1. Hello..
This is vandana verma.
I would like to dedicate
my little work to all
english learner.. I hope
This will help you..
Good luck!!!!

3. THERE ARE 26
ALPHABET IN ENGLISH
5 ARE VOWEL AND 21
ARE CONSTITUENT.
A
B C
D E F
G H I J
K L M N O
P Q R S T U
V W X Y Z
ENGLISH GRAMMAR IS THE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
SECTION OF VARIOUS EXAMS

4. The Capital Letter
Use a capital letter for the first letter in a sentence:
The dog is barking.
Come here! The capital letter is also called a
Always use a capital letter for the word I : big letter or uppercase
I am eight years old. letter, or sometimes just a capital.
Tom and I are good friends.
Use a capital letter for the names of people:
Alice, Tom, James, Kim, Snow White
Use a capital letter for the names of places:
National Museum, Bronx Zoo, London, Sacramento
Use a capital letter for festivals, holidays, days of the
week, months of the year:
New Year’s Day, Christmas, Labor Day, Mother’s Day,
Sunday, Monday, Friday, January, May, July, October

5. exercise
Circle the letters that should be CAPITALS. Then write
the correct letter in the space above them .
Ohh no !
1. peter and i are good friends. Homework!!
2 .we are going to chicago during our summer
vacation.
3 .there is an interesting football game on sunday.
4 .jason lives on thomson avenue.
5.january is the first month of the year.

6. A GROUP OF
WORDS LIKE
THIS, WHICH
MAKES
COMPLETE
SENSE.

7. .
.
sentence ( ) .
Sentence
.

8. KIND OF SENTENCES
A SENTENCE THAT MAKES A STATEMENT IS CALLED
DECLARATIVE .
Declarative assertive sentences
.

9. A SENTENCE THAT ASK A QUESTION IS CALLED AN
INTROGATIVE.
.
Interrogative ( )
.

10. A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES STRONG FEELING IS CALLED AN
EXCLAMATORY.
OHH …. WAHH!!!
SHUT UP!! WANNA EAT
YOU CAN’T
CATCH ME YOU…
IDIOT!!!!!!!!! YUMMMYY!!!
Exclamatory
.

11. A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES A COMMAND OR AN ENTREATY
IS CALLED AN IMPERATIVE .
PLEASE,,, BHOOT JI
LEAVE ME. I WILL
BE THANKFUL TO
YOU..
-
.

12. H U R R R R Y Y Y !!!!!!!!!

13. EXERCISE 1.
ALL ROAD LEADS TO KANPUR.
HOW COLD THE NIGHT IS!
BE QUIT. LET’S SEE HOW
WE ARE IN A CAFÉ.
WHAT A SHAME! MUCH YOU HAVE
HOW MUCH YOU LOVE?
DO YOU GIVE ME A KIDDO?
LEARNED??.??
MY FATHER WAS A GREAT MAN.
I LOVE MY MOTHER .
DO YOU KNOW MY STYLE?
OH! IT’S SO COOL!
I AM A HARDWORKER.
MAY I HAVE A CUP OF TEA WITH YOU.
WHY SHOULD I GO WITH YOU?
DO YOU HAVE CAAR?
OH ! MY GOD THIS IS SCORPIO.

14. GROUP OF WORDS
WHICH MAKES
SENSE BUT NOT COMPLETE
SENSE .
KICK
KICK!!!
HIT
HIM!
GO AWAYYY

15. THE PART WHICH NAMES THE PERSON OR THING .
THANKS SHAILENDRA.
SUBJECT
GROUP OF
WORDS WHICH
FORMS PARTS
CLAUSE OF A SENTENCE,
AND CONTAINS A
SUBJECT AND A
PREDICADTE.
PREDICATE
THE PART WHICH TELLS SOMETHING ABOUT THE
SUBJECT.
YOU SIT DOWN.

16. EXERCISE 2.
o SHOW ME HOW TO DO IT.
o HE HIT ON THE HEAD.
o I BLOW THE WHISTLE.
o CHERRY WENT AWAY FORM HOME.
o A RAT WILL BELL THE CAT.
o YOU COME HERE.
o YOU CAN GO.
o YOU CAN KISS ME.
o I WILL COME WITH YOU.
o GIVE ME YOUR HEART.

17. The .
type NOUN
of
INTERJECTION ADJECTIVE
senten
ce
depen
ds on PARTS OF
the CONJUNCTION
SPEECH PRONOUN
role of
the
words
used PREPOSITION VERB
in it. .
ADVERB

18. NOUN.
A NOUN IS A WORD USED AS THE NAME OF A PERSON ,
PLACE, OR A THING.
,
Noun .
THING MEANS ALL OBJECTS THAT WE CAN
SEE,HEAR,TASTE,TOUCH,SMELL,AND SOMETHING THAT WE CAN THINK OF
BUT CAN NOT PRECEIVE BY THE SENSES.
MY NAME
IS ANTHENI
GONJALBISH.

19. TYPES OF NOUN.

20. Common Noun:
common
noun ( )
Common noun is a name given to every person, place,
animal or thing of the same type

21. Let us see this example
Ramesh is a boy

. Ramesh boy Noun .
Ramesh
boy .
Boy ,
 Ramesh proper noun boy
common noun .
Here Ramesh and boy, both are nouns. Ramesh is the
name of a particular boy.

22. Proper Noun
Proper noun ( )
,
.
“ , Proper Noun
capital letter “

23. Special names have been assigned to some special group
of things when they are refered to as one in a collective
way, such nouns are called collective nouns.
Collective Noun
( )
.
Collective Noun .

24. crowd collection of people ( )
army collection of soldiers
collection of people
working together for a
team
common goal -
- .
eg. cricket team.
collection of birds, sheep, , ,
flock or goats that travel, live, ,
or feed together .
collection of domestic
herd
animals like cattle
collection of ships,
fleet
vehicles of a single owner
collection of people
family related by birth, marriage ,
or adoption
collection of people under
nation
a single government

25. Abstract Noun ( )
Abstract noun is the
word used as the name
of a quality, action or
state when that quality,
action or state is .
considered as an object.

26. He is a good
person. (
.)
EXAMPLE
if we want to describe a quality, then
we need to refer to the quality as a noun,
like... What is goodness?

. ...
?
Good is a word used to describe that quality of a person,
and goodness is the noun form of the word good.

27. examples of the three types of abstract nouns.
goodness
Quality whiteness
( ) honesty
bravery
pleasure
Action
( ) movement
judgement
childhood
State
( ) youth
poverty

28. Masculine
Gender
Nouns can be
Feminine
Neuter Gender categorized into 4 Gender
groups based on
their gender.
Common
Gender

29. E X A MP L
E
Common
Masculine Feminine NEUTER
boy girl child car
man woman person room
lion lioness animal tree

30. Number Noun
A noun that indicates a single object is a singular noun
noun singular ( )
noun .
Noun indicating more than one object is recognized as a plural
noun.
noun plural ( - )
noun
For example...
plural singular
BOYS BOY
OX EN OX

31. THINGS TO REMEMBER…….
 Nouns can be possessive and express ownership, usually
following the use of ―of.‖
The life of Maria
Nouns sometimes function differently in sentences. For example:
Subject: Maria likes ice cream
Object of Preposition: He gave the ice cream to Maria
Subject complement: The best customer is Maria
Grammar vocabulary: Nominal means any word, or group of words,
used as a noun. The nominal word used in the original noun example is
Maria.
Most nouns ending in s, sh, o, or ch need an -es suffix to be plural.
Nouns ending in a consonant followed by y become plural by changing
the y to i and adding -es
Mass Nouns are nouns that cannot be counted and they usually do
not have a plural form
Like freedom,money,love.
Collective nouns refer to groups of people and/or things.
if the plural noun does not end with an “s,” the possessive is formed
by adding apostrophe and “s.”

32. Case :-noun pronoun
(subject) (object) .

33. TYPES OF CASES
The noun is said to be When the noun
When a noun or
in the Accusative Case, denotes ownership
a pronoun is used as a
if it is used as the or possession it said
subject of a verb, it is in
object of a verb in the to be in
the Nominative Case.
sentence the Possessive Case.
Nominative Case Accusative Case Possessive Case

34. Accusative Case Possessive Case
. .
Nominative
Case .

35. The car was driven by
Ram This is Ram's
Ram
car
car.
Ram drove the car. car
.
Ram Ram
car
car
nominative case ,
.
Ram accusative .
Ram
nominative case , case. Ram's
car accusative possessive
case. case

36. ADJECTIVE.
THE WORD USED TO ADD SOMETHING TO THE
NOUN.
Noun
,
- , - ,
, .

37. He is a lazy boy.
lazy
I like that painting.
lazy boy
.
.
The basket has some
brinjals.
some
that noun brinj
al ,
that
painting
. some
.

38. Adjective noun (adjective )
- .
Adjectives can be divided into the following
categories, depending on their use...
Adjective of Adjective of Adjective of
Quality - Quantity - Number -
Adjective of
Comparison - Demonstrative
Adjective

39. Adjective of Quality
Noun
.
The word or words describing
the quality of a noun are
classified as Adjective of
Quality.

40. He is an honest man.
Adjective of quality "
" " " .
Adjective Noun
- honest.
.
When the adjective answers The answer of
questions like what type or how, what type of
it is known as adjective of person is honest.
quality. An adjective in this
category elaborates on the some
quality of the noun.
India is a great country.
Calcutta is a large city
India
large - great.
- What type of
. country is India -
Large describes great.
the size of the
city

41. Adjective of Quantity
noun , ,
adjective
.
The word or words describing the
quantity of nouns that are not
actually be counted fall under the
category Adjective of Quantity …..

42. I ate some rice.
Adjective of quantity " "
some
.
Adjective of quantity is used in
response to the question "how Some adjective
much".
used in the
some, no,enough, These do not example tell
express quantity in terms of about the
actual countable quantity of rice
You have no shame. We have had enough experience
enough
no
enough
adjective
no adjective used in
used in the
the example tell
example tell
about the quantity of
shame about the
quantity of
experience

43. Adjective of Number
Adjective of number
" "
Adjective of number is used to answer
the question how much, wherever it can
be counted
.
.

45. adjective
indefinite numeral adjective
.
Adjectives that do not give a definite
number are known as indefinite
numeral adjective, like...
all, no, many, few, some any, certain,
several
noun Adjective of number
, Adjective of Quantity .

46. Adjectives for Comparison
Superlative
Degree -
Adjectives
used to
compare
nouns nouns of the
same
Comparative
Adjectives Degree - category are
Adjectives of
. English Comparison
There are three
3 Positive Degree - levels of
. comparison in
the English
language.

47. Positive Degree ( )
Raju is strong.
adjective
.
The first level of comparison is the positive degree....
Raju is stronger than
Mahesh. Comparative Degree ( )
adjective
The second level of comparison is the comparative degree.
This type of compares between two things or persons
Raju is the strongest amongst
his friends
Superlative Degree ( )
adjective
The superlative degreee of comparison is used when comparing
between more than two objects or persons

48. Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjective
.
Demonstrative adjective " "
.
Demonstrative adjecitves are used to point or
indicate the noun
Demonstrative adjectives are generally used to
answer the "which" questions.
This boy is strong.
These mangoes are sour. EXAMPLE
I like such things.
This is a boy.
What is the name of this place?

49. Interrogative Adjectives : When words
like what, which and whose placed before a
Articles :The articlec (a, an and the) are a noun raise a query or form questions they are
special sub-category of the demonstrative classified as interrogative adjectives.
adjective.
:
what, which whose
.
Emphasizing Adjectives: Adjectives
like own and very are used to put greater Exclamatory Adjectives Sometimes, what is used as
emphasis on the noun, and are hence an adjective to raise an exclamation, this type of
referred to as Emphasizing Adjectives. usage makes it an exlamatory adjective.
- what
-
.
.

50. Position of Adjectives
adjective
.
noun . noun
.
The location of the adjective in a
sentence is important. Generally
it is used just before or just after
the noun.

51. Correct use of some adjectives
The adjective can be correctly used with a verb when some quality of the
subject, rather the action of the verb, is to be expressed.
These flowers smell sweet. (NOT These flowers smell sweetly.)
The plural forms these and those are often used with the singular
nounskind and sort.
Examples are: these kind of things
However, some grammarians insist that we should say: this kind of things
The words superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, and posterior take to
instead of than.
He is senior to me.
James is inferior to Peter is intelligence.
In comparing two things or classes of things the comparative should be used.
Take the shorter of the two routes. (NOT Take the shortest of the two routes.)
Of the two suggestions, the former is better. (NOT Of the two suggestions, the
former is the best.)
When a comparison is made by means of a comparative, the thing that is
compared must be excluded from the things with which it is compared.
Hercules was stronger than any other man. (NOT Hercules was stronger than
any man – this sentence would suggest that Hercules was stronger than
Hercules himself, which, of course, is absurd.)

52. Attributive adjectives after nouns
Most adjectives can go in two main places in a sentence: in attributive position and predicative
position.
In attributive position, an adjective comes before the noun it modifies.
She is a nice girl.
In predicative position, an adjective goes after the verb.
She is nice.
While attributive adjectives usually go before the nouns, a few can be used after nouns. example,
Secretary General
Poet Laureate
Some adjectives ending in -able/-ible can also be used after nouns.
It is the only solution possible.
After something, everything etc.
Adjectives come after words like something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody,
anywhere etc.
I would like to go somewhere quiet. (NOT I would like to go quiet somewhere.)
I heard something interesting today. (NOT I heard interesting something today.)
In most expressions of measurement adjectives come after the measurement noun.
ten years older (NOT Older ten years) (NOT ten older years)
six feet deep
two miles long
Verb + object + adjective
Adjectives can be placed after the object.
You make me happy.
Can you get the children ready for school?

53. Distributives
Each, every, either and neither are distributive adjectives. These are normally used with
singular nouns.
Position
Distributives are placed immediately before the nouns they qualify.
Each boy wore a hat.
Neither answer is correct.
Every child needs love.
Note
Each, either and neither can be used with plural nouns when they are followed by ‘of’
Each of the boys wore a hat.
Neither of the answers is correct.
Each
Each is used when we are talking about the members of a group as individuals.
Each boy was given a watch.
Each of the boys was given a watch.
Each and every
Each is preferred when we are thinking of people or things separately, one at a time. Every is
similar to all. Every is preferred when we are thinking of people or things together.
Each patient went to see the doctor. (In turn)
He gave every patient the same medicine.
Either and Neither
Either and neither are used to talk about distribution between two things.
Either is used in affirmative clauses. Neither is used in negative clauses.
Which shirt do you want? Either shirt will do.
I will take either shirt, they are both good.
Neither answer is correct.
Neither of them came.

54. Adjective Phrases
Sometimes a group of words does the work of an adjective.
Study the following examples.
The mayor was a wealthy man.
The mayor was a man of great wealth.
In sentence 1, the adjective wealthy says what sort of man the mayor was. In sentence 2,
the group of words ‘of great wealth’ also says the same thing. It qualifies the
noun man as an adjective does. It therefore does the work of an adjective and is
called an adjective phrase.
Definition
An adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective.
The magistrate was a kind man. (Here the adjective kind modifies the noun man.)
The magistrate was a man with a kind heart. (Here the adjective phrase ‘with a kind
heart’ modifies the noun man.)
They lived in a stone house.
They lived in a house built of stone.
Study the following adjectives and the adjective phrases that are equivalent to them.
A golden necklace – a necklace made of gold
A white coat – a coat of white color
A jungle track – a track through the jungle
A deserted city – a city with no inhabitants
The French flag – the flag of France
A wooden hut – a hut built of wood
A blank page – a page with no writing on it

55. exercise
1. a busy street. FIND THE ADJECTIVES.
2. a dark corner.
3. a deep sea.
4. a large bed.
5. It is windy.
6. John’s handwriting is very neat.
7. The sea is rough.
8. All the players are very tall.
9. The baby’s hands are very small.
10. Sue’s drawing is beautiful.
11. That problem is too difficult.
12. Peter is very quiet today.

56. 1. Busy.
2. Dark. OH YEAH!!
3. Deep.
4. Large.
5. Windy.
6. Neat.
7. Rough.
8. Tall.
9. Small.
10. Beautiful.
11. Difficult.
12. Quiet.

57. PRONOUN.
THE WORD USED INSTEAD OF NOUN.
PRONOUNS
ARE:
 I.
Pronoun Noun  SHE.
 HE.
.  YOU.
 MY.
 THEY.
 WE.

58. sentences ...
Raju is absent because Raju is ill. Raju is absent because he is ill
- Raju
Raju he
.

59. PRONOUN CASES
Nominative Cases: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who
The nominative, or subjective, case pronoun is the subject of the sentence.
Examples: She went to the store.
Who has the book?
I am he.
Objective Cases: Me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom
These function as direct or indirect objects.
Examples:
We gave IT to HER.
I don’t know to WHOM I speak.
The bag is with HER.
Possessive Cases: My, mine, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their,
theirs, your, yours, whose
The possessive case pronoun shows possession
Example:
That is MY bag.
That bag is MINE.
HER bus was late.
The bags are all HERS.

60. A pronoun takes the place of an unknown noun. The
unknown noun is called the ―antecedent.‖
Example: Maria wondered if she was late for work.
Maria is the antecedent of ―she.‖ Instead of saying: Maria
wondered if Maria was late for work, ―she‖ appears to take
the place of ―Maria.‖
The pronoun must always agree with antecedent, so if the
antecedent is male, the pronoun must be male, if the antecedent is
plural, the pronoun must be plural, etc. Example:
Correct: When Maria bought the detergent, she used her credit
card.
Incorrect: When Maria bought the detergent, they used his credit
card.

61. Personal Pronouns can refer to the person/people speaking (First person,)
spoken to (second person,) or spoken ABOUT (third person.)
First person subject singular: I
First person subject plural: We
First person object singular: me
First person object plural: us
Second person subject singular: you
Second person subject plural: you
Second person object singular: you
Second person object plural: you
Third person subject singular: he, she, it
Third person subject plural: they
Third person object singular: him, her, it
Third person object plural: them

62. Example: I wanted to give them to her, but he
wouldn’t let me
I — first person singular
Them — third person plural
Her — third person singular
He — third person singular
Me — first person singular

63. Possessive Pronouns
Like regular nouns, personal pronouns can also be possessive.
Possessive Determiners are possessive forms of personal
pronouns. Possessive Determiners must have a following noun.
First person determiner singular: MY (book)
First person determiner plural: OUR (book)
First person pronoun singular: Mine
First person pronoun plural Ours
Second person determiner singular: YOUR (book)
Second person determiner plural YOUR (book)
Second person pronoun singular: Yours
Second person pronoun plural: Yours
Third person determiner singular: IS, HER, ITS (book)
Third person determiner plural: THEIR (book)
Third person pronoun singular: His, hers, its
Third person pronoun plural: Theirs

64. Example: They have MY bags but
they know they’re MINE.
My — Determiner, dependent on
―Bags‖
Mine– stands in place of ―My
bags

65. Indefinite Pronouns
These have no specific antecedents. These
are usually identified with general words
like: all, any, some, or none.
Examples:
Singular: another, both, nobody, everything,
nothing, somebody, everyone, no one,
something, etc.
Plural: all, many, most, much, some
singular: Somebody has her bags.
Plural: Everyone knows about Maria’s bags.

66. Indefinite pronouns are only pronouns if
they are used ALONE. If they are used with
a noun, they become indefinite adjectives.
Pronoun: Both knew they were Maria’s bags.
Adjective: Both baggers knew they were Maria’s
bags.
First person singular: Myself
First person plural: Ourselves
Second person singular: Yourself
Second person plural: Yourselves
Third person singular: Himself/Herself/Itself
Third person plural: Themselves
Example: We asked OURSELVES where her bags were.
“We” is the doer and receiver of the action “ask.”

67. Intensive Pronouns are used to point back to the noun or pronoun for emphasis.
Example: I myself knew they were Maria’s bags.
The intensive pronoun does not always need to directly follow the noun.
Example: I prefer walking myself.
Reciprocal pronouns express mutual action.
Examples: each other/ each other’s
One another/one another’s
Maria and Heather greeted each other.
Interrogative Pronouns
These are used to ask questions and can be personal or non-personal
Personal subject: Who/Whoever
Personal object: Whom/Whomever
Personal possessive: Whose
Non-personal subject: Which
Non-personal subject: What
Example:
Who has the bags?
Which bagger has them?
Whose bags are these?

69. exercise
My name is David. I am the youngest
in the family.
This is my father. He is a teacher.
This is my mother. She is a lawyer.
I have a brother and two sisters.
They are Peter, Sharon and Jenny.
I have a dog. It is called Lucky.
Lucky, you are a good dog.
Good morning, children! You may sit
down now.
My family and I live in a big city. We
have an apartment.

70. VERB: is the word or group of words that says something
about the noun or expresses some action by the noun.
YUUU
CAT IS SCATING. HUUU
!!!
Noun
.

71. TYPES OF VERB
TRANSITIVE AND
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INTRANSITIVE
VOICE
VERB
MOODS TENSES
PERSON AND
AUXILIARY VERBS
NUMBER

72. verb
.
 verb
.
 .

.
I walk
I walked
I will walk

73.  .
 (I) to walk ( ) .
 - - walk, walked will
walk. walked
will walk
(past -
walk (future - )
)
(present - ) .
,
,
,

74. A verb that denotes an action occurs,
occured or will occur between the
subject and the object in a sentence is
Transitive Verb called a transitive verb.
Transitive Verb verb
.
He kicked the ball.
These take objects. Transitive verbs carry the action of subject and apply it to the object.

75. A verb that denotes a state of the noun it
describes in the sentence is called
an intransitive verb
Intransitive Verb
Intransitive Verb verb
.
She is a girl.
These do not take an object, but express actions that do not require
the agent doing something to something else.

76. Linking verbs
These link the agent with the rest of the sentence and explain the
link between the subject and the rest of the sentence.
Examples: appear, grow, seem, smell, taste
Example: Maria seems tired from shopping.
The Lay/Lie and Raise/Rise Confusion
These two pairs of verbs are constantly misused. In each, there is a transitive verb (TRV) and an
intransitive verb (INV).
Lie — Intransitive, means recline or be situated
Lay — Transitive, means to place or put something
Rise — Intransitive, means to get up.
Raise — Transitive, means to lift something up.
Infinitive — INV: Lie
TRV: Lay
INV: Rise
TRV: Raise
Past Tense — Lie (Lay)
Raise (Raised)

77. Active and Passive Voice
Let us compare the two sentences shown below...
Active voice Raju helps Hari
Passive voice Hari is helped by Raju.
The content of both the sentences is same. But, the first statement
the form of the verb shows that Raju - the subject of the sentence -
is doing something, is active, whereas the second sentence is
showing that Hari - the subject of the sentence is inactive (passive).
. , verb
Raju
Hari .
Raju (active)
Hari (passive) .

78. The most common use of the verb is to describe an event
or ask a question. Besides this the verb is used to issue an
order or express the possibility. These different situations
that a verb describes are known as moods
Mood ( )
. verb
verb
. -
moods .

79. English languages has three moods...
Indicative,
Imperative
Subjunctive.

80. INDICATIVE MOOD
Indicative mood is used to...
 - , ...
1.Rama goes to a school daily.
2.He writes neatly.
3.The child is alive.
 ...
1.Will you play with me?
2.Are you going home?

81. Imperative Mood Imperative mood is exhibited when we ask somebody to do
something. This mood is of three types
Imperative mood
. ( )
 - Order or command
 - Training or Advice
 - Request or prayer

82. Command ( )
This mood is exhibit when a command is issued -
somebody is ordered to do something.
-
.
1. Wait there.
2. Come here.
3. Open your book at page 10.
Training and Advice ( )
This mood is displayed when you advice somebody or
give instructions to train or educate.
.
1. Be steady.
2. Take care of your health.
3. Try to do better.

83. Prayer or request ( )
When you request somebody do something, imperative mood in play,
that too in the prayer or request mode.
.
Have mercy on us.
Subjunctive Mood
The third mood is known as subjunctive mood. Verbs used to express
a wish, purpose or contrary to truth, to express a condition are said
to express the subjunctive mood.
mood subjunctive mood. , , ,
verbs subjunctive mood .

84. Wish or Desire ( )
God save my
friend.
Purpose ( )
Take care that no mistakes are made
Contrary to fact ( ), Condition
( ), Supposition ( )
If I were sick, I would go to the doctor.

85. Often to complete the mood,tense or other
Auxiliary Verbs
information in a sentence a supporting verb is (or
verbs are) used along with the main verb of
sentence. These supporting or assiting verbs are
known as Auxiliary verbs.
(mood), (Tense), (Person)
(Number) verb
auxiliary ( ) verbs
.
had walked
will run
was calling
has been talking
had, will, was is . auxiliary ( )
verbs . main verb
. main verb - tense
.

86. Some verbs that are generaly used as auxiliary verbs are given below
The Verb Its forms
be am, is, are, was, were, been, being
have have, has, had
shall shall, should
will will, would
do do, does, done, did
can can, could
may may, might

87. A WORD THAT MODIFIES THE MEANING OF A VERB ,AN ADJECTIVE , OR
ANOTHER ADVERB IS CALLED AN ADVERB
POPAAY RUNS QUICKLY .
QUICKLY SHOWS HOW OR IN WHAT MANNER POPAAY
RUNS. i.e. QUICKLY MODIFIES THE VERB (RUNS).
Verb,
Adjectiv
CARROT IS VERY SWEET. e
VERY SHOWS HOW MUCH OR IN WHAT DEGREE THE
CARROT IS SWEET i.e. VERY MODIFIES ADJECTIVE Adverb
(SWEET).
•HE READS QUITE CLEARLY.
•QUITE SHOWS HOW FAR OR TO WHAT EXTENT HE
.
READS CLEARLY.i.e. QUITE MODIFIES ADVERB(CLEARLY).

88. Cont…
adverb -
modify modify .
Adverbs used at the beginning of
a sentence sometimes modify the
meaning of the entire sentence.
oEvidently the facts are correct.
oLuckily no one was hurt in the accident.
oProbably he is mistaken.

89. Kind of Adverbs ( )
•Adverbs of Time
•Adverbs of Frequency
•Adverbs of Place
•Adverbs of Manner
•Adverbs of Degree or Quanity
•Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation
•Adverbs of Reason

90. I am going to
school now.
The
adverb
"now" "late" verb
of time
.
elaborat
es on the
time of I arrived late for
an work
activity

91. The adverb of frequency elaborates on how many
times (the frequency) of any activity. Adverb of
.
frequency is also sometimes referred to the adverb
of number.
I have read the book twice.
.
Adverb often, twice,
seldom, once
of adverbs verb
number
.
adverbs of
number adverb
of frequency
. . He often comes here.
"twice" "often"
. verb

92. Adverb ( )
.
When an adverb describes where an activity
was done, it is known as the adverb of place
Go there.
"here" "there" come go
.
.
Come here.
in, out, here, there, under, above
(adverb of place) .

93. Adverb of manner
,
.
When an adverb
describes the
quality of an activity
being done, it is
known as the Write clearly.
adverb of manner.
"clearly" "hard" write work
. .

94. Adverbs of Degree or Quanity
The adverb of degree
elaborates on the
quantity.
Adverb of degree
quantity
.
Here fully describes the verb prepared,
while very describes another adverb
hard.
fully verb prepared
very adverb hard
.

95. Not negates the verb know, whilecertainly accepts it.
"not" verb know ,
certainly .

96. There
was a
huge
protest
The
government
therefore
passed the
bill.

97. Use an Adverb ( )

100. Position of adverbs: difference between British and American
English.
Mid-position adverbs usually go after auxiliary verbs, after am / are / is /
was / were and before other verbs.
She has never written to me.
The discussion was mainly about politics.
When there are two or more auxiliary verbs, the adverb usually goes after
the first.
You have definitely been working hard.
In American English, mid-position adverbs are often put before auxiliary
verbs and am / are / is / was / were, even when the verb is not emphasized.
You certainly have made him angry. (US)
You have certainly made him angry. (GB)
In British English, mid-position adverbs can go before auxiliary verbs andam /
are / is / was / were when we want to emphasize the auxiliary verbs.
I am really sorry. (No emphasis on am.)
I really AM sorry. (Emphasis on AM)
In negative sentences, mid-position adverbs generally come before not if they
emphasize the negative.
Compare:
I really don’t like her. (Strong dislike)
I don’t really like her. (Mild dislike)

101. Adverb clauses of degree or comparison…..
Adverb clauses of degree or comparison answer the question how much,
how little or how many. The chief conjunctions used to introduce adverb
clauses of degree are as, as…as, so…as and than.
She is older than her husband.
She is as intelligent as she is beautiful.
She is not so intelligent as her sister.
The correlative the…the may also be considered as a conjunction
introducing adverb clauses of degree.
The older you grow the wiser you become.
The more he earns the more he spends.
Notes
In adverb clauses of degree or comparison, the verb is often understood
and not expressed.
I earn as much as you (do).
I can sing as well as he (does).
She is as tall as he (is).
Nobody knows her better than I (do).
Note that when the verb is not expressed it is more common to use object
pronouns after as and than.

102. Adverb clauses of result and concession…..
Adverb clauses of result or consequence are introduced by the
subordinating conjunctions that, so…that, so that and such…that.
He is such a good man that all respect him.
She was so weak that she could hardly stand. OR She was so weak she
could hardly stand.
It was so hot we didn’t go out. OR It was so hot that we didn’t go out.
Adverb clauses of concession
Adverb clauses of concession are introduced by the subordinating
conjunctions though, although, even though, while, whereas and even
if.
Though I am poor I am honest.
I will be able to get in although I have no ticket.
Even if it rains I will come.
The men managed to survive even though they were three days without
water.
John is very popular among his friends, whereas his brother is a reclusive.
As is sometimes used in the sense of though.
Young as he is he occupies an important position in the firm. (=Though
he is young, he occupies an important position in the firm.)

103. PREPOSITION is a word placed before a noun or
pronoun. It expresses the relationship of that
noun or pronoun with some other noun or
pronoun.
PREPOSITION Noun
Pronoun
Noun Pronoun Noun
Pronoun .

105. EXERCISE:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.
1. He is not ………………. clever as his brother.
2. He must be punished ………………. he is guilty.
3. A fool …………… his money are soon parted.
4. He was not punished …………….. he was guilty.
5. He worked hard ……………… he might pass the examination.
6. Give every man thy ear, ……………… few thy voice.
7. I waited for him ………………… the clock struck seven.
8. You will not get the prize ……………… you deserve it.
9. It has been a year ……………… I saw him.
10. Hardly had he reached the platform ……………….. the train
arrived.
11. No sooner did he see the tiger ………………. he fainted.
12. ………………. you do not apologize, I shall punish you.

106. Answers:
1. He is not so clever as his brother.
2. He must be punished because he is guilty.
3. A fool and his money are soon parted.
4. He was not punished though he was guilty.
5. He worked hard that he might pass the examination.
6. Give everyman thy ear, but few thy voice.
7. I waited for him until the clock struck seven.
8. You will not get the prize unless you deserve it.
9. It has been a year since I saw him.
10. Hardly had he reached the platform when the train arrived.
11. No sooner did he see the tiger than he fainted.
12. If you do not apologize, I shall punish you.

107. Some conjunctions and their uses
Than
As a conjunction than follows an adjective or adverb in the comparative
degree.
Wisdom is better than riches.
He is wiser than I am.
I am smarter than you are.
Lest
Lest is used as a subordinating conjunction expressing a negative
purpose. It has a similar meaning to ‘for fear that’.
He fled lest he should be killed.
Note that lest is rare in modern English. Also note that the only auxiliary
that can follow lest is should.
That
That is simply a connector. It is used to express a reason or cause.
His manners are so bad that nobody invites him to a party. (= Nobody
invites him to a party because his manners are so bad.)
Bring it to the light so that I can see it better

108. While
While is used to mean:
a) during the time that; as long as; as
While there is life, there is hope.
While they were sleeping, the robbers broke in.
b) at the same time that
The boys sang while the girls danced.
While you were playing I was working.
c) whereas
While I have no money to spend, you have nothing to spend on.
Only
As a conjunction only means ‘except that’ or ‘but’.
The book would be helpful to you, only it is expensive. (= The book would
be helpful to you, but it is expensive.)
Because, for and since
All of these words can be used to refer to the reason for
something. Sinceclauses often come at the beginning of sentences.
Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.
A because-clause is less formal than a since-clause.
Because I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

109. Since
As a conjunction since means ‘from the past time when’.
Where have you been since I last saw you?
It is just a week since we arrived here.
I have never seen him since that unfortunate event happened.
The conjunction since may also mean as.
Since we have no money we can’t buy anything. (= As we have no money we
can’t buy anything.)
Or
The conjunction or is used to introduce an alternative.
Is it green or blue?
You can have tea or coffee.
Sometimes or is used as an equivalent to and.
The troops were not wanting in strength or courage, but they were badly fed. (=
The troops were not wanting in strength and courage…)
If
The conjunction if means ‘on condition that’; ‘supposing that’.
If you want to go there I will take you.
If it rains we shall not go.
If can mean ‘when’ or ‘whenever’.
If I don’t wear my spectacles, I get a headache.
If is also used to express wish or surprise in the structure if only.
If only I had known that. (Emphasizing one’s regret that one did not know it.)

110. Scarcely…when
It is wrong to use than instead of when in these sentences:
Scarcely had I reached the station than the train steamed out.
(Incorrect)
Scarcely had I reached the station when the train steamed out.
(Correct)
If scarcely begins the sentence it should be immediately followed
by had.
Scarcely I had reached the station when the train steamed out.
(Incorrect)
Scarcely had I reached the station when the train steamed out. (Correct)
I had scarcely reached the station when the train steamed out. (Correct)
Correlatives
The correlatives either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not
only…but also must be placed immediately before the words they relate
to.
Neither he would eat nor allow us to eat. (Incorrect)
He would neither eat nor allow us to eat. (Correct)
Neither I shall follow your instructions nor resign. (Incorrect)
I shall neither follow your instructions nor resign. (Correct)
He not only visited France but also Germany.
He visited not only France but also Germany

111. Exercise:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions
1. I would rather be an engineer —————–
a doctor.
2. I cannot excuse you —————— you
apologize.
3. Neither a lender —————- a borrower
be.
4. Work hard —————– you should fail.
5. Clever ——————- he was, he could not
solve the problem.

112. Interjection is the word
Interjection
that expresses the
strong sudden
sentiments sometimes
experienced.
INTERJECTION

113. Contt…

115. Punctuations -

117. Comma ( )-
The comma (,) is the short pause and
is always used within sentences. It is
used in cases wherever the writer
wants to indicate a small separation,
like...
This is Ram, Sahib, Kiran and Mahesh.
Get up, freshen up, have breakfast and rush
off to school.

118. Semi Colon ( )-
The semi colon (;) is used to
connect two loosely connected
clauses.
Colon ( )-
The colon (:) is optionally used to
mark the beginning of a quotation
or at the beginning of an
enumeration.

120. Full Stop -
To end a sentence
The full stop (.) is the greatest pause and indicates the end of
an imperative or a declarative sentence.
. imperative
declarative .
To mark abbreviations
The full stop has also been traditionally used in
abbreviations, but now-a-days this use of the full stop has
become optional.
,
. B. Sc. or BSc

121. DETERMI
NERS..
Determiners are words
...
such as this, those, my,
their,
which. They are special
adjectives that are used
before
nouns.

122. ARTICLES
ARTI
A AN THE CLES
The words a and an are called indefinite articles. You
can use them with singular nouns to talk about any
single person or thing.

123. USE OF ARTICLES
The articles precede the noun and are generally the
first adjective for that noun. ie if more than
one adjective is used describe a noun, the article is
used before any of other
, article .
article .
As a general rule - An article is used before
every singular common nounexcept when the noun is used
in a general sense.
article
. -
.

124. She is a girl. girl a .
mortal
Man is mortal.
.

125. TENSE ( ).
verb
( )
Tense
( ) .

126. TYPES OF TENSE
Present Future
Tense Tense
( (
) )
Past Tense (
)
F o u r s u b -c l a s s e s o f
e a c h of t he t hr e e

127. PRESENT PAST FUTURE
TENSE TENSE TENSE
Present
past Simple Future Simple
Simple or
or Indefinite or Indefinite
Indefinite
Present Past Future
Continuous Continuous Continuous
Present Past Perfect Future Perfect
Perfect – – –
Present Perfect
Continuous - Past Perfect Future Perfect
Continuous - Continuous -

128. • The form of verb that • The form of verb that
Verb indicates a underway indicates to an action
or just currently that had occured in
completed action is the past is known as
Present known as the present the past tense.
Tense tense.
.
( ) ( )
• the form of verb that
indicates an action Verb
that will occur after
Verb
some time (in the
future) is known as Past
the future tense
Future Tense
Tense .
( )

129. PRESENT TENSE.
Present Indefinite I walk. .
Tense
Present Continuous I am walking. .
Tense
Present Perfect I have walked. .
Tense
Present Perfect I have been walking. .
Continuous Tense

130. PAST TENSE.
Past Indefinite Tense I walked.
.
Past Continuous Tense I was walking.
.
Past Perfect Tense I had walked. .
Past Perfect Continous I had been
Tense walking. .

131. FUTURE TENSE.
Future Indefinite Tense I shall walk. .
Future Continuous I shall be
Tense. walking. .
Future Perfect Tense I shall have
walked. .
Future Perfect I shall have been
Continuous Tense walking. .

132. Present Tense (SIMPLE):
With singular- verb + (s)
With Plural- Verb only
I /They/ we/you work, He /she/ it (object, plan
etc) works (1st form of verb)
Affirmative/Negative/Question
A: He speaks.
N: He does not speak.
Q: Does he speak?

133. (CONTINUOUS tense: + ING)
Verb Stem + / / (raha/rahe/rahi) + Present Tense of "Hona" (to be)
For those who don't like grammatical terms and don't know for sure what's "continuous
tense", I'll tell that it's the same as the English verbs, ending in "-ing". So if you want to say
that you "read" a book in the moment of speaking, you have to say "I am reading a book",
not simply "I read a book", because the last could mean that you read a book in general, i.e.
you're not reading it in the moment of speaking. So let's clear all that out with some
examples.
. (mai~ kitab padh raha hu~) = I'm reading a book. . (mai~
pani pi raha hu~) = I'm drinking water. . (mai~ roti kha rahi hu~) = I'm eating
bread. (a girl speaking!)
The verbs stem and raha/rahe/rahi are pronounced almost as one (at once), although
they're written separately. Sometimes in colloquial speech all is even shortened more. The
"raha hu~" for example is pronounced "rahu~", "raha hai" as "rahai", "raha hai~" ->
"rahai~"...
we/they/you are working, and he/she/it is working or it is being done
I /they/we/you do, He/she /it does.
I /we/they/you don’t, He/she/It doesn’t (NEGATION)
Do I/they/we/you? ……… Does he/she/it? (QUESTION)
A: He is speaking.
N: He is not speaking.
Q: Is he speaking?

134. PRESENT PERFECT
I/we/ they/you- have/haven’t
for e.g-I have done (3rd form of verb)
He/she/it- has/hasn’t
for e.g-he has done (3rd form of verb)
A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken?

135. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
I/we/ they/you- have / haven’t been …verb + ing
He/she/it- has/ hasn’t been…verb + ing
It has been done (3rd form of verb)
‘Have had’ and ‘has had’ are used when something/work is
carried on from past in to the present.
A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken?

136. PAST TENSE
For verbs, whose stem end in a vowel you have to
add / / (ya/ye/yi) E.g. -> -> (Khana -> Kha (stem) ->
Khaya)
(simple present)Isà Was (simple past)
I /he/she/ità was/ wasn’t
I saw, ate, drank etc (2nd form of verb)
(simple present)Areà were (simple past)
We/you/theyà were/ weren’t
We saw, ate, drank etc (2nd form of verb)
For question in simple past- Did you…..+ 1st form of verb?
e.g- Did Mary dance in a musical?
A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?

137. Past continuous
I /he/she/it-- was/ wasn’t …verb+ ing
We/you/they-- were/ weren’t… verb + ing
Well, no need to help you much here. It's the same as the
present continous except that it's used the past tense of Hona:
Verb Stem + / / (raha/rahe/rahi) + Past Tense of
"Hona" (to be) = Past Continuous Tense
. (mai~ kitab padh raha tha) = I was reading a
book. . (mai~ pani pi raha tha) = I was drinking
water. . (mai~ roti kha rahi thi) = I was eating
bread. (a girl speaking!)
A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking?

138. Past Perfect
when something/work started and ended in
past tense only
I/we/you/they/he/she/it- had + 3rd form of
verb
e.g I had done my homework yesterday.
Sometimes we use “had had” when we are too
sure about the happening.
A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?

139. Past Perfect Continuous
when something / work got started and went on in past
tense but not ended.
I/we/you/they/he/she/it- Had been… verb+ ing.
For question- had you completed/ been completing
your work……..?
A: He has been speaking.
N: He has not been speaking.
Q: Has he been speaking?

140. FUTURE TENSE
Please study the will/shall & going to usage to know when and how we use these words.
I/we/you/they/he/she/it- will + 1st form of verb
They will do……I/we shall do (1st form of verb)
‘It’ will be done (3rd form of verb with IT)
The Future tense it a bit more complicated than the past for it has more verb-endings for
person than those by the past tense.
Future Imperfect Tense:
Let us conjugate a verb in the future tense, then I'll give the endings:
Future Imperfect of "Pina" ( = to drink)
(mai~ piunga) = I will drink (tu piega) = You will drink (tum pioge)
= You will drink (voh piega) = He/She/It will drink.
(ham pienge) = We will drink (aap pienge) = You will drink. (ve
pienge) = They will drink.
For "I" use -unga, for "Tu" use "ega", for "Tum" use "oge", for "voh" use "ega" and for
"ham/aap/ve" the plural form "enge".
A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak?

141. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
I/we/you/they/he/she/it- will be & verb+ ing
To build that tense use these endings:
(rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge) similarly as the forms for Future
Imperfect together with the "conjugated" verb.
Verb Stem + TA / TE / TI + rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge =
Future Continuous Tense
Let's make the future continuous of the verb "pina" to make things
clear:
Future Continuous of "Pina" ( = to drink)
. (mai~ pita rahunga) = I will be drinking. .
(tu pita rahega) = You will be drinking. . (tum pite
rahoge) = You will be drinking. . (voh pita rahega) =
He/She/It will be drinking.
. (hum pite rahenge) = We will be drinking.
. (aap pite rahenge) = You will be drinking. . (ve pite
rahenge) = They will be drinking.
A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking?

142. FUTURE PERFECT
Note – we rarely use future perfect tense only when we are confident
about future.
I/we- shall have + 3rd form of verb
You/they/he/she/it- Will have + 3rd form of verb
A: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
will/ shall have been & verb + ing
A: He will have been speaking.
N: He will not have been speaking.
Q: Will he have been speaking?

143. Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the
sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato,
the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was
about 2,400 years ago!

144. Thanks To Abhay Sir. Who
Make Me Able To Do This..