ELVIRA E. ONGY

1. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar GROUP 3 : Ecleo, D., Ongy E., and A. Tulin

4. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Objective 1 4. The unit selling price, unit variable costs, and fixed costs are known and constant. 5. The analysis either covers a single product or assumes that the sales mix when multiple products are sold will remain constant as the level of total units sold changes. 6. All revenues and costs can be added and compared without taking into account the time and value of money. Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar

5. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Objective 1 NET INCOME = Operating income – Income taxes NET INCOME = operating income + nonoperating revenues (such as interest revenue) – nonoperating costs – income taxes Back to learning objectives Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Operating income = Total revenues – Cost of goods sold and from operations and operating costs (excluding income taxes)

6. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Objective 2 Essentials of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis EXAMPLE: Mary Frost plans to sell Do-All Software, a home office software package, at a heavily attended two-day computer convention in Chicago. Mary can purchase this software from a computer software wholesaler at $120 per package with the privilege of returning all unsold units and receiving a full $120 refund per package. The units (packages) will be sold at $200 each. She has already paid $2,000 to Computer Conventions, Inc., for the booth rental for the two-day convention. Assume there are no other costs. What profits will Mary make for different quantities of units sold? Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar

7. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 2 ANALYSIS: Fixed costs = $2,000 -----booth rental Variable costs = $120 -----cost of the package Unit selling price = $200 Mary can use CVP analysis to examine changes in operating income as a result of selling different quantities of software packages. The only numbers that change in selling different quantities of packages are: (1) total revenues and (2) total variable costs.

8. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar The difference between total revenues and total variable costs is contribution margin. OR Contribution margin = contribution margin per unit X number of packages sold Objective 2 The difference between the selling price and the variable cost per unit is the contribution margin per unit. Contribution margin per unit divided by the selling price is what we call the contribution margin percentage.

9. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 2 Back to learning objectives Contribution Income Statement for Different Quantities for Do-All Software Packages Sold Spreadsheets computation $1,200 $0 $(1,600) $(1,920) $(2,000) Operating income 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Fixed costs 3,200 2,000 400 80 0 Contribution margin at $80 per package 4,800 3,000 600 120 0 Variable costs at $120 per package $8,000 $5,000 $1,000 $200 $0 Revenues at $200 per package 40 25 5 1 0 Number of Packages Sold

10. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 3 The Break-Even Point The break-even point is that quantity of output where total revenues equals total costs – that is, where the operating income is zero. Why would managers be interested in the break-even point?

11. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 3 Abbreviations used in the subsequent analysis: USP = Unit selling price UVC = Unit variable costs UCM = Unit contribution margin (USP-UVC) CM% = Contribution margin percentage (UCM/USP) FC = Fixed costs Q = Quantity of output units sold (and manufactured) OI = Operating Income TOI = Target operating income TNI = Target net income

12. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 3 Three methods for determining break- even point 1. Equation method: Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed Costs = Operating Income (USP*Q) – (UVC*Q) – FC = OI $200Q - $120Q -$2000 = $0 $80Q = $2000 Q = $2000/$80 Q = 25 units Provides the most general and easy-to-remember approach to any CVP situation.

13. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 3 2. Contribution margin method: It uses the concept of contribution margin to rework the equation method. By rewriting, (USP – UVC) * Q = FC + OI UCM*Q = FC + OI Q = (FC +OI)/UCM (USP*Q) – (UVC*Q) – FC = OI At break-even, OI=0, therefore: Q = FC /UCM Break-even no. of units = Fixed costs/Unit contribution margin

14. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 3 Break-even no. of units = $2000/$80 per unit = 25 units Substituting, Break-even no. of units = Fixed costs/Unit contribution margin Break-even in revenue dollars = Break-even no. of units X USP Calculating break-even revenues, = (FC*USP)/UCM = FC/(UCM/USP) = FC/CM% Since, CM% = UCM/USP = $80/$200 = 40% = $2000/40% Break-even in revenue dollars = $5000

15. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 3 3. Graph method: Spreadsheets computation Break-even point Operating Income area Operating Loss area Cost-Volume-Profit Graph for Do-All Software

16. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 3 Target Operating Income Back to learning objectives Profit-Volume Graph for Do-All Software Break-even point Operating Income area Operating Loss area Spreadsheets computation

17. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 4 Target Net Income and Income Taxes Back to learning objectives Target net income = (Target operating income) – (Target operating income X Tax rate) Target net income = (Target operating income) (1- Tax rate) Target operating income = Target net income / (1 – Tax rate) Substituting, (at tax rate of 40%) Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed Costs = Target net income / (1 – Tax rate) $200Q - $120Q -$2000 = $1200/(1-0.40) $200Q - $120Q -$2000 = $2000 Q = $4000/$80 Q = 25 units

18. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 5 Using CVP for Making Decisions Decision to Advertise Scenario: Consider again the Do-All Software example. Suppose Mary anticipates selling 40 packages. At this sales level, Mary’s operating income would be $1200. Mary is considering placing an advertisement describing the product and its features in the convention brochure. The advertisement will cost $500. This cost will be fixed because it will stay the same regardless of the number of units Mary sells. She anticipates that advertising will increase sales to 45 packages. Should Mary advertise?

19. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Operating income decreases by $100, so Mary should not advertise. $ (100) $1,100 $1,200 Operating income 500 2,500 2,000 Fixed costs $400 $3,600 $3,200 Contribution margin ($80 X 40; $80 X 45) (3) = (2)-(1) (2) (1) Difference 45 Packages Sold with Advertising 40 Packages Sold with No Advertising

20. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 5 Decision to Reduce Selling Price Scenario: Having decided not to advertise, Mary is contemplating whether to reduce the selling price of Do-All Software to $175. At this price she thinks sales will be 50 units. At this quantity, the software wholesaler who supplies Do-All Software will sell the packages to Mary for $115 per package instead of $120. Should Mary reduce the selling price?

21. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Because the fixed costs of $2000 do not change, decreasing the price will lead to $200 lower contribution margin and a $200 lower operating income $(200) Increase (Decrease) in contribution margin from lowering price $3,200 Contribution margin from maintaining price to $200, ($200-$120)*40 units $3,000 Contribution margin from lowering price to $175, ($175-$115)*50 units

22. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 5 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Sensitivity analysis is a “what if” technique that managers use to examine how a result will change if the original predicted data are not achieved or if an underlying assumption changes. In the context of CVP analysis, sensitivity analysis answers such questions as, What will operating income be if units sold decreases by 5% from the original prediction? And will operating income be if variable costs per unit increase by 10%? The widespread use of electronic spreadsheets enables managers to conduct CVP-based sensitivity analyses in a systematic and efficient way.

23. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 5 Spreadsheet Analysis of CVP Relationships for Do-All Software Spreadsheets computation 16,667 15,000 13,333 10,000 140 12,500 11,250 10,000 7,500 120 10,000 9,000 8,000 6,000 100 3000 15,000 13,333 11,667 8,333 140 11,250 10,000 8,750 6,250 120 9,000 8,000 7,000 5,000 100 2500 13,333 11,667 10,000 6,667 140 10,000 8,750 7,500 5,000 120 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $4,000 $100 $2,000.00 $2,000 $1,500 $1,000 $0 Variable Costs per Unit Fixed Costs Revenues Required at $200 Selling Price to Earn Operating Income of

24. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 5 An aspect of sensitivity analysis is margin of safety , which is the amount of budgeted revenues over and above breakeven revenues. If expressed in units, margin of safety is the sales quantity minus the breakeven quantity. The margin of safety answers the “what if “ question: If budgeted revenues are above breakeven and drop, how far can they fall below budget before the breakeven point is reached?

26. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 Cost Planning and CVP Alternative Fixed-Cost/Variable-Cost Structures CVP-based analysis highlights the risks and returns that an existing cost structure holds for a organization. This insight may lead managers to consider alternative cost structures. CVP analysis can help managers evaluate various alternatives.

27. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 Scenario: Consider again our Do-All Software example. Our original example has Mary paying a $2000 booth rental fee. Suppose, however, Computer Conventions offers Mary three rental alternatives: Option 1: $2000 fixed fee Option 2: $800 fixed fee plus 15% of convention revenues Option 3: 25% of convention revenues with no fixed fee Mary anticipates selling 40 packages. She is interested in how her choice of a rental agreement will affect the income she earns and the risks she faces.

28. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 Spreadsheets computation Profit-Volume Graph for Alternative Rental Options for Do-All Software Breakeven point Breakeven point = 16 Breakeven point = 25

29. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 If Mary sells 40 packages, each option results in operating income of $1200. However, if the sales of Mary vary from 40 units, CVP analysis highlights the different risks and returns associated with each option. margin of safety: option 1 : revenues @ 40 units – revenues @ 25 units = $8000-$5000 = $3000 option 2 : revenues @ 40 units – revenues @ 16 units = $8000-$3200 = $4800 option 3 : revenues @ 40 units – revenues @ 0 unit = $8000-$0 = $8000 Spreadsheets computation … the downside risk of option 1 comes from its higher fixed cost and hence higher breakeven point and lower margin of safety.

30. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 If the units sold drops to 20, what would be the operating income under each option? … ..Option 1 leads to an operating loss of $400 but options 2 and 3 will continue to produce operating income However, the higher risk in option 1 must be evaluated against its potential benefits Spreadsheets computation

31. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 Option 1 has the highest UCM because of its low VC. Once FC are recovered at sales of 25 units, each additional unit adds $80 of CM and OI per unit. At sales 60 units: Option 1 shows an OI of $2800, greater than the OI under options 2 and 3. By moving from option 1 to 3, Mary faces less risk when demand is low both because of lower fixed costs and because she losses less CM per unit. Spreadsheets computation

33. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 Degree of operating leverage at sales 40 units A sales increase in 50% From 40 units to 60 units , CM will increase by 50%, then OI increase will be 50% times the degree of operating leverage. OI increase would then be, Option 1: 2.67*50% = 133.5% (from $1200 to $2800) Option 2: 1.67*50% = 83.5% (from $1200 to $2200) Option 3: 1.00*50% = 50% (from $1200 to $1800) 1.00 1.67 2.67 Degree of operating leverage (CM/OI) $1,200 $1,200 $1,200 Operating income (OI) $1,200 $2,000 $3,200 Contribution margin (CM) $30 $50 $80 Contribution margin per unit Option 3 Option 2 Option 1

34. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 Effect of Time Horizon A critical assumption of CVP analysis is that costs can be classified either variable or fixed. … .This classification is affected by the time period being considered for a decision. … .The shorter the time horizon, the higher the percentage of total costs we may view as fixed. Example

35. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 6 Back to learning objectives Scenario 1: Suppose a United Airlines plane will depart from its gate in 60 minutes and there are 20 empty seats. A potential passenger arrives bearing a transferable ticket from a competing airline. What are the variable costs to United of placing one more passenger in an otherwise empty seat? … .Variable costs (such as one meal) would be negligible. Virtually, all the costs in this decision situation are fixed. Scenario 2: Suppose a United Airlines must decide whether to include another city in its routes. ..... This decision may have a one-year planning horizon. Many more costs would be regarded as variable and fewer as fixed in this decision.

36. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 Effects of Sales Mix on Income Sales Mix is the relative combination of quantities of products (or services) that constitutes total unit sales. If the mix changes, the overall unit sales target may still be achieved. However, the effect on operating income depends on how the original proportions of lower or higher contribution margin products have shifted.

37. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 Influencing Cost Structures to Manage the Risk-Return Tradeoff Building up too many fixed costs can be hazardous to a company’s health. Because fixed costs, unlike variable costs, do not automatically decrease as volumes decline, companies with too many fixed costs can lose a considerable amount of money during lean months. Manager’s decision influence the mix of fixed and variable costs in a company’s cost structure. In making these decisions, managers use forecasts of the effect on net income at different volume levels to evaluate the risk-return tradeoffs involved in various cost structures.

38. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 Example: Xerox sells copier machines at lower margins along with maintenance and supplies (for example, paper and toner) contracts a higher margin. Similarly, Gillette sells razors at low margins and counts on high margins from selling blades. Cellular phone service companies, also, “give away” the cellular phone instrument itself in exchange for higher revenues from using the network.

39. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 Suppose Mary is now budgeting for the next convention. She plans to sell two software products – Do-All and Superword – and budgets the following: $ 1,500 Operating income 4,500 Fixed costs 6,000 $ 1,200 $ 4,800 Unit contribution margin (UCM), $80 and $30 10,000 2,800 7,200 Variable costs, $120 & $70 per unit $ 16,000 $ 4,000 $ 12,000 Revenues, $200 & $100 per unit 100 40 60 Units Sold Total Superword Do-All

40. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 What is the breakeven point? One possible assumption is that the budgeted sales mix (3 units Do-All sold for every 2 units of Superword sold) will not change at different levels of total unit sales. Let 3Ss = number of units of Do-All to breakeven Then 2S = number of units of Superword to breakeven Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs = Operating income [$200(3S) + $100(2S)] – [$120(3S) + $70(2S)] - $4,500 =0 $300s = $4,500 S = 15 No. of units of Do-All to breakeven = 3 x 15 = 45 units No. of units of Superword to breakeven = 2 x 15 = 30 units

41. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 The breakeven point is 75 units when the sales mix is 45 units of Do-All and 30 units of Superword, which maintains the ratio of 3 units of Do-All for 2 units of Superword. At this mix, the total contribution margin of $4,500 (Do-All $80 x 45 units = $3,000 + Superword $30 x 30 = $900) equals the fixed costs of $4,500. Operating income Fixed costs Unit contribution margin (UCM), $80 and $30 Variable costs, $120 & $70 per unit Revenues, $200 & $100 per unit Units Sold

42. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 We can also calculate the breakeven point in revenues for the multiple product situation using the weighted-average contribution margin percentage. Weighted-average contribution margin percentage Total contribution margin Total revenues = = $6,000 $16,000 = 0.375 or 37.5%

43. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 Total revenues required to break even Fixed costs Weighted-average contribution margin percentage = = $4,500 0.375 = $12,000

44. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 The $16,000 of revenues are in the ratio of 3:1 ($12,000 : $4,000) or 75% :25%. Hence the breakeven revenues of $12,000 should be apportioned in the ratio of 75% ; 25%. This amounts to breakeven revenue dollars of $9,000 (75% x $12,000) of Do-All and $3,000 (25% x $12,000) of Superword. At a selling price of $200 for Do-All and $100 for Superword, this equals 45 units ($9,000 / $200) of Do-All and 30 units ($3,000 / $100) of Superword. Operating income Fixed costs Unit contribution margin (UCM), $80 and $30 Variable costs, $120 & $70 per unit Revenues, $200 & $100 per unit Units Sold

45. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 CVP Analysis in Service and Non-Profit Organizations CVP can also be applied readily to decisions by manufacturing , service, and nonprofit organizations . The key to applying CVP analysis in service and nonprofit organizations is measuring their output. Examples of output measures in various service and nonprofit industries follow. Student-credit hours Universities Patient-days Hospitals Room-nights occupied Hotels/motels Passenger-miles Airlines Measure of Output Industry

46. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 Consider a social welfare agency of the government with a budget appropriation (revenue) for year 2000 of $900,000. This nonprofit agency’s major purpose is to assist handicapped people who are seeking employment. On average, the agency supplements each person’s income by $5,000 annually. The agency’s fixed costs are $270,000. It has no other costs. The agency manager wants to know how many people could be assisted in 2000. We can use CVP analysis here by setting operating income to zero. Let Q be the number handicapped people to be assisted:

47. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs = $0 $900,000 - $5,000Q - $270,000 = $0 $5,000Q = $900,000 - $270,000 $5,000Q = $630,000 Q = $630,000 / $5,000 per person Q = 126 people

48. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 7 Suppose the manager is concerned that the total budget appropriation for 2001 will be reduced by 15% to a new amount of $900,000 x (1 – 0.15) = $765,000. The manager wants to know how many handicapped people could now be assisted. Assume the same amount of monetary assistance per person. Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs = $0 $765,000 - $5,000Q - $270,000 = $0 $5,000Q = $765,000 - $270,000 $5,000Q = $495,000 Q = $495,000 / $5,000 per person Q = 99 people

50. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 8 Multiple Cost Drivers From the previous topics we have assumed that the number of output units is the only revenue and cost driver. In this section we relax this important assumption and describe how some aspects of CVP analysis can be adapted to the more general case of multiple cost drivers.

51. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 8 Let us consider again the single product Do-All Software example. Suppose that Mary Will incur a variable cost of $10 for preparing documents and invoices associated with the sale of Do-All Software. These documents and invoices will need to be prepared for each customer that buys Do-All Software. That is, the cost driver of document-and-invoice-preparation costs is the number of different customers that buy Do-All Software. Mary’s operating income can then be expressed as: - Fixed costs X Number of documents and invoices) - (Cost of preparing each document and invoice X Number of packages sold) - (Costs of each Do-All Software package = Revenues Operating Income

52. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 8 Assuming that Mary sells 40 packages to 15 customers, then : Operating = ($200x40) – ($120x40) – ($10x15) - $2,000 income = $8,000 - $4,800 - $150 - $2,000 = $1,050 If instead Mary sells 40 packages to 40 customers, then: Operating = ($200x40) – ($120x40) – ($10x40) - $2,000 income = $8,000 - $4,800 - $400 - $2,000 = $800

53. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 8 Note that the number of packages sold is not the only determinant of Mary’s operating income. For a given number of packages sold, Mary’s operating income will be lower if Mary sells Do-All Software to more customers. Mary’s cost structure depends on two cost drivers – the number of packages sold and the number of customers. There is no unique breakeven point when there are multiple cost drivers, just as in the case of multiple products. Back to learning objectives

54. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 9 Contribution Margin Versus Gross Margin Gross Margin = Revenues – Cost of goods sold Contribution margin = Revenues – All variable costs

55. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 9 Merchandising Sector Contribution margin is computed by deducting all variable costs from revenues, whereas gross margin is computed by deducting only cost of goods sold from revenues. Contribution Income Statement Emphasizing Contribution Margin Revenues $ 1,000 Variable manufacturing costs $ 120 Variable non-manufacturing costs 43 163 Contribution margin 37 Fixed manufacturing costs Fixed non-manufacturing costs 19 Operating income $ 18

56. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 9 Merchandising Sector Contribution margin is computed by deducting all variable costs from revenues, whereas gross margin is computed by deducting only cost of goods sold from revenues. Financial Accounting Income Statement Emphasizing Gross Margin Revenues $ 1,000 Cost of goods sold 120 Gross margin 80 Operating costs ($43 + $19) 62 Operating income $ 18

57. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 9 Manufacturing Sector The two areas of difference between contribution margin and gross margin for companies in the manufacturing sector are fixed manufacturing costs and variable non-manufacturing costs. Contribution Income Statement Emphasizing Contribution Margin Revenues $ 1,000 Variable manufacturing costs $ 250 Variable non-manufacturing costs 270 520 Contribution margin 480 Fixed manufacturing costs 160 Fixed non-manufacturing costs 138 298 Operating income $ 182

58. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 9 Manufacturing Sector The two areas of difference between contribution margin and gross margin for companies in the manufacturing sector are fixed manufacturing costs and variable non-manufacturing costs. Financial Accounting Income Statement Emphasizing Gross Margin Revenues $ 1,000 Cost of goods sold ($250 + $160) 410 Gross margin 590 Non-manufacturing costs ($270 + $138) 408 Operating income $ 182

59. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar Objective 9 Fixed manufacturing costs are not deducted from revenues when computing contribution margin but are deducted when computing gross margin. Cost of goods sold in manufacturing company includes all manufacturing costs. Variable non-manufacturing costs are deducted from revenues when computing contribution margin but are not deducted when computing gross margin.

60. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3 Cost Accounting: A managerial emphasis By: Horgren, C., Foster, G., and S. Datar End of Chapter End