This is part one of the lecture on Ethnic Minorities in the US. An introduction to African American history from slave trade to current issues.

1. ETHNIC MINRORITIES I
AFRICAN AMERICANS

2. Slavery

3. Slave Trade

4.  Between 1525 and 1866 12.5 million Africans
were shipped to the New World.
 10.7 million survived the dreaded Middle
Passage.
 They disembarked in North America, the
Caribbean and South America.
 They were brought by English and French
Traders.
Slave Trade

5. Slave Trade

6.  Slaves were
brought to work in
lucrative crops
such as tobacco
 Most of them
worked in the
plantations of the
south.
Slavery

7.  According to the constitution, they were
second-rate human beings
 For representation purposes, a black slave
was counted as 3/5th of a white man
1787 : The 3/5th Compromise

8. The American Civil War 1861 - 1865
Origins
 The North was in favor of abolishing slavery
 The South relied on slaves for most of its economy
opposed abolition
The War
 The war lasted only 5 years, but caused about 600,000
deaths in both camps
The Outcome
 The war ended the debate over slavery that had divided
North and South since the drafting of the Constitution in
1787

9. The 13th 14th and 15th Amendments
 1865 - The 13th Amendment officially abolished and
continues to prohibit slavery to this day.
 1868 - The 14th Amendment citizenship to African
Americans.
 1870 -The 15TH Amendment Right to vote.

12. The Civil Rights Movement

13. The Civil Rights Movement
• The Movement Begins Nearly 100 years after the Civil
War
• The 1960s were called the civil rights decade
• Anti-discrimination organizations:
 - The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured
people NAACP - - The National Urban League NUL
 - The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee SNCC
 The Nation of Islam - NOI

14.  The civil rights of African
Americans were limited
by state laws and
discrimination.
 In the early 1950s,
segregation was legal.
 An Alabama law said that
African Americans had to
sit at the back of the bus.
Civil Rights

15.  In 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused
to move to the back of a bus. She was arrested.
 African Americans boycotted
the buses until buses were
desegregated.
Black Residents Walking,
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

16.  Martin Luther King Jr. helped lead the boycott.
He believed in nonviolent protest.
 He wanted people to fight back using peaceful
actions.
 In 1954, the Supreme Court ordered the
desegregation of public schools.
 In 1956, the Supreme Court said that segregation
on buses was illegal.
Civil Rights Victories

17. Civil Rights Victories
 In 1960, African Americans held sit-
ins in 54 cities.
 They sat at lunch counters that only
served food to white people. They
would not leave until they were
served.

18. Sit-ins organized by students

19. Sit-in Tactics
 Dress in your Sunday best.
 Be respectful to employees and police.
 Do not resist arrest!
 Do not fight back!
 Remember, journalists are
everywhere!

20.  MLK and other leaders
organized a protest march in
Washington, D.C., to show
support for a bill to end
segregation
 The Civil Rights Act of 1964
banned segregation in schools, at
work, and in public places.
 Affirmative action: minorities
favored in higher education and
employment
 Busing to promote desegregation
Civil Rights Victories

21. MLK ASSASSINATION
 In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was
shot by confirmed racist and
small-time criminal named James Ray
 Many at that time
feared it would be
the end of the strategy
of nonviolence

22. SEPARATISTS
 Along with non-violent protest the rise of separatist
movements:
 Nation of Islam & its leader(s) Louis Farrakhan &
Malcolm X
 Blamed for advocating black
supremacy and described as
a hate group.

24. Malcolm X & MLK
 1st & last meeting between Malcolm X & MLK
 1964

25. Not yet equal…
 African-Americans high dropout rate
 Glass ceiling: discrimination prevents them from the
top positions
 Hit twice as hard by unemployment
 Inner cities: violence and crime widespread
 Leading cause of death of young black male is murder
(often by other black teenagers from rival gangs)
 Half inmates of American prisons are black
 Housing segregation leads to poor social integration