TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
The endocrine system final
1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
It•REPRODUCTION
is made up of endocrine glands that secretes
•GROWTH
hormones and coordinate slower but longer-acting
•METABOLISM •METAMORPHOSIS
responses to stimuli
•OSMOREGULATION •DIGESTION
•EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
2. Hormone is a chemical
signal that is secreted
into the blood and
communicates
regulatory messages
within the body
Target cells are
equipped to respond to
these hormones
5. Posterior lobe
This regulates water conservation, milk
letdown, and uterine contraction in
women
Hormones secreted:
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
7. Pituitary Gland (Posterior)
FISHES AMPHIBIA REPTILIA AVES MAMMALIA
ADH Absent Present Present Present Present
OXYSTOCIN Absent Present
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – controls water balance in the body and
blood pressure.
Oxytocin – a peptide hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during
childbirth.
8. THE PINEAL GLAND
The Pineal gland is located at the
midbrain of the vertebrates
The Pineal gland secretes Melatonin
Fishes Amphibia & Reptilia Aves & Mammalia
Function Act as Controls color change Allows to respond to
Third eye changes in Photoperiod
9. THE THYROID GLAND
It produces, stores, and
releases two separate
thyroid hormones that
regulate metabolic rate,
metamorphosis, growth,
and reproduction
(Kardong, 2012).
2 types of thyroid
hormones:
Thyroxine (T3)
Triiodothyronine (T4)
10. THE THYROID GLAND
Fishes Reptilia Amphibia Aves Mammalia
Metabolism Elevate oxygen
Unresponsive consumption and heat
production by tissues
Growth & Growth depends on Their thyroid Normal growth depends
Development Thyroid hormones hormones arrest on normal levels of thyroid
growth of the larvae hormones
and promote
metamorphosis
Molting Thyroxine promotes sloughing or shedding of the skin
Reproduction Correlates with gonad Arrest Correlates with gonad
maturation and physiological maturation and oogenesis
oogenesis or processes that or spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis promote
reproduction
11. ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY & PARATHYROID GLAND
ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY
secretes calcitonin
(thyrocalcitonin), which lowers
blood levels of calcium.
Calcitonin causes calcium to be
extracted from the blood and
used to build new bone matrix,
causing blood levels of calcium
to fall
12. PARATHYROID GLAND
secretes parathyroid
hormone ( parathormone),
which elevates levels of
blood calcium
raises blood levels of calcium
by promoting kidney retention
of calcium, encouraging its
absorption across the walls of
the digestive tract, and
affecting bone deposition
13. PARATHYROID GLAND
Fishes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Location Absent Either on the thyroid or dispersed Mouse, Cat &
along the major veins in the neck Human –
embedded in
the Thyroid
gland
Goat & Rabbit –
embedded near
the thyroid
gland
14. ADRENAL GLAND
•One of the most important
functions of the adrenal
gland is coordinating the whole
organism’s response to stress
15. THE ADRENAL GLANDS
Chromaffin Tissue Corticosteroids
releases adrenalin produces the
(epinephrine) and corticosteroid hormone
norepinephrine in produces aldosterone -
times of stress acts in the kidney to
promote the uptake of
sodium & other salts
from the urine
16. In Fishes:
The Chromaffin cells may vary in
location. These are found with the
sympathetic ganglia in clumps between
the anterior kidney and spine or in the
interrenal tissue.
17. In Reptiles:
The adrenocortical tissue receives its
own arterial and venous blood supply,
and does not rely on the kidney and
renal portal system for distribution of its
secretory products
18. In Amphibians and Birds:
Adrenocortical and Chromaffin tissues
mingle or reside adjacent to each other
and form strands or rows of adrenal
tissue, now lying on or near the kidneys
19. In Mammals:
Adrenocortical and Chromaffin tissues
form a cortex and a medulla respectively
to create the composite adrenal gland or
suprarenal
20. THE PANCREAS
•acomposite gland
consisting of exocrine
which consists of Acini
that secrete digestive
enzymes into ducts and
endocrine portions
known as the Islets of
Langerhans consists of
masses of endocrine
cells embedded within
the exocrine pancreas
21. THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
secretes insulin and glucagon
Insulin removes glucose from the blood.
Glucagon returns glucose to the blood.
Alpha cells produces glucagon
Beta cells insulin
22.
23. GONADS
In males, gonads is known as testes which
secretes androgens and testerone.
In females, gonads is known as ovaries
which secrets estrogen and
progesterone
24. CLASS MAMMALIA
TESTES
It stimulates bones and musles growth
and development of the secondary
sexual characters like beard and
mustaches
25. CLASS AVES
TESTES
It controls the secondary sexual characters
like bright plumage colour, comb and
spurs.
27. CLASS PISCES:
UROPHYSIS
A neurosecretory neurohemal organ
which is associated with the spinal cord
at the base of the tail
28. CLASS AMPHIBIA
In larval stage, the thyroid hormone
secretion and glucocorticoid secretion
are ultimately stimulated by a single
hypothalamic releasing hormone –
corticotropin-releasing hormone that
stimulates ACTH.
29. CLASS MAMMALIA
THYMUS GLAND
It lies in upper part of chest, behind
breast-bone and consists of 2 lobes that
join in front of trachea. It secretes
thymosine that stimulates develoment
and differentiation of T cells which
defends the body against viruses.
It is made up of endocrine glands that secretes hormones and coordinate slower but longer-acting responses to stimuliEvolution of Endocrine Systems | Back to TopMost animals with well-developed nervous and circulatory systems have an endocrine system. Most of the similarities among the endocrine systems of crustaceans, arthropods, and vertebrates are examples of convergent evolution. The vertebrate endocrine system consists of glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal), and diffuse cell groups scattered in epithelial tissues.More than fifty different hormones are secreted. Endocrine glands arise during development for all three embryologic tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). The type of endocrine product is determined by which tissue layer a gland originated in. Glands of ectodermal and endodermal origin produce peptide and amine hormones; mesodermal-origin glands secrete hormones based on lipids.
Many hormones are secreted by ductless endocrine glands.Obtain raw materials from and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Exocrine glands have ducts for discharging secretions onto a free surface.Sweat glands, salivary glands, enzyme-secreting glands in the digestive tract.Hormones convey information via the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body.Pheromones carry messages outside the body – to other individuals.Three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates:Proteins and peptidesAmines derived from amino acids- pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver, and kidneysSteroids - GONADS
The hypothalamus regulates the neuroendocrine system, maintaining homeostasis in the body.The hypothalamus can use motor nerves to send short-lived electrical messages or hormones to send chemical messages with a longer duration.The hypothalamus produces seven different “releasing” hormones that travel to the pituitary gland.Each releasing hormone stimulates the pituitary to release a corresponding hormone which travels to an endocrine gland and causes it to start producing a particular endocrine hormone.A stalk links the pituitary to the hypothalamus, which controls release of pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland has two lobes: the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior pituitary is glandular.The hypothalamus maintains homeostatic levels of GH
Hypothalamus receptors monitor blood levels of thyroid hormones. Low blood levels of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cause the release of TSH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, which in turn causes the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary. TSH travels to the thyroid where it promotes production of thyroid hormones, which in turn regulate metabolic rates and body temperatures.The hypothalamus produces seven different “releasing” hormones that travel to the pituitary gland.Each releasing hormone stimulates the pituitary to release a corresponding hormone which travels to an endocrine gland and causes it to start producing a particular endocrine hormone.
These hormones act primarily to influence other endocrine glands.Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) – stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine which stimulates oxidative respiration.Luteinizing hormone (LH) plays an important role in the menstrual cycle. It also stimulates the production of testosterone in males.Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – plays an important role in the menstrual cycle. In males, it causes the testes to produce a hormone that regulates sperm production.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates the adrenal gland to produce steroid hormones. Some regulate glucose production, others balance sodium & potassium in the bloodGrowth hormone (GH) – stimulates the growth of muscle and bone.Prolactin – stimulates milk production.Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) – in reptiles & amphibians, this hormone stimulates color change.
The Posterior PituitaryThe posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones into the blood. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and transported by axons to the posterior pituitary where they are dumped into the blood. ADH controls water balance in the body and blood pressure. Oxytocin is a small peptide hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirthAntidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the kidney’s retention of water.Oxytocin initiates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk release in mothers.These hormones are actually synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary control the secretion of thyroid hormones through two negative feedback loops.
The hormone they produce is parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates the level of calcium in the blood.Essential that calcium is kept within narrow limits for muscle contraction, including the heart.
The adrenal medulla releases adrenalin (epinephrine) and norepinephrine in times of stress.Identical to the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, but longer lasting.Accelerated heartbeat, increased blood pressure, higher levels of blood sugar and increased blood flow to heart and lungs.The adrenal cortex produces the steroid hormone cortisol (hydrocortisone).Reduces inflammation.Synthetic derivatives such as prednisone are used as anti-inflammatory agents.Stimulates carbohydrate metabolism.s
The pancreas is a composite gland consisting of exocrine andendocrine portions (figure 15.11a). The exocrine portionconsists of acini that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts. Theendocrine portion, the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans),consists of masses of endocrine cells embedded withinthe exocrine pancreas (
Insulin is produced by B cells of the islets. Insulin, incooperation with other hormones, controls the overallmetabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
It is made up of endocrine glands that secretes hormones and coordinate slower but longer-acting responses to stimuliEvolution of Endocrine Systems | Back to TopMost animals with well-developed nervous and circulatory systems have an endocrine system. Most of the similarities among the endocrine systems of crustaceans, arthropods, and vertebrates are examples of convergent evolution. The vertebrate endocrine system consists of glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal), and diffuse cell groups scattered in epithelial tissues.More than fifty different hormones are secreted. Endocrine glands arise during development for all three embryologic tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). The type of endocrine product is determined by which tissue layer a gland originated in. Glands of ectodermal and endodermal origin produce peptide and amine hormones; mesodermal-origin glands secrete hormones based on lipids.