I hope this can help students in Guidance and Counseling.

1. ANCIENT
PHILOSO
PHY

6. Philosophers ask questions.
These questions try to
understand the metaphysical
and physical world of man.
Philosophy is considered to
have developed as a form of
rational inquiry in the cities of
Ancient Greece.

7. Meta= beyond
Physical= visible
matters

8. Classical Greek
civilization's greatest gift
to the world was its
philosophy. They
formulated the great ideas
that have guided Western
civilization.

9. In fact, for them philosophy
was a practical tool that
could be used to guide one's
path through life. By
discerning truth from error
and illusion, philosophy
helped them make wiser and
sounder decisions.

10. How did Greece
become the
epicenter of
Western thought
and culture?

11. = because of its
geopolitical
position

12. The Greek city-states dotted the
northeastern coasts of the
Mediterranean Sea, exposing it to the
influence of the advanced civilizations
which cradled the eastern end of the
sea, including (at various times) the
Phoenicians, Egyptians, Hittites,
Assyrians, Persians and Mesopotamians.

13. The Mediterranean Sea was the
"information highway" of its time,
especially at the eastern section, where
three continents converged together,
accessible to one another through across
the water. Civilizations thrived in this region
thanks to its fertile lands, which supported
a collection of large populations. This gave
rise to a collection of diverse societies,
which became sophisticated through the
accelerated exchange of ideas.

14. The Basis for
"Western" Thought
and Culture, and
Historical Impact

15. Greek Philosophy became so known as
Alexandrian Empire extended its reach.
Judea was under Greek and Roman rule
for most of the time which Judaism and
Christianity were developed, lending a
strong Greek philosophical imprint upon
both religions, Christianity in particular.
The New Testament was originally
written in the Greek language, and
originated and evolved in a Greek-
dominated setting.

16. Further schools of thought
would develop, covering many
disciplines and varying
perspectives. The main,
underlying theme would
continue to be reason and
inquiry.

17. Thoughtful Views: (Guess who?)
• “Wisest is he who knows he doesn’t
know.”
• “Wise men speak because they have
something to say, but fools speak
because they have to say something.”
• “There is nothing in the intellect unless
it passes through the senses.”

18. Socrates introduced a method of
learning that is now referred to as
piloting. Piloting refers to arriving at
answers through one's own power of
reasoning. This was used when Socrates
was teaching geometry to a young slave
boy who knew Math but nothing of
geometry.

19. He would ask this boy to solve a problem like
finding the area of a square. When the boy
would get the answer incorrect he would
repeatedly question his reasoning by
contradicting his logic. The notion that
knowledge comes from within was inspired
by Socrates and his experiments. The
experiment is called “ Socratic Method or
Intellectual Midwifery.”

20. Plato was a student of
Socrates. He was one of the
students who offered to pay
a fine in behalf of their
teacher-Socrates to save his
teacher from death penalty.

21. Plato’s works and achievements can be
traced in his 26 dialogues, but above all
was his theory of two worlds. The
world of idea /form and the world
matter or the physical world. All that
we can see by our naked eyes belong to
the material world which is not perfect.
Perfection only exist in the world of
forms/ideas.

22. His theory of ideal world and
material world have
influenced a lot Christian
religion. In fact, His
arguments to prove that God
exists and that human soul is
immortal found their way into
Christian theology.

23. In the allegory, Plato likens people untutored in the
Theory of Forms to prisoners chained in a cave,
unable to turn their heads. All they can see is the
wall of the cave. Behind them burns a
fire. Between the fire and the prisoners there is a
bulwark, along which puppeteers can walk. The
puppeteers, who are behind the prisoners, hold up
puppets that cast shadows on the wall of the cave.
The prisoners are unable to see these puppets-the
real objects that pass behind them. What the
prisoners see and hear are shadows and echoes
cast by objects that they do not see.

24. He was a student of Plato. He was not
following everything that Plato had
taught and believed. If Plato was more
into idealism, Aristotle was the
complete opposite. He fathered the
school of thought which was more into
scientific reasoning-realism. No wonder
he is known as a Philosopher and
scientist at the same time.

25. In Macedonia, Aristotle became
the head of the Macedon
academy. Besides tutoring
Alexander, he also taught Ptolemy
(the founder of the Ptolemaic
Kingdom in Egypt) and Cassander
(the future King of Macedon).

26. In Aristotle's conception of form, the
basic realities are concrete particulars
such as this parrot or that book - what
Aristotle calls primary substances.
Neither form nor matter can exist
independently of each other. For
matter to exist it must assume some
form or other.

27. And for the form of, for instance, parrot, to
exist, it must be realized in some
particular, material parrot. It follows that,
in Aristotle's conception, once all parrots
cease to be, so the form of the parrot is
gone too. Plato’s two world’s theory holds
up the prospect of eternal life. This is not
possible with Aristotle’s synthesis of
matter and form. Once all human beings
are dead, the form of human being ceases
to be also.

28. In addition to language and reason there is
morality. An isolated individual is cut off from social
norms, codes and standards. Even if this individual
had already acquired a moral code, he or she
would be unable to check it against society's
norms. In time, the individual loses the sense of
morality since human beings do not acquire a
moral rulebook at birth, but rather learn morality
through interacting with others in society. Such
beings could indeed become gods

29. Monks and nuns abandon the externalities of life
to turn inwards and contemplate God. But such
individuals could also become beasts. Isolation
fosters an increased psychological vulnerability to
irrational fears and beliefs. One can therefore
understand how, for Aristotle, isolation
dehumanizes individuals. Those who have no need
for the society of others is either a beast or a god.
Those who can live in isolation have either
excelled beyond the human norm or have
reverted to animal nature.

30. He was the founder of the influential
philosophical and religious movement
or cult called Pythagoreanism, and he
was probably the first man to
actually call himself a philosopher (or
lover of wisdom). Pythagoras (or in a
broader sense the Pythagoreans),
allegedly exercised an important
influence on the work of Plato.

31. As a mathematician, he is known as
the "father of numbers" or as the
first pure mathematician, and is best
known for his Pythagorean
Theorem on the relation between the
sides of a right triangle, the concept
of square numbers and square roots,
and the discovery of the golden ratio.

32. The school that Pythagoras established at
Croton was in some ways more of a secret
brotherhood or monastery. It was based on
his religious teachings and was highly
concerned with the morality of society.
Members were required to live
ethically, love one another, share political
beliefs, practice pacifism, and devote
themselves to the mathematics of nature.

33. They also abstained from meat,
rejected personal property and
observed a rule of
silence (called "echemythia"), the
breaking of which was punishable
by death, based on the belief that
if someone was in any doubt as to
what to say, they should remain
silent.

34. He was the father of
Epicureanism. It teaches that
the greatest good is to seek modest
pleasures in order to attain a state
of tranquility, freedom from
fear ("ataraxia") and absence from
bodily pain ("aponia"). This
combination of states is held to
constitute happiness in its highest
form

35. Epicurus directed that this state of
tranquility could be obtained
through knowledge of the workings
of the world and the limiting of
desires. Thus, pleasure was to be
obtained
by knowledge, friendship and living
a virtuous and temperate life.

36. He lauded the enjoyment
of "simple pleasures", by
which he
meant abstaining from bodily
desires, such as sex and
appetites, verging
on Asceticism. He counseled
that "a cheerful poverty is an
honorable state".

37. The isms or the
schools of thought as
building block of
Guidance and
Counseling

38. IDEALISM

39. = Emphasis is given on
knowledge obtained by
speculation and reasoning
for its central tenet is that
ideas are the only things
worth knowing for.

40. Focus is on conscious reasoning
of the mind in order to attain
truth. This includes the activities
pertinent to the human mind
such as introspection and
intuition and the use of logic

41. Towards the Child:

42. Subjects Matter:

45. What are being expected to
an idealist teacher?
1. be conversant with a
variety of methods and
should use the particular
method that is more effective
in securing the desired
results.

46. 2. Be excellent mentally and
morally in personal conduct
and convictions.
3. Must be creative in
providing opportunities for
student’s mind to analyze,
discover, synthesize, and
create.

47. By and large, the
teacher should see his
role in assisting the
learner to realize the
fullness of his own
personality.

48. REALISM
= the objective existence of the
world and beings in it and relations
between these beings independent
of human knowledge and desires;
the knowability of these objects

49. = the knowability of these
objects as they are in
themselves;
= the need for conformity to the
objective reality in man’s
conduct.

50. REALISM
= the objective existence of the
world and beings in it and relations
between these beings independent
of human knowledge and desires

51. Aim: to provide students
with the essential
knowledge he will need to
survive in the natural
world.

52. Methods used in teaching
include recitation,
experimentation and
demonstration. Character
development is through
training in the rules of
conduct.

53. What are being expected to
an realist teacher?
1. Be skilled in subject
matter and methods of
teaching
2. Macro skills are to be
developed by students in
elementary

54. 3. Be authoritarian in
transmitting body of
knowledge regarded as
containing wisdom of
the human race.

55. On a whole, the
teacher should
maintain discipline by
reward and contrpl the
students by activity.