The document provides information about the historical development of atomic structure and models. It discusses how Niels Bohr knew electrons occupy fixed energy levels but thought they orbited the nucleus like planets orbit the sun. It then explains how scientists like Schrodinger, de Broglie, and Einstein contributed to the current understanding that electrons can be found in regions called atomic orbitals, which are solutions to probability equations. The document defines an atomic orbital as an area where an electron can be found.
4. Bohr proposed that an electron is
found only in specific circular paths,
or orbits, around the nucleus.
Each orbit has a fixed amount
of energy and is called an
energy level.
5.
6. A quantum of energy is the
amount of energy required to
move an electron from one energy
level to another energy level.
8. 5.1
Like the rungs of the
strange ladder, the
energy levels in an
atom are not equally
spaced.
9. 5.1
Like the rungs of the
strange ladder, the
energy levels in an
atom are not equally
spaced.
The higher the energy
level occupied by an
electron, the less
energy it takes to
move from that energy
level to the next higher
energy level.
13. 5.1
Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger
(1887–1961) used new theoretical
calculations and results to devise and
solve a mathematical equation describing
the behavior of the electron in a hydrogen
atom.
14. 5.1
Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger
(1887–1961) used new theoretical
calculations and results to devise and
solve a mathematical equation describing
the behavior of the electron in a hydrogen
atom.
The modern description of the electrons
in atoms, the quantum mechanical model,
comes from the mathematical solutions to
the Schrödinger equation.
15. The propeller blade has the same
probability of being anywhere in the blurry
region, but you cannot tell its location at
any instant.
The electron cloud of an atom can be
compared to a spinning airplane propeller.
16. In the quantum mechanical model, the
probability of finding an electron within a
certain volume of space surrounding the
nucleus can be represented as a fuzzy cloud.
The electron cloud is more dense
where the probability of finding the
electron is high.
17.
18. The boundary of
an atom is
defined as the
volume that
encloses a 90%
probability of
containing its
electrons.
19. The electron cloud is divided into
energy levels. (distance from
nucleus)
Energy levels are divided into energy
sublevels. (shape of electron cloud)
Energy sublevels contain atomic
orbitals. (probable location for 2 e-)
21. 5.1
An atomic orbital is an area where
there is a high probability of finding
1 or 2 electrons.
Each sublevel (s,p,d or f)
contains orbitals of a specific
shape.
32. IN SUMMARY
Neils Bohr knew that electrons occupy FIXED
energy levels, but he thought electrons orbit
the nucleus on fixed paths like planets orbit
the sun.
33. IN SUMMARY
Neils Bohr knew that electrons occupy FIXED
energy levels, but he thought electrons orbit
the nucleus on fixed paths like planets orbit
the sun.
Schrodinger, deBroglie, and Einstein were
major contributers to our current
understanding of atomic structure.
34. IN SUMMARY
Neils Bohr knew that electrons occupy FIXED
energy levels, but he thought electrons orbit
the nucleus on fixed paths like planets orbit
the sun.
Schrodinger, deBroglie, and Einstein were
major contributers to our current
understanding of atomic structure.
Electrons can be found in certain regions
called atomic ORBITALS, which are the
mathematical solutions to complex equations
of probability.
35. IN SUMMARY
Neils Bohr knew that electrons occupy FIXED
energy levels, but he thought electrons orbit
the nucleus on fixed paths like planets orbit
the sun.
Schrodinger, deBroglie, and Einstein were
major contributers to our current
understanding of atomic structure.
Electrons can be found in certain regions
called atomic ORBITALS, which are the
mathematical solutions to complex equations
of probability.
An atomic orbital is an area where an electron
can be found.
36. 5.1 Section Quiz.
1. Rutherford's planetary model of the atom
could not explain
a. The results of his gold foil experiment.
b. the chemical properties of elements.
c. the distribution of mass in an atom.
d. the distribution of positive and negative
charges in an atom.
37. 5.1 Section Quiz.
1. Rutherford's planetary model of the atom
could not explain
a. The results of his gold foil experiment.
b. the chemical properties of elements.
c. the distribution of mass in an atom.
d. the distribution of positive and negative
charges in an atom.
38. 5.1 Section Quiz.
2. Bohr's model of the atom proposed that
electrons are found
a. embedded in a sphere of positive charge.
b. in fixed positions surrounding the
nucleus.
c. in circular orbits at fixed distances from the
nucleus.
d. orbiting the nucleus in a single fixed
circular path.
39. 5.1 Section Quiz.
2. Bohr's model of the atom proposed that
electrons are found
a. embedded in a sphere of positive charge.
b. in fixed positions surrounding the
nucleus.
c. in circular orbits at fixed distances from the
nucleus.
d. orbiting the nucleus in a single fixed
circular path.
40. 5.1 Section Quiz.
3. What is the lowest-numbered principal energy
level in which p orbitals are found?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
41. 5.1 Section Quiz.
3. What is the lowest-numbered principal energy
level in which p orbitals are found?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Hinweis der Redaktion
These illustrations show how the atomic model has changed as scientists learned more about the atom’s structure.
These ladder steps are somewhat like energy levels. In an ordinary ladder, the rungs are equally spaced. The energy levels in atoms are unequally spaced, like the rungs in this ladder. The higher energy levels are closer together.
These ladder steps are somewhat like energy levels. In an ordinary ladder, the rungs are equally spaced. The energy levels in atoms are unequally spaced, like the rungs in this ladder. The higher energy levels are closer together.
These illustrations show how the atomic model has changed as scientists learned more about the atom’s structure.
The electron cloud of an atom is compared here to photographs of a spinning airplane propeller. a) The airplane propeller is somewhere in the blurry region it produces in this picture, but the picture does not tell you its exact position at any instant. b) Similarly, the electron cloud of an atom represents the locations where an electron is likely to be found.
The electron cloud of an atom is compared here to photographs of a spinning airplane propeller. a) The airplane propeller is somewhere in the blurry region it produces in this picture, but the picture does not tell you its exact position at any instant. b) Similarly, the electron cloud of an atom represents the locations where an electron is likely to be found.
The electron clouds for the s orbital and the p orbitals are shown here.
The d orbitals are illustrated here. Four of the five d orbitals have the same shape but different orientations in space. Interpreting Diagrams How are the orientations of the dxy and dx2 – y2 orbitals similar? How are they different?
