2. The aim of this project was to discover how
maths plays a major role in the world of
technology and health. maths has been a
part of almost all the tasks that we do from
shopping to sleeping. In the daily life of
health, we often come across situations
when calculations become a major aspect. in
the medicinal world we often find doctors
and nurses using maths for calculating
dosages, in CAT scans, in medicinal
surveys,etc. group I explores this area of
mathematics and ventures into the
complicated world of maths in medicines.
Apart from this Group I makes an attempt
3. Aristotle defined mathematics as: The science
of quantity. It is said that Mathematics is the gate and
key of the Science and therefore it cant be denied
that Mathematics is a Science of all Sciences and art of
all arts.
Medicine is the applied science or practice of
the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
Medicine has been used to diagnose and cure diseases
since prehistoric times.
4. Both doctors and nurses use maths every day
while providing health care for people around
the world. Doctors and nurses use math when
they write prescriptions or administer
medication. Medical professionals use math
when drawing up statistical graphs of
epidemics or success rates of
treatments. Math applies to x-rays, mri and
CAT scans. Numbers provide an abundance
of information for medical
professionals. The careful logical reasoning
that is necessary for the study of
mathematics is an essential element of
5. The shape of an object located in
some space is a geometrical
description of the part of that
space occupied by the object, as
determined by its external
boundary. Simple shapes can be
described by
basic geometry objects such as a
set of two or more points, a line ,
a curve, a plane, a plane
figure (e.g. square or circle), or a
solid figure (e.g.cube or sphere).
6. Medicines are identified on the basis of their
imprint, shape or color. Some common shapes
of medicines and their examples include:
1. Capsule: Acebutolol, Antioxidant Formula, B
Complex Softgel
2. Round: B Complex with B12, Biotin
300mcg, Calcium Gluconate
3. Hexagon: Acidophilus Captab, B Complex
and C
4. Rectangle: Abilify Oral, Alprazolam
Oral, Calcet Oral
5. Pentagon: Ativan Oral, Avandia
Oral, Cimetidine Oral
7. Number System
• Numbers play an important role in mathematics. There are
some particular types of numbers. Numbers can be
classified into sets, called number systems.
• The counting numbers are called natural numbers. Thus, N
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....} is the set of all natural numbers.
• All natural numbers together with 0 (zero) form the set W
of all whole numbers. Thus, W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....} is the
set of all whole numbers.
8. Number System in Medicines
The production of medicines at a global scale is huge.
And therefore clearly the number system helps us to
count the number of medicines manufactured each
year, month or week.
For example: In India, in 2002, over 20,000
registered drug manufacturers in India sold $9 billion
worth of formulations and bulk drugs.
9. The mass of an object is a fundamental
property of the object; a numerical measure
of its inertia; a fundamental measure of the
amount of matter in the object. Definitions
of mass often seem circular because it is
such a fundamental quantity that it is hard
to define in terms of something else. All
mechanical quantities can be defined in
terms of mass, length, and time. The usual
symbol for mass is m and its SI unit is the
kilogram
Mass is used to determine the mass
10. The weight of an object is the force
of gravity on the object and may be
defined as the mass times
the acceleration of gravity, w = mg.
Since the weight is a force, its SI
unit is the newton. Density is
mass/volume. The concept of weight
is used to find the weight of various
liquids, drugs, injections ,etc
The weight of a Unit will vary from
drug to drug; for example, in
penicillin, which is an antibiotic, a
substance which kills bacteria, the
11. Volume
• The bodies occupying space are called
solids.
• The space occupied by a solid body is
called its volume. The units of volume are
cubic cm or cubic meters.
12. Volume in Medicines’
The volume of medicines is calculated in
order to calculate the number of tablets that
a prescription bottle will able to contain.
13. Volume in Medicines
Pharmaceutical companies calculate the
volume of the medicines in order to prescribe
the appropriate dosages for the patients.
Thus, dosages are prescribed on the basis of
volume and the age group of patients.
14. Volume in Medicines
Pharmaceutical companies calculate the
volume of medicines in order to
calculate the size of each cavity of the
medicinal strip.
15. Most drug dosages are measured
by weight in grams, milligrams or
micrograms; however certain special drugs
have other metric units that measure
properties other than weight
Rules for Writing Drug Dosage Orders
in the Metric System:
1, We should always use decimals instead
of fractions.
2,When writing decimals that are smaller
than 1, we should always put a leading
zero before the decimal point.
16. Fractions
A fraction is a part of a whole.
Mathematically, we define fractions as the
numbers of the form a/b, where a and b are
whole numbers and b is not equal to 0.
17. Fractions in Medicines
• Blood is full of a number of things. There are the
red cells, there are white cells, platelets, amber
fluid (plasma), which contains different
components, some already being used in medicine,
others still in the research stage. These
components are separated into fractions and are
therefore called blood fractions.
18. An equation of one variable and of
first order (i.e., its highest power
is one) is called a Linear equation in
one variable. Such an equation has
only one solution. A solution is also
called the 'root' of the given
equations
It can be used in the field of
mathematics as often when doctors
forget any dosage, the nurse
forget the no. of medicines', it can
be used effectively.
19. Ratio and Proportion
• The ratio of two quantities a and b of the
same kind and in the same units is the
fraction a/b.
• An equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a:b = c:d, then we say that a, b, c, d are in
proportion and we write a:b::c:d.
20. Ratio and Proportion in Medicine
Nurses also use ratios and proportions when
administering medication. Nurses need to
know how much medicine a patient needs
depending on their weight.
Drug calculation formula for ratio/proportion:
Dose Available = Dose Ordered
Volume Available Volume Ordered
21. Compound interest is interest
calculated on the principal
amount invested, which is then
added to the principal
amount, and compounded again.
Compound interest can be
earned daily, weekly, monthly
or yearly. Generally the more
times an amount is
compounded, the more money
you can make. It is used in
medicine as there are loans
taken to compensate medical
22. Percentage
Out of 100 equal parts, each part is known as
its hundredth part.
By a certain percentage, we mean that many
hundredth. We denote x per cent by x%.
Thus x%= x/hundredths= x/100
23. Percentage in Medicines
Percentage is used for a number of reasons in
the medical field:
• It is used to depict an increase or decrease in the
manufacture of drugs or medicines in the medical
field.
• Percentage is also used to depict the increase and
decrease in the price of medicines.
• Percentage is also used to depict the percentage of
medicines obtained from some source.
24. A financial statement that
summarizes the revenues, costs
and expenses incurred by a
hospital during a specific period
of time - usually a fiscal quarter
or year. These records provide
information that shows the
ability of a hospital to generate
profit by increasing revenue and
reducing costs. The P&L
statement is also known as a
"statement of profit and
loss", an "income statement" or
25. Statistics is the
science of learning
from data, and of
measuring, controlling,
and communicating
uncertainty; and it
thereby provides the
navigation essential for
controlling the course
of scientific and
societal advances
26. Pie charts are useful to compare
different parts of a whole
amount. They are often used to
present financial information. E.g. A
company's expenditure can be shown to
be the sum of its parts including
different expense categories such as
salaries, borrowing interest, taxation
and general running costs (i.e. rent,
electricity, heating etc).A pie chart is
a circular chart in which the circle is
divided into sectors. Each sector
visually represents an item in a data
set to match the amount of the item as
a percentage or fraction of the total
data set.
28. Sales
GREECE
FRANCE
AUSTRALIA
SPAIN
ITALY
FINALAND
29. Sale of medicines
oralantidiabetics
ace inhilitators
antibiotics
systematic
antihistamines
30. Bar Graph
• A bar graph is a pictorial representation of
numerical data in the form of rectangles(or
bars) of uniform width and varying heights.
• The height of a column represents the
frequency of the corresponding observation.
31. Bar Graph 1
The graph below depicts the UK schedule for
childhood immunization.
No. of Vaccines
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2 months 4 months 6 months 8 months 10 months
32. Bar Graph 2
The graph below depicts the total
pharmaceutical expenditure per capita
(2008). Per Capita Emissions Per Capita
Emissions
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
33. Bar Graph 3
• The graph below depicts the sales of
medicines in the top 5 therapeutic
classes, 2001. Percentage growth Percentage growth
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
34. Mathematics of MRI
NMRI uses magnetic fields to manipulate
magnetization in a way that makes it a
conveniently measurable signal which encodes
spatial location and density information.
Mathematically, with a correctly designed
sequence of magnetic field applications, the
recorded signal is just a 2D Fourier
transform.
36. Hardy Weinberg Law
Evolution is not only the development of new species from
older ones, as most people assume. It is also the minor
changes within a species from generation to generation over
long periods of time that can result in the gradual transition to
new species.
The biological sciences now generally define evolution as being
the sum total of the genetically inherited changes in the
individuals who are the members of a population's gene
pool. It is clear that the effects of evolution are felt by
individuals, but it is the population as a whole that actually
evolves. Evolution is simply a change in frequencies ofalleles in
the gene pool of a population. For instance, let us assume that
there is a trait that is determined by the inheritance of a gene
with two alleles--B and b. If the parent generation has
92% B and 8% b and their offspring collectively have
90% B and 10% b, evolution has occurred between the
generations. The entire population's gene pool has evolved in
