1. CHAPTER 3.3

2. MAIN IDEA
Children face various social decisions as they
grow and progress through the stages of life.

3. PARENTING STYLES
•Diana Baumrind (1971, 1973) observed and interviewed nursery school
children and their parents.
•Follow-up observations when the children were 8 or 9 led to several
conclusions about the impact of three distinct parenting styles on children.
-Authoritarian families
-Democratic/Authoritative families
-Permissive/Laissez-Faire families

4. PARENTING STYLES CONT.
•Authoritarian families:
•Parents are the bosses
•Parents do think they need to explain their
decisions
•Child has no right to question parental decisions

5. PARENTING STYLES CONT.
•Democratic or Authoritative families:
•Children participate in decisions affecting their lives
•Lots of discussion and negotiation
•Parents listen to their children
•Children can make decisions for themselves
• BUT the parents have the right to veto plans

6. PARENTING STYLES CONT.
•Permissive or Laissez-faire families
•Basically the children rule themselves
•They live by no rules
•Parents basically give up and let the children raise
themselves

7. EFFECTS OF PARENTING
STYLES
•Studies show that “democratic or authoritative
families” are most effective
•Adolescents are more confident in their values and goals
•Comes from 2 things: establishment of limits, and
responding to the child warmly and supportively
•More likely to make their own decisions with or without
advice

8. CHILD ABUSE
Physical
Mental
Sexual Abuse
Negligent Treatment
Mistreatment of children under the age of 18
In 2003: 3 million cases of child abuse were reported
906,000 children were confirmed as victims of actual abuse or neglect
situations

9. CHILD ABUSE CONT.
Social Problem
Most abusive parents were mistreated as children
Have little patience
Have unrealistic expectations

10. CHILD ABUSE CONT.
Overburdened and stressed parents are more likely to abuse their
children
Mentally or physically children experience abuse more often because
of the stress of taking care of the children
Abuse causes many developmental problems such as
 Feeling of guilt
 Lost of trust
 Depression
 Anitsocialness

11. FREUD’S THEORY OF
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Sigmund Freud believes that all children are born with powerful and
aggressive urges
1. Oral stage…infant pleasures seeking focused on the mouth (ages…first
18 months of life)
2. Anal stage…infant pleasure seeking focused centered on functions of
elimination (ages…1.5-3 years)
3. Phallic Stage…infants pleasure seeking focused on the genitals
(ages…3-6 years)
4. Latency stage…sexual thoughts repressed, child focuses on developing
social and intellectual skills (ages…6 years to puberty)
5. Genital stage…sexual desires renewed, individual seeks relationships
with others (age…puberty through adulthood)

12. ERIKSON’S THEORY OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Although he recognized the child’s sexual and
aggressive urges he believes that the need for social
approval is just as important
Psychosocial development- life periods in which
individuals goal is to satisfy desires associated with
social needs
Example
 2 year old is delighted with his new found ability to walk, to get
into things, to use words and ask questions

13. LEARNING THEORIES OF
DEVELOPMENT
Both Freud and Erikson stress the emotional dynamics of social
development
Their theories suggest that learning social rules is altogether different form
learning to ride a bicycle or to speak a foreign language
Many psychologists disagree

14. THE COGNITIVE-
DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH
Cognitive theorists see the child as the shaper
Taking their cue from Jean Piaget, they argue that social development
is the result of the child’s acting on the environment and trying to make
sense out of his experiences.

15. THE COGNITIVE-
DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH
CHILD'S GAMES AND PLAY
Most children’s games involve role taking.
-Mother
-Father
-Teacher
-Storekeeper
-Explorer
-Rock star
-Etc.

16. THE COGNITIVE-
DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH
CHILD'S GAMES AND PLAY
Role taking allows them to learn about different points of views first hand.
Child plays a mother opposite another child plays a whiny, disobedient baby.
When she finds herself totally frustrated by the other child’s nagging, she
begins to understand why her mother gets mad.
You are unable to cook even pretend meal when the baby keep knocking
over pots and pans.

17. ERIKSON’S STAGES OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

19. KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage Orientation Reference
Group
Pre-
Conventional
1
2
Obedience and
punishment
Instrumental
relativist
Self
Immediate family
Conventional 3
4
Good boy/Nice
girl
Law and order
Extended family
Self-serving view
of society
Post-
Conventional
5
6
Social contract
Universal ethics
principle
Interactive view
of society
Balanced
cost/benefit
analysis of