low-income countries, including sub-Saharan Africa, waste volume is likely
to triple by 2050.
China accounts for 15.55% of all global municipal solid waste generation.
The US generates the most municipal solid waste in the world.
Waste management accounts for up to 50% of municipal budgets.
Local governments spent $13 million on waste management in 2019.
22% of cities in the United States and Canada already implement smart waste
management programs.
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Global Facts
Several global facts of MSW are:
Organics such as paper make up 66% of the municipal solid waste stream.
13% of the world’s municipal solid waste is recycled.
93.9 million tons of MSW get recycled or composted each year.
The average American throws away 1,200 pounds of compostable garbage every year.
7% of the US waste industry doesn’t offer recycling services.
 By 2050, there will be more plastic than fish in the world’s oceans.
 There are approximately 200 billion pounds of food waste per year in America.
Landfill disposal fees averaged $55 per ton in 2019, up 5% from 2018.
Medical waste has increased by 40% since the start of Covid-19.
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Global Facts
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Figure: Global facts of MSW

Environmental Aspects
Poor waste management contributes to climate change and air pollution,
and directly affects many ecosystems and species.
Landfills, considered the last resort in the waste hierarchy, release methane,
a very powerful greenhouse gas linked to climate change. Methane is formed
by microorganisms present in landfills from biodegradable waste, such as
food, paper and garden waste. Depending on the way they are built, landfills
might also contaminate soil and water.
After waste is collected, it is transported and treated. The transport process
releases carbon dioxide the most prevalent greenhouse gas and air
pollutants, including particulate matter, into the atmosphere. Part of the
waste might be incinerated or recycled. Energy from waste can be used to
produce heat or electricity, which might then replace the energy produced
using coal or other fuels. Energy recovery of waste can thus help reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
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Environmental Aspects
Waste affects ecosystems and our health. Some ecosystems, like the marine
and coastal ones, can be severely affected by poor management of waste, or
by littering. Marine litter is a growing concern, and not only for aesthetic
reasons: entanglement and ingestion constitute severe threats to many
marine species
Directly or indirectly, waste affects our health and well-being in many ways:
 methane gases contribute to climate change,
 air pollutants are released into the atmosphere,
 freshwater sources are contaminated,
 crops are grown in contaminated soil and fish ingest toxic chemicals etc.
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Environmental Aspects
Most adverse environmental impacts from municipal solid waste are
rooted in inadequate or incomplete collection and recovery of
recyclable or reusable waste. These impacts are also due to
inappropriate sitting, design, operation or maintenance of dumps and
landfills. During the rainy season, part of the dump was submerged in
water, threatening the health and water supply of the surrounding
area. Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane and cause the
changes in climate, destruction of ozone layer.
Littering, due to waste pollution, illegal dumping, leaching is a process
by which municipal solid waste enter soil and ground water and
contaminating them.
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