We continue to operate with a flawed premise: knowledge from earthquake disasters, which occur annually on a global scale, is enough to make any nation susceptible to earthquakes adopt and implement policies that will facilitate its own disaster resilience. Fact: it usually takes multiple earthquake disasters before a stricken nation will adopt and implement policies that move it towards earthquake disaster resilience. Fact: most unaffected nations don’t even try to learn anything new from another nation’s earthquake disasters and certainly don’t consider them to be a basis for changing existing policies. Pillars of earthquake disaster resilience: preparedness adoption and implementation of a modern earthquake engineering building code; realistic earthquake disaster scenarios; timely emergency response (including emergency medical services); cost-effective reconstruction & recovery. The challenge: policy changes: create, adjust, and realign programs, partners and people until you have created the kinds of turning points needed for moving towards earthquake disaster resilience. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction

1. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL
DISASTER LABORATORIES
PART 2: EARTHQUAKES

2. WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH
A FLAWED PREMISE:
KNOWLEDGE FROM EARTHQUAKE
DISASTERS, WHICH OCCUR
ANNUALLY ON A GLOBAL SCALE,
IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION
SUSCEPTIBLE TO EARTHQUAKES
ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES
THAT WILL FACILITATE ITS OWN
DISASTER RESILIENCE

3. FACT: IT USUALLY TAKES
MULTIPLE EARTHQUAKE
DISASTERS BEFORE A STRICKEN
NATION WILL ADOPT AND
IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT
MOVE IT TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER RESILIENCE

4. FACT:
MOST UNAFFECTED NATIONS DON’T
EVEN TRY TO LEARN ANYTHING NEW
FROM ANOTHER NATION’S
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS AND
CERTAINLY DON’T CONSIDER THEM
TO BE A BASIS FOR CHANGING
EXISTING POLICIES

5. EXAMPLES OF PAST
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
LABORATORIES

6. PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
• CIRCUM-
PACIFIC
NATIONS ARE
PRONE TO
EARTHQUAKES
AND TSUNAMIS

7. OTHER EARTHQUAKE-
PRONE LOCATIONS

8. TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION
FAILURE
SITE
AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSS

9. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
GLOBAL
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”

10. EXAMPLE: 240,000 DEAD AFTER
“BULLS-EYE” EARTHQUAKE
• TANGSHAN, CHINA
(1976) EARTHQUAKE:
The impossible situation;
too late for a race
against time” to save
lives and protect
property.

11. EXAMPLE: 230,000 DEAD AFTER
EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
• INDONESIA (2004):
The impossible
situation; too late
for a race against
time” to save lives
and protect
property.

12. EXAMPLE: 88,000 DEAD AS RESULT OF
NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS
• CHINA (MAY 2008):
• The impossible
situation; too late for a
race against time” to
save lives and
protect property.

13. EXAMPLE: 220,000 DEAD AS RESULT
OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS
• HAITI (2010):
• The impossible
situation; too late for a
race against time” to
save lives and
protect property.

14. EXAMPLE: 30,000 DEAD AFTER
EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
• JAPAN (2011):
• The impossible
situation; too late
for a race against
time” to save
lives and protect
property.

15. EXAMPLE: SEARCH AND RESCUE OF
SURVIVORS IN COLLAPSED BLDGS.
• TURKEY (1999)
KOCALEI EARTH-
QUAKE):
• Timely responses
during a forty-eight
hour “race against
time” to save lives
and protect property

16. BOUMERDES, ALGERIA; 2,226
DEAD (MAY 21, 2003)

17. EXAMPLE: GUJARAT, INDIA
20,800 DEAD (JAN 26, 2001)

18. EL ASNAM, ALGERIA; 3,500
DEAD (OCT. 10, 1980)

19. EXAMPLE: DAMAGE TO ESSENTIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE– A SCHOOL
• ALASKA (1964):
Timely search and
rescue during a
forty-eight hour
“race against time”
to save lives and
protect property

20. EXAMPLE: DAMAGE FROM
EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
• ALASKA (1964):
• Timely responses
during a thirty day
“race against time”
to save lives and
protect property

21. EXAMPLE: LIQUEFACTION DESTROYED
OVER 1,000 BUILDINGS
• NIIGATA, JAPAN
(1964):
• Timely responses
during a thirty day
“race against time”
to save lives and
protect property

22. EXAMPLE: COLLAPSE OF HIGH-RISE
APARTMENT BUILDINGS
• MEXICO CITY AFTER
1985 EARTHQUAKE:
Timely responses
during a forty-eight
hour and thirty day
“race against time”
save lives and protect
property

23. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
ELEVATED HIGHWAY; DEATHS
• LOMA PRIETO, CA
(1989):
• Timely responses
during a forty-eight
hour and thirty day
“race against time”
to save lives and
protect property

24. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION
• LOMA PRIETA, CA
EARTHQUAKE (1989):
• Timely responses
during a thirty day
“race against time” to
save lives and protect
property

25. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
ELEVATED EXPRESSWAY
• NORTHRIDGE, CA
(1994):
• Timely responses
during a thirty day
“race against time” to
save lives and protect
property

26. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
ELEVATED EXPRESSWAY (NO DEATHS)
• KOBE, JAPAN
(1995): “The forty-
eight hour and
thirty day “race
against time” to
save lives and
protect property.

27. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION FROM
600 FIRES
• KOBE, JAPAN
(1995): “The race
against time” to
save lives and
protect property.

28. EXAMPLE: HAZ-MAT RELEASE AND
FIRE AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
• ALASKA (1964):
Timely responses
during a thirty day
“race against time” to
save lives and protect
property

29. EXAMPLE: RADIATION RELEASE FROM
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
• JAPAN (2011):
Timely responses
during a thirty day
“race against time”
to save lives and
protect property

30. EXAMPLE: SEARCH AND RESCUE TO
SAVE TRAPPED SURVIVORS
• CHINA (2013):
• Timely responses
during a forty-eight
hour “race against
time” to save lives
and protect property

31. EXAMPLE: EMERGENCY MEDICAL
SERVICES AFTER EARTHQUAKE
• CHINA (2008):
Timely responses
during a forty-eight
hour “race against
time” to save lives
and protect
property

32. EXAMPLE: EMERGENCY MEDICAL
• CHINA (2008):
• Timely responses
during a forty-eight
hour “race against
time” to save lives
and protect property

33. EXAMPLE: INTERNATIONAL
ASSISTANCE
• PAKISTAN (2005):
Timely responses
during a thirty day
“race against time”
to save lives and
protect property

34. EXAMPLE: MASS CARE OF SUR-
VIVORS AFTER QUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• CHILE EARTHQUAKE:
“The race against time”
to save lives and
protect property
starts immediately.

35. EXAMPLE: A TENT CITY FOR
SURVIVORS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
• HAITI (2010):
Timely temporary
housing during a
thirty day “race
against time” to
save lives and
protect property

36. EXAMPLE: SURPRISE! DEBRIS FROM
JAPAN’S TSUNAMI NOW IN USA
• SENDAI, JAPAN
AFTER THE MARCH
2011 EARTHQUAKE
AND TSUNAMI: What
will happen to the
radioactive debris?

37. EXAMPLE: TAKING CARE OF THE DEAD
KILLED IN NON-ENGINEERED BLDGS.
• IRPINIA, ITALY
EARTHQUAKE (1980):
• Timely responses
during a forty-eight
hour “race against
time” to save lives
and protect property

38. LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING
OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL
• The people who know: 1) what to
expect (e.g., strong ground motion,
oil effects, tsunami wave run up,
ground failure), 2) where and when
they will happen, and 3) what they
should (and should not) do to
prepare for them will survive.

39. LESSON: TIMELY, REALISTIC
DISASTER SCENARIOS SAVE LIVES
• The people who have timely,
realistic, advance information that
facilitates reduction of
vulnerabilities, and hence the risks
associated with strong ground
shaking, tsunami wave run up, and
ground failure will survive.

40. LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SAVES LIVES
• The “Uncontrollable and
Unthinkable” events will always
hinder the timing of emergency
response operations, especially the
search and rescue operations that
are limited to “the golden 48 hours.”

41. LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL
PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES
• The local community’s capacity for
emergency health care (i,e., coping
with damaged hospitals and medical
facilities, lack of clean drinking
water, food, and medicine, and
high levels of morbidity and
mortality) is vital for survival.

42. LESSON: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERED
BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES
• Buildings engineered to withstand
the risks from an earthquake’s
strong ground shaking and ground
failure that cause damage, collapse,
and loss of function, is vital for
protecting occupants and users
from death and injury.

43. LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID
• The International Community
provides millions to billions of
dollars in relief to help “pick up the
pieces, ” but this strategy is not
enough by itself to ensure
earthquake disaster resilience.

44. FACT
MOST OF THE 200 + NATIONS
NEED EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE POLICIES THAT ARE
BASED ON LESSONS LEARNED
FROM PAST EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER LABORATORIES

45. YOUR
COMMUNITY
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•MONITORING
•HAZARD MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
BOOKS OF
KNOWLEDGE
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EM RESPONSE
•RECOSTRUCTION AND
RECOVERY
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE

46. PILLARS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
Preparedness
Adoption and Implementation of a Modern
Earthquake Engineering Building Code
Realistic Earthquake Disaster Scenarios
Timely Emergency Response (including
Emergency Medical Services)
Cost-Effective Reconstruction & Recovery

47. THE CHALLENGE:
POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND
REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND
PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE
KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR
MOVING TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE

48. AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL
STRATEGY
To Create Turning Points for
Earthquake Disaster Resilience
 USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING
THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER
AND ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

49. MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST-
HAPPEN GLOBAL STRATEGY
To Achieve Earthquake Disaster
Resilience
INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL
SOLUTIONS IN EVERY NATION FOR
REALISTIC POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS,
PROTECTION, DISASTER SCENARIOS,
EMERGENCY RESPONSE,
RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY