1. By: Elena Anderson

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nationalities
2. Stem- changers
3. Use of Para
4. IOP
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmatives & Negatives
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement
11. Negative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement
12. Sequencing Events
13. Preterite
14. Trigger words
15. -car, -gar, -zar
16. Deber + infinitive
17. Modal verbs
18. Present progressives
19. Adverbs

4. STEM-CHANGERS
Yo Tú El,ella,ud Nosotros Ellos,ellas,uds
Dormir .
• duermo • Duermes • Duerme • Dormemos
• duermen
oue
Yo Tú El,ella,ud Nosotros Ellos,ellas,
uds.
Pedir • Pido • Pides • Pide • Pedemos
• piden
ei
Yo Tú El,ella,ud Nosotros Ellos,ellas,uds
.
Pensare • pienso • Pienses • Piense • Pensemos
• piensen
eie
Yo Tú El,ella,ud Nosotros Ellos,ellas
Jugar • Juego • Juega • Jugamos
.uds
• Juegas
• juegan
uue

5. PARA
 Indicates the recipients of an item
 Compro el regalo para tú mama
 Indicates an implied purpose
 Tengo dinero para(comprar) algo
 Indicates a purpose
 Vamos al resturante para comer

6. IOP
 To whom, for whom
 Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany
indirect objects.
 IOP = 3 places
 Before conjucated verb
 Attatch to an infinative
 Attatch to a gerund  “ing”
 Ex. Carlos acaba de vender le una revista a Rose
 O: Carlos le acaba de vender una revista Rose
Singular Plural
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les

7. OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
1. Attach the pronoun to the
infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to a
progressive tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an
affirmative command
4. Place the pronoun before a
conjugated verb

8. GUSTAR
 (Like/please)
 Use gusta before a singular noun.
 Gusta is always singular with infinitives.
 Gustan used before a plural noun.
Me Me
gusta gustan
Te gusta Te gustan
Le gusta Le gustan
Nos gusta Nos gustan
Os gusta Os gustan
Les gusta Les gustan
Gustar (singular) Gustar (plural)

9. AFFIRMATIVES & NEGATIVES
 When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use
an affirmative or a negative word
Affirmative Words Negative Words
Algo something Nada nothing
Alguien someone Nadie no one
Algun/alguno(a) same Ningun/ninguno(a) none, not any
Siempre always Nunca never
Tambien also Tampoco none, either
 Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the
noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninguno have different forms
when used before masculine singular nouns
• Algunoalgun ninguno nungun
 If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be a negative. A double
negative is required in Spanish when no precedes the verb.
 No quiero nada
 However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes
before the verb, a second negative is not needed
 Nadie quiere postre.

10. SUPERLATIVES
 The suffix –isimo, -isimos, -isima, and –ismas are
added to an adjective or adverb
 Is equivalent to extremely or very before an
adjective or adverb.
 Malo>malisimo
 Muchas>muchisimas
 Dificil>difilismo
 Adjective and adverb ending in c, g, z change
spelling to qi, gu, and c respectively
 Rico>riquismo
 Larga>larguisima
 Feliz>felicismo
 Adjective that ends in –n or-r form by adding –
cisimo(a)
 Joven>jovencismo
 Trabajador>trabajadorcismo

11. REFLEXIVES Me
When you use the infinitive
 To describe people form of a reflexive verb after a
Te
doing things for conjugated, be sure to use
themselves, use
reflexive verbs. correct reflexive pronoun
Reflexive
 Reflexive pronouns Se
are used with Pronouns
reflexive verbs to
indicate that the Quiero levantar me temprano.
subject of the Nos I want to get up early
sentence receives the
action of the verb
Se
You can also put the
oMany verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronoun in front
reflexive pronouns. When there is no reflexive of the conjugated verb
pronoun, the person doing the action does not
receive the action.
Reflexive Not reflexive
Me quiero levantar temprano.
Pepa se lava Pepa lava el carro
• Pepa washes •Pepa washes the
herself car

12. AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/PRONOUN PLACEMENT
 Give instructions or commands to someone by using the Affirmative tú
commands of regular verbs.
 Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form.
caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!
comer ¡come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa
abrir ¡abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
• Tu commands
Infinitive Affirmative tu • Affirmative drop the “s”
commands
Pronoun Placement
Decir di 1. Affirmative
hacer haz 2. Gerund
ir ve 3. Before conjugated
verb
poner pon 4. Affirmative
salir sal command
ser se •When using an object pronoun, attach the
Tener Ten pronoun to the end of the command.
venir ven •Cruzalo

13. NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/PRONOUN
PLACEMENT
oPronoun Placement
 Negative tú commands oAffirmative
1. Put in yo form oGerund
oBefore conjugated verb
2. Change the vowel
1. ar  e er,ir a
oAffirmative command
oEx.
3. Add “s” oComela no la comas
oTocala no la toques
oCantala cantamela
Negative Irregular Commands
Dar/decir No Des/digas
Ir No Vayas
Ser No Seas
Hacer No Hagas
Estar No Estes
Saber No Sepas/sagalas
Tener No Tengas
Venir No vengas

14. SEQUENCING OF EVENTS
Primero Entonces Luego/despues Por fin
First then Before/ after finally
Antes de/ despues de Los lunes, etc..
Before / after Monday
Por la manana/ tarde/ noche
In/ during the…
(No specific time)
Sequencing event help arrange events from when
they take place

15. =
PRETERITE
Past
tense
Yo é í
Tú aste iste
Él/ ella ó ió • Perfected
Nosotros amos isteis action in
Ellos aron ieron the past
• Snapshot
Esto Es • beginning
and/or
ending
El Pretérito

16. TRIGGER WORDS
Preterito  trigger words
from preterito
 Un dia
 Una vez
 Ayer
 A noche
 Hace un año
 Ya
 El mes pasado
 Anteayer
 Por una hora
 Por fin
 A las nocho
 El cinco de febero

17. -CAR, -GAR, -ZAR
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Only in toqué jugué comencé
Yo
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos
Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

18. DEBER + INFINITIVE Remember you can
put a pronoun in
front of a
conjugated verb or
 The verb deber means should attach it to an
infinitive
or ought to. To say what people
should do, use a conjugated
form of deber eith the infinitive
Por que te debo ayudar?
of another verb.
 Debo barrer el suelo. En vez de sacar fotos,
debes ayudarme
 Debes limpiar la cocina
 Debe sacar la basura
Deber Should/ ought to
Debo Debemos
Debes Debeis
Debe Deben

19. MODAL VERBS
 When verbs are used in model verb combinations,
the 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the
infinitive form. You never want to say “no puedo
nado”
Deber Should, ought to
Desea To desire
Necesitar To need
Poder Can, could, might, be able
to
Querer Want, would like
Saber Know, know how to
Soler Usually, used to

20. PRESENT PROGRESSIVES
 Some verbs you know have irregular present participle forms
 When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, change the –
iendo to –yendo to form the present participle
 E  I stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the stem
 Some other verbs also have a vowel change in the stem
Verb Irregular Present
Participle
Leer Leyendo
Oir Oyendo
Traer Trayendo
Pedir Pidiendo
Servir Sirviendo
Decir Diciendo
Dormir Durmiendo
Venir Viniendo

21. ADVERBS For adjectives with o or
 To describe how a endings, add -mente
to the feminine form
something is done, use
adverbs. Many adverbs in Adjective Adverb
Spanish are made by Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente
changing an existing Rapido Rapidamente
adjective. Lento Lentamente
 ly= mente Tranquilo Tranquilamente
Adjective Adverb
Reciente Recientemente When you use 2 adverbs, drop
Frecuente Frequentemente the –mente to the first one
Facil Facilmente
Lenta y tranquilamente
Normal Normalmente
Especial Especialmente
When an adjective ends in e, I, or z,
simply add –mente to the end