5. 5
The author would like to thank all the bibliographic references and videos that
have contributed to the elaboration of these presentations.
For bibliographic references, please refer to:
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)
For videos, please refer to:
• www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias
8. 8
INTRODUCTION
Brace (tool), 1420
Bow drill (strap-drills)
Upper Paleolithic era, 10,000 years ago
First table top drilling machine
1838
Pump drill
Roman Era, 510 years BC
Gimlet, 1750 Auger, 1800
by Endika Gandarias
10. 10
INTRODUCTION
Typical applications:
1. Holes with clearance for bolts
2. Holes with a screw thread
3. Countersunk holes
4. Holes that have a good fit
5. Holes that form channels
6. Holes to remove weight for balancing
1
2 3 4 5 6
12. 12
Drilling covers the methods of making cylindrical holes in a workpiece with metal cutting tools.
The machine tool is called a drill.
Typical operations: trepanning, counterboring, countersinking, reaming, boring, tapping, center and
pilot hole drilling,…
Common to all these processes is a main rotating movement combined with a linear feed.
Demands on chipbreaking and the evacuation of chips is critical in drilling.
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias
fn
vc
N
F
VIDEO
N Spindle speed (rpm)
Vc Cutting speed (m/min)
Dc Tool diameter (mm)
F Feed rate (mm/min)
ap Axial cutting depth (mm)
ap
Dc
16. 16
CNC Drilling machine
MACHINE TYPES
Multi Spindle or Gang Drilling machine
by Endika Gandarias
Gang-drilling
machine
Multi spindle
machineVIDEOVIDEO
19. 19
Plain vise Plain vise with swivel base Universal vise
Angle vise Compound vise
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Vise
by Endika Gandarias
Magnetic vise
20. 20
Clamps
Used for big size or irregular parts.
Part is hold using clamps, t-slot bolts, screws, washers, nuts, parallels, step blocks,…
It is important to keep in mind the efforts/deformations produced on the part.
by Endika Gandarias
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Step block
Toe mold clamp
Angle plate
Cam clamp
Washer
C clamp V blockSwing clamp
T-nut
T-slot bolt
24. 24
Drill chuck
KEY TYPE CHUCK KEYLESS CHUCK
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias
Morse Taper Shank
Straight Shank
It is used to hold cylindrical shank drills.
25. 25
Drill sleeve
TOOLHOLDING DEVICES
by Endika Gandarias
It is used to hold tapered shank drills.
For too SMALL drills for the tapered hole in the spindle.
Drill socket
It is used to hold tapered shank drills.
For too LARGE drills for the tapered hole in the spindle.
29. 29
5xD
10xD
Dc
15xD
L/Dc
Deep hole drilling
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 110
Trepanning
Solid carbide drill
Small
length drill
Brazed
carbide drill
Big diameter
drill
MACHINING OPERATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
DRILLING. Drill types
30. 30
The lowest price per hole.
Very versatile tool (capable of drilling, re-drilling, boring and
facing).
Bigger diameter than solid carbide drills.
Medium tolerances.
MACHINING OPERATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
DRILLING. Drill types
Indexable insert drill
Solid carbide drill
Brazed carbide drill
For small diameter holes.
Drilling depths up to 15xD
Tight tolerances.
Alternative to solid carbide drill for large
diameters and a high stability Is needed (less
sensitive steel body).
VIDEO
VIDEO
31. 31
MACHINING OPERATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
DRILLING. Drill types
Standard diameters up to 80mm.
Standard diameters up to 110mm.
Interesting when machine power is limited (lower power
consumption than using conventional driills).
Long diameters up to 72 x D.
Big diameter drill
Trepanning
Deep hole drill
VIDEO
VIDEO
32. 32
Layout work
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Placing of the prick punch
Scribing with height
gauge scriber
Scribing with steel scriber and
steel straight edge
Scribing with steel scriber
and try square
Steps when scribing
with dividers
by Endika Gandarias
SCRIBING PUNCH MARKING
When the manual hole center is done before going to the drill.
33. 33
Spot drilling / Center drilling
MACHINING OPERATIONS
The purpose of spot drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a
guide for drilling the final hole.
Used in milling and drilling machines.
The purpose of center drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a
center of rotation for possible following operations.
Used in turning machines.
It is the most common drilling
operation, where a hole is drilled in
solid material.
by Endika Gandarias
Drilling
Through hole Blind hole
SPOT DRILLING
CENTER DRILLING
VIDEO
VIDEO
34. 34
Trepanning
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Trepanning is commonly used for creating larger diameter holes (up to
1.000 mm) where a standard drill bit is not feasible or economical.
The trepanning tool does not machine the whole diameter, only a ring at
the periphery.
In horizontal set-ups, long and heavy cores may require a core support to
prevent the core from falling down (not in vertical).
This method is for through-hole applications.
Redrilling or boring
It consists on increasing the hole size.
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
35. 35
Counterboring
Countersinking
MACHINING OPERATIONS
The tool is called “counterbore”, and it has a
pilot to guide the cutting action.
It is commonly used for:
enlarging a hole to make a bolt head fit
flush with the surface.
spot facing in workpieces that are forged
or casted.
This process is similar to counterboring, but the step in the hole is cone-
shaped.
The tool is called “countersink”.
A common use is:
to allow the head of a countersunk bolt or screw, when placed in the
hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material.
to remove the burr left from a previous drilling or tapping operation.
to enhance pin entry.
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEOVIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
36. 36
a) Manual reamers: long entry (A)
and length (L)
b) Milling reamers: short entry (A)
and length (L)
c) Reamer with no shank or
separated shank.
VIDEO
MACHINING OPERATIONS
The reamer never should be
spinned counterclockwise.
Reaming
Straight flute
Axial coolant supply
For blind holes
Spiral flute
Lateral coolant supply
For through holes
by Endika Gandarias
RIGHT WRONG
Objective: To achive a good surface roughness and good
dimensional tolerances (H7) in a pre-drilled hole.
High penetration rates and small depths of cut.
The tool is called “reamer”.
37. 37
Taper drilling
MACHINING OPERATIONS
Taper drills were engineered to be used to pre drill the pilot holes for the
shank and threaded portion of a wood screw.
Step drilling
The tool is called “step drill”.
The transition between this ground diameter and the original diameter is
either straight, to form a counterbore, or angled, to form a countersink.
These drills are limited to use on thin material (e.g. sheet-metal work).
Improves production times, reduces number of drills.
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
38. 38
Brazed drill head
Diameter range 15 - 65mm
150 x Dc
IT9, Ra 2 µm
Deep hole drilling
MACHINING OPERATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
Gun drill
Diameter range 1 - 40mm
100 x Dc
IT9, Ra 0,1–3,20 µm
Insert drill head
Diameter range 25 - 65mm
150 x Dc
IT10, Ra 2 µm
Counterboring head
Diameter range 20 - 280mm
150 x Dc
IT 9-10, Ra 1 µm
39. 39
The tool is called “tap”.
It is commonly used for small threads.
Used for manual or automatic operations.
Straight flute tap
Spiral point tap
Spiral flute tap Forming tap
by Endika Gandarias
Tapping
MACHINING OPERATIONS
1- Tapping:
Rough
Intermediate
Finish
MANUAL OPERATION
Hand tap wrench
T-handle
tap wrench
AUTOMATIC OPERATION
VIDEOVIDEO
40. 40
The tool is called “die”.
It is commonly used for small threads.
Used for manual operations.
a) Within the lathe.
b) In a bench vise.
Main spindle
(chuck)
Part
Die
Stock (handle)
VIDEO
2- Die threading:
b)
a)
Die
Stock
(handle)
MACHINING OPERATIONS
by Endika Gandarias
Die handle
Tapping
MANUAL OPERATION