Elaich module 5 topic 5.1.1

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage

Educational Toolkit
Teaching Material

Basic Course
Module 5 Monitoring and maintenance
How to monitor cultural heritage after the conservation
Topic 5.1.1 treatments

Prof. Guido Biscontin & Dr.Francesca Caterina Izzo - University Ca’ Foscari of Venice

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©ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2012
This material is an integral part of the “ELAICH – educational toolkit” and developed as part of the
project ELAICH – Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage within the framework of
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This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The
contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the ELAICH Consortium and can under no
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Prof. Guido Biscontin&Dr.Francesca Caterina Izzo - University Ca’ Foscari of Venice


Abstract The topic 5.1 introduces you to the concept of Monitoring as a fundamental
part of a conservation project.
Monitoring means to evaluate a series of parameters which can describe the
state of conservation of the artifacts. Of course, this evaluation has to be done
on restored artifacts as well, since it allows to control the efficiency of the
intervention over time.

From the theory to the practice?! It is necessary to know the behaviours of
different materials, to set the specific environmental conditions and to project
a Monitoring Plan over time. As a matter of fact, some processes are very
quick (for example the deposition of dust on the surfaces), some others are
slower (such as the chemical transformations due to acid rains). In this
context, it is crucial to define and select suitable parameters and easy
methods for monitoring over time not only the artifacts but also the stability
and efficiency of the products used during the conservation process.



Monitoring means…
In laboratory Control of parameters by
...to perform evaluation tests objective analysis
reference indexes
on conservation products and
application of specific
treatments In situ
measurement protocols

Selection of the best conservative treatments considering: aesthetic and
material compatibility with the system, sustainability, low environmental impact,
low toxicity, etc.

Determination of the most relevant indexes for the correct evaluation of the
use of innovative methodologies or new products (meaningful, objective,
measurable and repeatable parameters)

MONITORING as a PROGRAMMED ACTION



Monitoring means…
evaluation tests on conservation products and treatments in laboratory

Biblioteca Marciana, S.
Mark’s square, Venice

Analysis of superficial
architectural layers

Patina with silicium
and calcium oxalate



Monitoring means…
evaluation tests on conservation products and treatments in situ

Application of
differnt
products

Select the best one

Check the stability,
compatibility of the
products over time



We can monitor different parameters, for example…

Material Parameters Aesthetical Parameters

-Superficial micro-morphology -Colour

-Water repellence/affinity -Substituted material
-Content of soluble salts -Re-integration (pictorial, plastered

- Material cohesion and adhesion areas)
-Material resistance to climatic -etc.

changes
-etc

Let’s see together some of them!



MONITORING: EVALUATION OF CONSERVATION PRODUCTS

Products used in conservation
should have specific
characteristics:

EVALUATION OF -Compatibility
CONSERVATION -Reversibility
PRODUCTS - Water repellence
- permeability
-Stability
-Low toxicity
-Transparency
- Low colour changes



PRODUCTS CHARACTERISTICS

the products can be removed
from the substrate without
COMPATIBILITY damaging it

Formation of a two-
component system (substrate-
REVERSIBILITY products), in which the
physical, chemical,mechanical
and aesthetical properties of
the products don’t inerfere
with the substrate



Compatibility or not?

Figura 1 particolare della zona A sulla Trachite Euganea prima Figura 2 particolare della zona A sulla Trachite Euganea dopo la
dell’intervento rimozione dell’impasto epossidico

Figura 3 particolare della zona A a seguito dell’impacco Figura 4 dopo la rimozione dell’impacco l’area viene pulita
estrattivo – si nota il rigonfiamento e l’indebolimento della resina tramite lavaggio con vapore e blanda azione meccanica
con la successiva scagliatura



WATER REPELLENCE Water is not able to wet the
product

Water enters in contact with
IMPERMEABILITY the product-surface but
doesn’t penetrate into it



CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENTS: EVALUATION OF WATER
REPELLENCE/WATER AFFINITY OF STONE SAMPLES


CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENTS: EVALUATION OF WATER
REPELLENCE/WATER AFFINITY OF STONE SAMPLES
Angle <90° = wettability
35°

135°

105°

Angle >90° = water repellence



Water repellence or affinity?

Water droplets on Istrian Stone

Water droplets on
textile



MEASUREMENT OF WATER ABSORPTION
raw stone material (no treatments)
0,010

0,008
Absorbed water (ml/cm2)

0,006

0,004

0,002

0,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time (minutes)

Stone treated with a water-repellent product
less water absorbed


MEASUREMENT OF WATER ABSORPTION
!
a nd water!
e o s “M onitoring
k of the vid
Have a loo

Non treated material
0,003
Absorbed
Treated material
water
(ml/cm2) 0,002
Treated and ageing material

0,001

Water Product is
0
0 5 10 15 20
absorption deteriorated

Time (min)
Time for a maintenance intervention!!




TOXICITY The product maintain its
characterists over time
althought subjected to
deterioration agents
(environment, use, ..)

Products are dangerous for
the operators’ health for and
STABILITY environment




? ?
TRANSPARENCY

Are these characteristics only
linked to aesthetic isues?

COLOUR
?
?


EVALUATION OF COLOUR
CIELAB system:
•L * defines the brightness and
indicates the value between white
and black
•a * indicates the value between
red and green: a * positive values
appear reddish, negative a * values
greenish.
•b * indicates the value between
Color representation using three- yellow and blue: positive b * values
dimensional space appear yellowish, negative b *
(coordinates of tristimulus) values bluish.

LET’S SEE HOW TO MEASURE AND MONITOR COLOURS IN CULTURAL
HETITAGE: LOOK AT THE VIDEO “Monitoring the colour”



EVALUATION OF COLOUR
100
16 b*
14 L* 90
12
10 80
8
70
6
4 60
2
a*
0 50
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-4 40
-6
30
-8
-10 20
-12
TAL QUALE (b) (c) (d) (e)
-14 10
-16
0

Graphical representation of chromaticity coordinates in space CIE L * a * b *



This presentation was done with the collaboration
between

Ca’ Foscari University of Venice: Prof. Guido Biscontin,
Prof. Elisabetta Zendri, M.Sc. Eleonora Balliana and Dr.
Francesca Caterina Izzo

Arcadia Ricerche Srl-Venice: Prof. Guido Driussi, M.Sc.
Zeno Morabito


Elaich module 5 topic 5.1.1

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