Fallacyslidess

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The document discusses different types of logical fallacies, including fallacies of accident, hasty generalization, irrelevant conclusion, and affirming the consequent. It provides examples of each fallacy type and explains the logical flaws in the arguments.

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Faulty Arguments, Logical Fallacies and Poor Reasoning Faulty ArgumentsThis PowerPoint contains some of the common errors people make in reasoning. If you listen, you will hear many of these fallacies in everyday conversation.The “natural” cure and herbal medicine literature is rife with glaring examples of poor argumentation.Study these generic examples and you will be able to spot them in the assigned articles with ease. Poor Logic Emotional AppealThis is an attempt to sway the listener by getting him emotionally involved. Emotions shut down reason!Sick or scared people are especially vulnerable. Ad Hominem/ Personal AttackArguments of this kind focus on the character of the person advancing it; they seek to discredit positions by discrediting those who hold them. They attack the arguers rather than the arguments.Politicians are often subjected to ad hominem attacks Bandwagon/ Ad PopulumThe difference between the two is that the bandwagon fallacy places an emphasis on current fads and trends, whereas the ad populum suggests that an idea must be true simply because it is widely held. Appeal to AuthorityFor example, an appeal to authority argument seeks to persuade by citing what someone else, a perceived authority, thinks on the subject, as if that resolves the question. The degree of support that such an appeal lends to a claim varies depending on the particular authority in question, the relevance of their expertise to the claim, and other factors, but in all cases is limited. Appeal to AuthorityAn appeal to authority argument seeks to persuade by citing what someone else, a perceived authority, thinks on the subject, as if that resolves the question. Celebrity endorsements sell products.Even worse, celebrity endorsements of political figures win votes. Yikes! Faulty StatisticsMisunderstanding or misusing statistics to shore up a weak argument.Example: “We must fund our schools better! Half our children are below average on their math tests!”People pull bogus statistics out of thin air to sound impressive. Research by ExegesisResearch by exegesis is using a book as an infallible reference source.Usually it refers to the supposedly infallible Bible, but not always.People cite Bible verses to convince people that being gay is wrong. Either/Or & Slippery SlopeSlippery slope arguments falsely assume that one thing must lead to another. They begin by suggesting that if we do one thing then that will lead to another, and before we know it we’ll be doing something that we don’t want to do.They conclude that we therefore shouldn’t do the first thing. The problem with these arguments is that it is possible to do the first thing that they mention without going on to do the other things; restraint is possible. Slippery Slope Example“If you go out with that kind of guy, you will get pregnant and end up dropping out of college.”Either you stay in school or you won’t get a good job. Red HerringThe red herring ...

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Examine written and visual advertisements. Select five advertisements that demonstrate the use of five different fallacies outlined in the University of Phoenix Material: Common List of Logical Fallacies. Write a 350-word summary for each of your selected advertisements in which you address the following: in apa format Summarize the content of the advertisement. Identify the fallacy portrayed by the advertisement. Describe how the fallacy is used as a persuasive argument. Explain why you think that the creators of the advertisement used the fallacy to promote this product or concept. Common Logical Fallacies The following is a list of common fallacies. Some are covered in the textbook, and others are introduced by the faculty member. Use this document for your reference. 1. Ad hominem, or attacking the person: This fallacy involves attacking the arguer rather than his or her argument. Consider the following example: John's objections to capital punishment carry no weight because he is a convicted felon. Note. Saying something negative about someone is not automatically ad hominem. If you are discussing a person—such as a politician—criticizing him or her does not mean you have created an ad hominem fallacy. 2. Ad ignorantium, or appeal to ignorance: This fallacy, sometimes called the burden of proof fallacy, involves arguing on the basis of what is not known and cannot be proven; if you can't prove that something is true, then it must be false, and vice versa. Consider the following example: You can't prove the Loch Ness monster doesn’t exist, so there must be one. 3. Ad verecundiam, or appeal to authority: This fallacy involves trying to convince the listener by appealing to the reputation of a famous or respected person. This often involves an authority in one field speaking about a subject outside of his or her expertise. A sports star with little car expertise who endorses a car and the actor on a TV commercial who says "I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV” are examples of this fallacy. 4. Affirming the consequent: This fallacy involves an invalid form of the conditional argument in which the second premise affirms the consequent of the first premise and the conclusion affirms the antecedent. Consider the following example: If he wants to get that job, he must know Spanish. He knows Spanish, so he will get the job. 5. Amphiboly: This is a fallacy of syntactical ambiguity in which the position of words in a sentence or the juxtaposition of two sentences conveys a mistaken idea. This fallacy is like equivocation except that the ambiguity does not result from a shift in meaning of a single word or phrase; it is created by word placement. Consider the following example: Jim said he saw Jenny walk her dog through the window. She should be reported for animal abuse. 6. Appeal to emotion: In this fallacy, the arguer uses emotional appeals rather than logic to persuade the listener. This fallacy may appeal to v ...

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