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1. GERMAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

2. German Classical Philosophy:
 Immanuel Kant
 Johann Gottlieb Fichte
 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
 Ludwig Feuerbach

3. Immanuel Kant
 In order for something to exist, it must be
determinable in time - that is, we must be able to
say when it exists and for how long.
 Saying that I exist requires a determinate point in
time, and this, in turn, requires an actually existing
outside world in which time takes place.
 Only from the human standpoint can we speak of
space.
 Human reason is troubled by questions that it cannot
dismiss, but also cannot answer.

4. Questions:
 What can I know?– This is the question of the
theory of knowledge (epistemology);
 What should I do? - It is a question of ethics, i.e. of
the moral theory;
 What can I hope for? - This is a theological
question (faith in God);
 What is man by himself without regard to anything?
-It is a question of philosophical anthropology.

6. Johann Gottlieb Fichte
 How can people be considered to have free will if
everything is determined by something else that
exists outside of ourselves?
 Our own minds create all that we think of as reality.
 The self is an active entity or essence that exists
outside of causal influences, and is able to think and
choose freely, independently, and spontaneously.
 “Think the I, and observe what is involved in
doing this”.

7. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
 The beginning of the world in the Absolute, which is
the identity of being and thinking, subject and
object.
 Man appears as a crown of Nature. In this regard,
"Man and Nature" represent the unity of a subject
and an object.
 “If you made, you learned", "cognize by acting“.
 It is possible to cognize the world by another way -
esoteric (secret, hidden) way, only intellectual
intuition leads to it.

8. Self-consciousness passes through three stages:
 1. From vague feelings to creative contemplation. At
this point inner feelings and an object of feeling are
identical.
 2. From creative contemplation to categorical
cognition of being (such concepts as space, time,
causality, need and so on appear).
 3. From wording of categories to the act of self-
consciousness (a subject opposes itself to Nature
and at the same time achieves self-knowledge
through consideration of itself as an object).

9. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
 Dialectic. THESIS - ANTITHESIS = SYNTHESIS
 Each stage of world-history is a necessary moment in the
Idea of the World Spirit.
 Each of the parts of philosophy is a philosophical whole,
a circle rounded and complete in itself.
 The spirit of humanity in its historical dimension:
1. Subjective spirit, i.e. consciousness and self-
consciousness.
2. Objective spirit, i.e. state, law, morality, family.
3. Absolute spirit, i.e. art, religion and philosophy.

11. Ludwig Feuerbach
 Humans are not an externalized form of an Absolute
Spirit, but the opposite: we have created the idea of a
great spirit, a god, from our own longings and desires.
 In our yearning for all that is best in humankind—love,
compassion, kindness, and so on—we have imagined a
being that incorporates all of these qualities in the highest
possible degree, and then called it “God”.
 We have also forgotten or forsaken what we are
ourselves.
 We should focus less on heavenly righteousness and
more on human justice—it is people in this life, on this
Earth, that deserve our attention.