12. 4. Safety Provision
Required_Strength Design_Strength
U ϕSn
where
U = required strength (factored loads)
ϕSn = design strength
Sn = nominal strength
ϕ = strength reduction factor
a. Load Combinations
Basic combination U 1.2 D 1.6 L=
Roof combination U 1.2 D 1.6 L 1.0 Lr=
Wind combination U 1.2 D 1.6 W 1.0 L 0.5 Lr=
where
D = dead load
L = live load
Lr = roof live load
W = wind load
Page 10
13. b. Strength Reduction Factor
Strength Condition Strength reduction factor ϕ
Tension-controlled members (εt 0.005 ) ϕ 0.9=
Compression-controlled (εt 0.002 )
Spirally reinforced ϕ 0.70=
Other ϕ 0.65=
Shear and torsion ϕ 0.75=
where
εt = net tensile strain
For spirally reinforced members
ϕ 0.9 εt 0.005if
0.70 εt 0.002if
1.7 200 εt
3
otherwise
= 0.7
0.9 0.7
0.005 0.002
εt 0.002
0.7
200
3
εt 0.002
1.7 200 εt
3
=
For other members
ϕ 0.9 εt 0.005if
0.65 εt 0.002if
1.45 250 εt
3
otherwise
=
Page 11
14. 5. Loads on Structures (Case of Two-Way Slabs)
Slab dimension
Short side La 4m
Long side Lb 6m
A. Preliminary Design
Thickness of two-way slab
Perimeter La Lb 2
tmin
Perimeter
180
111.111 mm
t
1
30
1
50
La 133.333 80( ) mm
t 110mm
Section of beam B1
L 6m
h
1
10
1
15
L 600 400( ) mm h 500mm
b 0.3 0.6( ) h 150 300( ) mm b 250mm
For girders h
1
8
1
10
L=
For two-way slab beams h
1
10
1
15
L=
For floor beams h
1
15
1
20
L=
Section of beam B2
L 4m
h
1
10
1
15
L 400 266.667( ) mm h 300mm
b 0.3 0.6( ) h 90 180( ) mm b 200mm
Page 12
15. B. Loads on Slab
Floor cover Cover 50mm 22
kN
m
3
1.1
kN
m
2
RC slab Slab t 25
kN
m
3
2.75
kN
m
2
Ceiling Ceiling 0.40
kN
m
2
M & E Mechanical 0.20
kN
m
2
Partition Partition 1.00
kN
m
2
Dead load DL Cover Slab Ceiling Mechanical Partition 5.45
kN
m
2
Live load for Lab LL 60psf 2.873
kN
m
2
Factored load wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 11.137
kN
m
2
C. Loads of Wall
Void 30mm 30 mm 190 mm 4
wbrick.hollow 90mm 90 mm 190 mm Void( ) 20
kN
m
3
1.744 kgf
wbrick.solid 45mm 90 mm 190 mm 20
kN
m
3
1.569 kgf
ρbrick.hollow
wbrick.hollow
90mm 90 mm 190 mm
11.111
kN
m
3
Brickhollow.10 120mm Void
55
1m
2
20
kN
m
3
1.648
kN
m
2
Brickhollow.20 220mm Void
110
1m
2
20
kN
m
3
2.895
kN
m
2
Page 13
16. D. Loads on Beam B1
Self weight SW 25cm 50cm 110mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
2.438
kN
m
Wall wwall Brickhollow.10 3.5m 50cm( ) 4.943
kN
m
Slab α
4m
2
6m
0.333 k 1 2 α
2
α
3
0.815
wD.slab DL
4m
2
2 k 17.763
kN
m
wL.slab LL
4m
2
2 k 9.363
kN
m
Dead load wD SW wwall wD.slab 25.143
kN
m
Live load wL wL.slab 9.363
kN
m
Factored load wu 1.2 wD 1.6 wL 45.153
kN
m
E. Loads on Beam B2
Self weight SW 20cm 30cm 110mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
0.95
kN
m
Wall wwall Brickhollow.10 3.5m 30cm( ) 5.272
kN
m
Slab α
4m
2
4m
0.5 k 1 2 α
2
α
3
0.625
wD.slab DL
4m
2
2 k 13.625
kN
m
wL.slab LL
4m
2
2 k 7.182
kN
m
Dead load wD SW wwall wD.slab 19.847
kN
m
Live load wL wL.slab 7.182
kN
m
Factored load wu 1.2 wD 1.6 wL 35.308
kN
m
Page 14
17. F. Loads on Column
Tributary area B 4m L 6m
Slab loads PD.slab DL B L 130.8 kN
PL.slab LL B L 68.948 kN
Beam loads PB1 25cm 50cm 110mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
L 14.625 kN
PB2 20cm 30cm 110mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
B 3.8 kN
Wall loads Pwall.1 Brickhollow.10 3.5m 50cm( ) L 29.657 kN
Pwall.2 Brickhollow.10 3.5m 30cm( ) B 21.089 kN
SW of column SW 5% 7%( ) PD=
Total loads for number of floors n 7
PD PD.slab PB1 PB2 Pwall.1 Pwall.2 1.05 n 1469.787 kN
PL PL.slab n 482.633 kN
Pu 1.2 PD 1.6 PL 2535.958 kN
Pu
PD PL
1.299
Control
PD PL
n B L
11.622
kN
m
2
(Ref. 10
kN
m
2
18
kN
m
2
)
PL
PD PL
24.72 % (Ref. 15% 35% )
Page 15
18. 06 . Loads on Structures (Case of One-Way Slabs)
A. Preliminary Design
Thickness of one-way slab (both ends continue)
L
6m
2
3 m
tmin
L
28
107.143 mm
t
1
25
1
35
L 120 85.714( ) mm
t 120mm
Page 16
19. Section of floor beam B1
L 8m
h
1
15
1
20
L 533.333 400( ) mm h 500mm
b 0.3 0.6( ) h 150 300( ) mm b 250mm
Section of girder B2
L 6m
h
1
8
1
10
L 750 600( ) mm h 600mm
b 0.3 0.6( ) h 180 360( ) mm b 300mm
B. Loads on Slab
Cover 50mm 22
kN
m
3
1.1
kN
m
2
Slab t 25
kN
m
3
3
kN
m
2
Ceiling 0.40
kN
m
2
Mechanical 0.20
kN
m
2
Partition 1.00
kN
m
2
DL Cover Slab Ceiling Mechanical Partition 5.7
kN
m
2
LL 60psf 2.873
kN
m
2
wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 11.437
kN
m
1m
Page 17
20. C. Loads on Beam B1
Void 30mm 30 mm 190 mm 4
Brickhollow.10 120mm Void
55
1m
2
20
kN
m
3
1.648
kN
m
2
SW 25cm 50cm 120mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
2.375
kN
m
wwall Brickhollow.10 3.5m 50cm( ) 4.943
kN
m
wD.slab DL 3 m 17.1
kN
m
wL.slab LL 3 m 8.618
kN
m
wD SW wwall wD.slab 24.418
kN
m
wL wL.slab 8.618
kN
m
wu 1.2 wD 1.6 wL 43.091
kN
m
D. Loads on Girder B2
SW 30cm 60cm 120mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
3.6
kN
m
wwall Brickhollow.10 3.5m 60cm( ) 4.778
kN
m
PB1 25cm 50cm 120mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
8m 4m
2
14.25 kN
Pwall Brickhollow.10 3.5m 50cm( )
8m 4m
2
29.657 kN
PD.slab DL 3 m
8m 4m
2
102.6 kN
PL.slab LL 3 m
8m 4m
2
51.711 kN
Page 18
22. 7. Loads on Staircase
Run and rise of step G
3.5m
12
291.667 mm
H
3.8m
24
158.333 mm G 2 H 60.833 cm
Slope angle α atan
H
G
28.496 deg
Loads on Waist Slab
Thickness of waist slab t 120mm
Step cover Cover 50mm H G( ) 22
kN
m
3
1m
G 1 m
1.697
kN
m
2
Page 20
23. SW of step Step
G H
2
24
kN
m
3
1m
G 1 m
1.9
kN
m
2
SW of waist slab Slab t 25
kN
m
3
1m
2
1m
2
cos α( )
3.414
kN
m
2
Renderring Renderring 0.40
kN
m
2
1m
2
1m
2
cos α( )
0.455
kN
m
2
Handrail Handrail 0.50
kN
m
2
Total dead load DL Cover Step Slab Renderring Handrail
DL 7.966
kN
m
2
Live load for public staircase LL 100psf 4.788
kN
m
2
Factored load wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 17.22
kN
m
2
Loads on Landing Slab
Cover 50mm 22
kN
m
3
1.1
kN
m
2
Slab 150mm 25
kN
m
3
3.75
kN
m
2
Renderring 0.40
kN
m
2
Handrail 0.50
kN
m
2
DL Cover Slab Renderring Handrail 5.75
kN
m
2
LL 100psf 4.788
kN
m
2
wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 14.561
kN
m
2
Page 21
24. 8. Loads on Roof
Slope angle α atan
3m
10m
2
30.964 deg
Srokalinh tile Tile 30mm 20
kN
m
3
0.6
kN
m
2
Purlins w20x20x1.0 20mm 20 mm 18mm 18 mm( ) 7850
kgf
m
3
0.597
kgf
1m
Purlin w20x20x1.0
1m
1m 100 mm cos α( )
0.068
kN
m
2
Rafters w40x80x1.6 40mm 80 mm 36.8mm 76.8 mm( ) 7850
kgf
m
3
w40x80x1.6 2.934
kgf
1m
Rafter w40x80x1.6
1m
750mm1 m cos α( )
0.045
kN
m
2
Page 23
25. Roof beam Beam 20cm 30 cm 25
kN
m
3
1m
1m
10m
4
0.6
kN
m
2
Roof column Column 20cm 20 cm
3m
2
25
kN
m
3
1
10m
4
4 m
0.15
kN
m
2
Total dead load wD Tile Purlin Rafter Beam Column 1.463
kN
m
2
Live load wL 1.00
kN
m
2
Factored load wu 1.2 wD 1.6 wL 3.356
kN
m
2
Page 24
26. 9. ASCE Wind Loads
Basic wind speed V 120
km
hr
V 33.333
m
s
V 74.565mph
Exposure category Expoure C=
Importance factor I 1.15
Topograpic factor Kzt 1.0
Gust factor G 0.85
Wind directionality factor Kd 0.85
Static wind pressure qs 0.613
N
m
2
V
m
s
2
0.681
kN
m
2
Velocity pressure coefficients
zg 274m α 9.5 (For exposure C)
Kz z( ) 2.01
max z 4.6m( )
zg
2
α
Kz 10m( ) 1.001
Velocity wind pressure
qz z( ) qs Kz z( ) Kzt I Kd qz 10m( ) 0.667
kN
m
2
Design wind pressure
pz z Cp qz z( ) G Cp
Dimension of building in plan
B 6m 3 18 m
L 4m 5 20 m
λ
L
B
1.111
External pressure coefficients
Cp.windward 0.8
Page 25
27. Cp.leeward linterp
0
1
2
4
40
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
λ
0.478
Cp.side 0.7
Floor heights
H
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
H reverse H( ) h H
24.5 m
ORIGIN 1
n rows H( ) 7
Wind forces
i 1 n a
i
1
i
k
H
k
H
i
2
a
n 1
H
reverse a( )
24.5
22.75
19.25
15.75
12.25
8.75
5.25
1.75
m
Bwindward 6m Bleeward 6m
Bside 4m
Pwindwardi
ai
ai 1
zpz z Cp.windward
d Bwindward
Pleewardi
pz h Cp.leeward a
i 1
a
i
Bleeward
Psidei
pz h Cp.side a
i 1
a
i
Bside
Page 26
28. reverse augment Pwindward Pleeward Pside
5.70
11.13
10.71
10.21
9.61
8.81
8.10
3.43
6.86
6.86
6.86
6.86
6.86
6.86
3.35
6.71
6.71
6.71
6.71
6.71
6.71
kN
Alternative ways
i 1 n
b
i
1
i
k
H
k
Prectanglei
pz b
i
Cp.windward a
i 1
a
i
Bwindward
Ptrapeziumi
pz a
i
Cp.windward pz a
i 1
Cp.windward
2
a
i 1
a
i
Bwindward
reverse augment Pwindward Prectangle Ptrapezium
5.70
11.13
10.71
10.21
9.61
8.81
8.10
5.75
11.13
10.71
10.22
9.62
8.83
8.08
5.70
11.12
10.70
10.20
9.59
8.78
8.20
kN
Page 27
29. 10. Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
A. Concrete Stress Distribution
In actual distribution
Resultant C α f'c c b=
Location β c
In equivalent distribution
Location β c
a
2
=
Resultant C α f'c c b= γ f'c a b=
Thus, a 2 β c= β1 c= where β1 2 β=
γ α
c
a
=
α
β1
=
f'c 4000psi 5000psi 6000psi 7000psi 8000psi
α 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56
β 0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325
β1 2 β= 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65
γ
α
β1
=
0.72
0.85
0.847
0.68
0.80
0.85
0.64
0.75
0.853
0.60
0.70
0.857
0.56
0.65
0.862
Page 28
30. Conclusion: γ 0.85=
β1 0.85 f'c 4000psiif
0.65 f'c 8000psiif
0.85 0.05
f'c 4000psi
1000psi
otherwise
= 4000psi 27.6 MPa
8000psi 55.2 MPa
1000psi 6.9 MPa
B. Strength Analysis
Equilibrium in forces
X
0=
C T=
0.85 f'c a b As fs= (1)
Equilibrium in moments
M
0=
Mn C d
a
2
= T d
a
2
=
Mn 0.85 f'c a b d
a
2
= (2.1)
Mn As fs d
a
2
= (2.2)
Conditions of strain compatibility
εs
εu
d c
c
=
εs εu
d c
c
= or εt εu
dt c
c
= (3.1)
c d
εu
εu εs
= or c dt
εu
εu εt
= (3.2)
Unknowns = 3 a As fs
Equations = 2 X
0= M
0=
Additional condition fs fy= (From economic criteria)
Page 29
31. C. Steel Ratios
ρ
As
b d
=
As fy
b d fy
=
0.85 f'c a b
b d fy
= 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
c
d
= 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
c
dt
dt
d
=
ρ 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εs
= 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εt
dt
d
=
Balanced steel ratio
fc f'c= fs fy= εs εy=
fy
Es
=
ρb 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εy
= 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
600MPa
600MPa fy
=
εu 0.003 Es 2 10
5
MPa εu Es 600 MPa
Maximum steel ratio
ACI 318-99 ρmax 0.75 ρb=
ACI 318-02 and later ρmax 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εt
= with εt 0.004
For fy 390MPa εs
fy
Es
0.002
For εt 0.004
ρmax
ρb
εu εy
εu 0.004
=
5
7
= 0.714=
For εt 0.005
ρmax
ρb
εu εy
εu 0.005
=
5
8
= 0.625=
Minimum steel ratio
ρmin
3 f'c
fy
200
fy
= (in psi)
ρmin
0.249 f'c
fy
1.379
fy
= (in MPa)
Page 30
32. D. Determination of Flexural Strength
Given: b d As f'c fy
Find: ϕMn
Step 1. Checking for steel ratio
ρ
As
b d
=
ρ ρmin : Steel reinforcement is not enough
ρmin ρ ρmax : the beam is singly reinforced
ρ ρmax : the beam is doubly reinforced
ρ ρmax= As ρ b d=
Step 2. Calculation of flexural strength
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
= c
a
β1
=
Mn As fy d
a
2
=
εt εu
dt c
c
= ϕ ϕ εt =
The design flexural strength is ϕ Mn
Example 10.1
Page 31
33. Concrete dimension b 200mm h 350mm
Steel reinforcements As 5
π 16mm( )
2
4
10.053 cm
2
d h 30mm 6mm 16mm
40mm
2
278 mm
dt h 30mm 6mm
16mm
2
306 mm
Materials f'c 25MPa fy 390MPa
Solution
Checking for steel ratios
β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.85
εu 0.003
ρmax 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu 0.004
0.02
ρmin max
0.249MPa
f'c
MPa
fy
1.379MPa
fy
0.00354
ρ
As
b d
0.018
Steel_Reinforcement "is Enough" ρ ρminif
"is not Enough" otherwise
Steel_Reinforcement "is Enough"
As min ρ ρmax b d 10.053 cm
2
Calculation of flexural strength
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
92.252 mm c
a
β1
108.532 mm
Mn As fy d
a
2
90.911 kN m
Page 32
34. εt εu
dt c
c
0.00546
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
0.9
The design flexural strength is ϕ Mn 81.82 kN m
E. Determination of Steel Area
Given: Mu b d f'c fy
Find: As
Relative depth of compression concrete
w
a
d
=
0.85 f'c a b
0.85 f'c b d
=
As fy
0.85 f'c b d
=
ρ fy
0.85 f'c
1=
Flexural resistance factor
R
Mn
b d
2
=
As fy d
a
2
b d
2
=
As
b d
fy
d
a
2
d
= ρ fy 1
1
2
w
=
R ρ fy 1
ρ fy
1.7 f'c
= 0.85 f'c w 1
1
2
w
=
Quadratic equation relative w
R
0.85 f'c
w 1
1
2
w
=
w
2
2 w 2
R
0.85 f'c
0=
w1 1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
1= w2 1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
1=
w 1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
=
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
w= 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
=
Page 33
35. Step 1. Assume ϕ 0.9=
Mn
Mu
ϕ
=
Step 2. Calculation of steel area
R
Mn
b d
2
=
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
=
ρ ρmax : the beam is doubly reinforced
(concrete is not enough)
ρ ρmax : the beam is singly reinforced
As max ρ ρmin b d= (this is a required steel area)
Step 3. Checking for flexural strength
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
= (As is a provided steel area)
Mn As fy d
a
2
=
c
a
β1
= εt εu
dt c
c
= ϕ ϕ εt =
FS
Mu
ϕ Mn
= (usage percentage)
FS 1 : the beam is safe
FS 1 : the beam is not safe
Example 10.2
Required strength Mu 153kN m
Concrete section b 200mm h 500mm
d h 30mm 8mm 18mm
40mm
2
424 mm
Page 34
36. dt h 30mm 8mm
18mm
2
453 mm
Materials f'c 25MPa fy 390MPa
Solution
Steel ratios
β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.85
εu 0.003
ρmax 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu 0.004
0.02
ρmin max
0.249MPa
f'c
MPa
fy
1.379MPa
fy
0.00354
Assume ϕ 0.9
Mn
Mu
ϕ
170 kN m
Steel area
R
Mn
b d
2
4.728 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
0.014
ρmin ρ ρmax 1
As ρ b d 11.783 cm
2
As 6
π 16mm( )
2
4
12.064 cm
2
Checking for flexural strength
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
110.702 mm c
a
β1
130.238 mm
Mn As fy d
a
2
173.444 kN m
Page 35
37. εt εu
dt c
c
0.00743
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
0.9
FS
Mu
ϕ Mn
0.98
The_beam "is safe" FS 1if
"is not safe" otherwise
The_beam "is safe"
F. Determination of Concrete Dimension and Steel Area
Given: Mu f'c fy
Find: b d As
Step 1. Determination of concrete dimension
Assume εt 0.004 (Usually εt 0.005 )
ρ 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εt
= R ρ fy 1
ρ fy
1.7 f'c
=
ϕ ϕ εt = Mn
Mu
ϕ
=
bd
2
Mn
R
=
Option 1: b
Mn
R
d
2
=
Option 2: d
Mn
R
b
=
Option 3: k
b
d
= d
3
Mn
R
k
= b k d=
Step 2. Calculation of steel area
R
Mn
b d
2
=
Page 36
38. ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
=
As max ρ ρmin b d=
Step 3. Checking for flexural strength
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
= c
a
β1
=
Mn As fy d
a
2
=
εt εu
dt c
c
= ϕ ϕ εt =
FS
Mu
ϕ Mn
=
Example 10.3
Required strength Mu 700kN m
Materials f'c 25MPa fy 390MPa
Solution
Steel ratios
β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.85
εu 0.003
ρmax 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu 0.004
0.02
ρmin max
0.249MPa
f'c
MPa
fy
1.379MPa
fy
0.00354
Assume εt 0.007
ρ 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εt
0.014 R ρ fy 1
ρ fy
1.7 f'c
4.728 MPa
Page 37
39. ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
0.9 Mn
Mu
ϕ
777.778 kN m
Concrete dimension
k
b
d
= k
400
600
Cover 30mm 10mm 25mm
40mm
2
Cover 85 mm
d
3
Mn
R
k
627.231 mm b k d 418.154 mm
h Round d Cover 50mm( ) 700 mm b Round b 50mm( ) 400 mm
d h Cover 615 mm
b
h
400
700
mm
Steel area
R
Mn
b d
2
5.141 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
0.015
As max ρ ρmin b d 37.741 cm
2
As 8
π 25mm( )
2
4
39.27 cm
2
dt h 30mm 10mm
25mm
2
dt 647.5 mm
Checking for flexural strength
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
180.18 mm c
a
β1
211.976 mm
Mn As fy d
a
2
803.914 kN m
εt εu
dt c
c
0.00616
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
0.9
FS
Mu
ϕ Mn
96.749 %
Page 38
40. 11. Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
ρ ρmax : the beam is singly reinforced
(with tensile reinforcements only)
ρ ρmax : the beam is doubly reinforced
(with tensile and compression reinforcements)
A. Strength Analysis
Equilibrium in forces
X
0=
T C Cs= (1)
T As fs= As fy=
C 0.85 f'c a b=
Cs A's f's=
Equilibrium in moments
M
0=
Mn Mn1 Mn2= (2)
Mn1 T d d'( )= A's f's d d'( )=
Mn2 C d
a
2
= 0.85 f'c a b d
a
2
=
Mn2 T Cs d
a
2
= As fy A's f's d
a
2
=
Page 39
41. Conditions of strain compatibility
εs
εu
d c
c
= (3.1)
εs εu
d c
c
= or εt εu
dt c
c
=
c d
εu
εu εs
= or c dt
εu
εu εt
=
ε's
εu
c d'
c
= (3.2)
ε's εu
c d'
c
=
c d'
εu
εu ε's
=
B. Steel Ratios
Compression steel ratio
ρ'
A's
b d
=
Tensile steel ratio
ρ
As
b d
=
As fy
b d fy
=
0.85 f'c a b A's f's
b d fy
= 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
c
d
ρ'
f's
fy
=
Maximum tensile steel ratio
ρt.max ρmax ρ'
f's
fy
=
ρ ρt.max : concrete is enough
ρ ρt.max : concrete is not enough
Minimum tensile steel ratio
ρ 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
c
d
ρ'
f's
fy
= 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu ε's
d'
d
ρ'
f's
fy
=
f's fy= ε's εy=
fy
Es
=
Page 40
42. ρcy 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εy
d'
d
ρ'=
ρ ρcy : compression steel will yield f's fy=
ρ ρcy : compression steel will not yield f's fy
C. Determination of Flexural Strength
Given: b d dt d' As A's f'c fy
Find: ϕMn
Step 1. Checking for singly reinforced beam
ρ
As
b d
=
ρ ρmax : the beam is singly reinforced
ρ ρmax : the beam is doubly reinforced
ρ'
A's
b d
= ρt.max ρmax ρ'=
ρ ρt.max : concrete is enough
ρ ρt.max : concrete is not enough
ρ ρt.max= As ρ b d=
Step 2. Determination of compression parameters
2.1. Assume
f's fy=
2.2. Calculate
a
As fy A's f's
0.85 f'c b
= c
a
β1
=
ε's εu
c d'
c
= f's.revised Es ε's fy=
If f's.revised f's then f's f's.revised=
Goto 2.2
Page 41
43. Direct calculation
Case f's fy=
a
As fy A's fy
0.85 f'c b
=
Case f's fy
As fy 0.85 f'c a b A's f's= 0.85 f'c a b A's Es εu
c d'
c
=
As fy 0.85 f'c a b A's Es εu
β1 c β1 d'
β1 c
= 0.85 f'c a b A's f1
a β1 d'
a
=
where f1 Es εu= 600MPa=
0.85 f'c a
2
b A's f1 As fy a A's f1 β1 d' 0=
0.85 f'c a
2
b A's f1 As fy a A's f1 β1 d'
0.85 f'c d
2
b
0=
a
d
2 ρ' f1 ρ fy
0.85 f'c
a
d
ρ' f1 β1
0.85 f'c
d'
d
0=
w
2
2 p w q 0= p
1
2
ρ' f1 ρ fy
0.85 f'c
= q
ρ' f1 β1
0.85 f'c
d'
d
=
w1 p p
2
q 0= w2 p p
2
q 0=
a d p p
2
q = c
a
β1
=
ε's εu
c d'
c
= f's Es ε's fy=
Step 3. Calculation of flexural strength
Mn1 A's f's d d'( )=
Mn2 As fy A's f's d
a
2
=
εt εu
dt c
c
= ϕ ϕ εt =
ϕMn ϕ Mn1 Mn2 =
Page 42
45. Concrete "is enough" ρ ρt.maxif
"is not enough" otherwise
Concrete "is enough"
ρ min ρ ρt.max 0.0185
As ρ b d 25.133 cm
2
Determination of compression parameters
Es 2 10
5
MPa f1 Es εu 600 MPa
εy
fy
Es
1.95 10
3
ρcy 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εy
d'
d
ρ' 0.024
Compression_steel "will yield" ρ ρcyif
"will not yield" otherwise
Compression_steel "will not yield"
a
As fy A's fy
0.85 f'c b
Compression_steel "will yield"=if
p
1
2
ρ' f1 ρ fy
0.85 f'c
q
ρ' f1 β1
0.85 f'c
d'
d
d p p
2
q
otherwise
a 90.825 mm c
a
β1
106.853 mm
f's fy Compression_steel "will yield"=if
ε's εu
c d'
c
min Es ε's fy
otherwise
f's 319.24 MPa
Flexural strength
Page 44
46. Mn1 A's f's d d'( ) 162.072 kN m
Mn2 As fy A's f's d
a
2
236.576 kN m
εt εu
dt c
c
0.011
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
0.9
ϕMn ϕ Mn1 Mn2 358.783 kN m
D. Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam
Given: Mu b d dt d' f'c fs
Find: As A's
Step 1. Assume εt
ρ 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εt
=
ϕ ϕ εt =
Step 2. Cheching for singly reinforced beam
As ρ b d=
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
=
Mn As fy d
a
2
=
Mu ϕMn : the beam is singly reinforced
Mu ϕMn : the beam is doubly reinforced
Step 3. Case of doubly reinforced beam
Mn2 Mn=
Mn1
Mu
ϕ
Mn2=
Page 45
47. c
a
β1
= f's Es εu
c d'
c
fy=
A's
Mn1
f's d d'( )
= ρ'
A's
b d
= ρt.max ρmax ρ'=
As
0.85 f'c a b A's f's
fy
= ρ
As
b d
=
ρ ρt.max : concrete is enough
ρ ρt.max : concrete is not enough
Example 11.2
Required strength Mu 1350kN m
Concrete dimension b 400mm h 800mm
d h 30mm 12mm 25mm 25mm
40mm
2
d 688 mm
dt h 30mm 12mm 25mm
25mm
2
720.5 mm
d' 30mm 12mm
25mm
2
54.5 mm
Materials f'c 25MPa fy 390MPa
Solution
Steel ratios
β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.85
εu 0.003
ρmax 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu 0.005
0.0174
ρmin max
0.249MPa
f'c
MPa
fy
1.379MPa
fy
0.00354
Assume εt 0.0092
ρ 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu εt
0.011
Page 46
48. ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
0.9
Checking for singly reinforced beam
As ρ b d 31.342 cm
2
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
143.803 mm c
a
β1
169.18 mm
Mn2 As fy d
a
2
753.074 kN m
The_beam "is singly reinforced" Mu ϕ Mn2if
"is doubly reinforced" otherwise
The_beam "is doubly reinforced"
Case of doubly reinforced beam
Mn1
Mu
ϕ
Mn2 746.926 kN m
f's min Es εu
c d'
c
fy
390 MPa
A's
Mn1
f's d d'( )
30.232 cm
2
ρ'
A's
b d
0.011 ρt.max ρmax ρ' 0.028
As
0.85 f'c a b A's f's
fy
61.574 cm
2
ρ
As
b d
0.022
Concrete "is enough" ρ ρt.maxif
"is not enough" otherwise
Concrete "is enough"
Compression steel A's 30.232 cm
2
5
π 28mm( )
2
4
30.788 cm
2
Tensile steel As 61.574 cm
2
10
π 28mm( )
2
4
61.575 cm
2
400mm 12mm 30mm( ) 2 28mm 5
4
44 mm
Page 47
49. E. Determination of Tensile Steel Area
Given: Mu b d dt d' A's f'c fy
Find: As
Step 1. Calculation of compression parameters
1.1. Assume f's fy= ϕ 0.9=
1.2. Calculate
Mn
Mu
ϕ
=
Mn1 A's f's d d'( )=
Mn2 Mn Mn1=
R
Mn2
b d
2
=
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
=
As ρ b d=
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
= c
a
β1
=
f's.revised Es εu
c d'
c
fy=
εt εu
dt c
c
= ϕ ϕ εt =
f's.revised f's : Goto 1.2
Mu ϕ Mn : Goto 1.2
Step 2. Calculation of tensile steel area
As
0.85 f'c a b A's f's
fy
= ρ
As
b d
=
ρ'
A's
b d
= ρt.max ρmax ρ'=
ρ ρt.max : concrete is enough
ρ ρt.max : concrete is not enough
Page 48
51. Compression ε( ) f's fy
ϕ 0.9
Mn
Mu
ϕ
Mn1 A's f's d d'( )
Mn2 Mn Mn1
R
Mn2
b d
2
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
As ρ b d
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
c
a
β1
f's.revised min Es εu
c d'
c
fy
Z
i
f's
fy
ϕ
a
d
f's.revised
fy
εt εu
dt c
c
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
break( )
f's.revised f's
f's
ε
Mu ϕ Mn if
f's f's.revised
i 0 99for
reverse Z
T
Z Compression 0.000001( )
Page 50
52. a Z
0 2
d 142.792 mm c
a
β1
167.99 mm
f's Z
0 0
fy 390 MPa
Tensile steel area
ρ'
A's
b d
0.011 ρt.max ρmax ρ' 0.029
As
0.85 f'c a b A's f's
fy
61.909 cm
2
ρ
As
b d
0.023
Concrete "is enough" ρ ρt.maxif
"is not enough" otherwise
Concrete "is enough"
Tensile steel As 61.909 cm
2
10
π 28mm( )
2
4
61.575 cm
2
Page 51
53. 12. Design of T Beams
12.1. Effective Flange Width
For symmetrical T beam:
b
L
4
b bw 16hf b s
where
L = span length of beam
s = spacing of beam
12.2. Strength Analysis
Design as rectangular section Design as T section
a hf a hf
or Mu ϕMnf or Mu ϕMnf
where Mnf 0.85 f'c hf b d
hf
2
=
Page 52
54. Equilibrium in forces X
0=
T C1 C2=
T As fs= As fy=
C1 0.85 f'c hf b bw = Asf fy=
C2 0.85 f'c a bw= T C1= As fy Asf fy=
Equilibrium in moments M
0=
Mn Mn1 Mn2=
Mn1 C1 d
hf
2
= Asf fy d
hf
2
=
Mn2 C2 d
a
2
= 0.85 f'c a bw d
a
2
=
Mn2 T C1 d
a
2
= As fy Asf fy d
a
2
=
Condition of strain compatibility
εs
εu
d c
c
= or
εt
εs
dt c
c
=
εs εu
d c
c
= εt εu
dt c
c
=
c d
εu
εu εs
= c dt
εu
εu εt
=
12.3. Steel Ratios
ρw
As
bw d
=
As fy
bw d fy
=
0.85 f'c a bw Asf fy
bw d fy
=
ρw 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
c
d
ρf= where ρf
Asf
bw d
=
Page 53
55. Maximum steel ratio
ρw.max ρmax ρf=
ρw ρw.max : concrete is enough
ρw ρw.max : concrete is not enough
12.4. Determination of Moment Capacity
Given: bw d b dt hf As f'c fy
Find: ϕMn
Step 1. Checking for rectangular beam
a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
=
a hf : the beam is rectangular
a hf : the beam is tee
Step 2. Case of T beam
Asf
0.85 f'c hf b bw
fy
=
Mn1 Asf fy d
hf
2
=
a
As fy Asf fy
0.85 f'c bw
= c
a
β1
=
Mn2 As fy Asf fy d
a
2
=
εt εu
dt c
c
= ϕ ϕ εt =
ϕMn ϕ Mn1 Mn2 =
Page 54
57. a
As fy
0.85 f'c b
157.162 mm
The_beam "is rectangular" a hfif
"is T" otherwise
The_beam "is T"
Case of T beam
Asf
0.85 f'c hf b bw
fy
29.613 cm
2
ρf
Asf
bw d
0.018 ρw.max ρmax ρf 0.031
ρw
As
bw d
0.028
Concrete "is enough" ρw ρw.maxif
"is not enough" otherwise
Concrete "is enough"
As min ρw ρw.max bw d As 7.363 in
2
Mn1 Asf fy d
hf
2
715.669 kN m
a
As fy Asf fy
0.85 f'c bw
165.734 mm c
a
β1
194.981 mm
Mn2 As fy Asf fy d
a
2
427.446 kN m
εt εu
dt c
c
0.008
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
0.9
ϕMn ϕ Mn1 Mn2 1028.803 kN m
Page 56
58. 12.5. Determination of Steel Area
Given: Mu bw d dt b hf f'c fy
Find: As
Step 1. Checking for rectangular beam
Mnf 0.85 f'c hf b d
hf
2
=
ϕ 0.9=
Mu ϕMn : the beam is rectangular
Mu ϕMn : the beam is tee
Step 2. Case of T beam
Asf
0.85 f'c hf b bw
fy
= ρf
Asf
bw d
=
Mn1 Asf fy d
hf
2
=
Mn2
Mu
ϕ
Mn1=
R
Mn2
bw d
2
=
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
=
As2 ρ bw d=
a
As2 fy
0.85 f'c bw
=
As
0.85 f'c a bw Asf fy
fy
= ρw
As
bw d
=
ρw.max ρmax ρf=
ρw ρw.max : concrete is enough
ρw ρw.max : concrete is not enough
Page 57
59. Example 12.2
Concrete dimension hf 3in 76.2 mm
L 24ft 7.315 m s 47in 1.194 m
bw 11in 279.4 mm d 20in 508 mm
Required strength Mu 6400in kip 723.103 kN m
Materials f'c 3000psi 20.684 MPa fy 60ksi 413.685 MPa
Solution
Effective flange width
b min
L
4
bw 16 hf s
b 1193.8 mm
Steel ratios
β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 4000psi
1000psi
min 0.85
0.85
εu 0.003
ρmax 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu 0.005
0.014
ρmin max
3psi
f'c
psi
fy
200psi
fy
0.00333
Checking for rectangular beam
ϕ 0.9
Mnf 0.85 f'c hf b d
hf
2
751.538 kN m
The_beam "is rectangular" Mu ϕ Mnfif
"is tee" otherwise
The_beam "is tee"
Case of T beam
Page 58
60. Asf
0.85 f'c hf b bw
fy
29.613 cm
2
ρf
Asf
bw d
0.021
Mn1 Asf fy d
hf
2
575.646 kN m
Mn2
Mu
ϕ
Mn1 227.801 kN m
R
Mn2
bw d
2
3.159 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
8.484 10
3
As2 ρ bw d 12.042 cm
2
a
As2 fy
0.85 f'c bw
101.408 mm c
a
β1
119.304 mm
As
0.85 f'c a bw Asf fy
fy
41.655 cm
2
ρw
As
bw d
0.029
ρw.max ρmax ρf 0.034
Concrete "is enough" ρw ρw.maxif
"is not enough" otherwise
Concrete "is enough"
As.min ρmin bw d
As max As As.min 41.655 cm
2
6
π 32mm( )
2
4
48.255 cm
2
Page 59
61. 13. Shear Design
Safety provision
Vu ϕVn
where Vu = required shear strength
Vn = nominal shear strength
ϕ 0.75= is a strength reduction factor for shear
ϕVn = design shear strength
Required shear strength
Page 60
62. Nominal shear strength
Vn Vc Vs=
where
Vc = concrete shear strength
Vs = steel shear strength
Concrete shear strength
Vc 2 f'c bw d= (in psi)
Vc 0.166 f'c bw d= (in MPa)
Steel shear strength
Vs
Av fy d
s
=
where
Av = area of stirrup
fy = yield strength of stirrup
s = spacing of stirrup
No required stirrups
Vu
ϕVc
2
: no stirrup is required
ϕVc
2
Vu ϕVc : stirrup is minimum
Vu ϕVc : stirrup is required
Minimum stirrups
Av.min 0.75 f'c
bw s
fy
50
bw s
fy
= (in psi)
Av.min 0.062 f'c
bw s
fy
0.345
bw s
fy
= (in MPa)
Page 61
63. Maximum spacing of stirrup
smax
Av fy
0.75 f'c bw
Av fy
50 bw
= (in psi)
smax
Av fy
0.062 f'c bw
Av fy
0.345 bw
= (in MPa)
Case Vs 2 Vc
smax
d
2
24in= 600mm=
Case 2 Vc Vs 4 Vc
smax
d
4
12in= 300mm=
Case Vs 4 Vc
Concrete is not enough
Example 13.1
Materials f'c 25MPa fy 390MPa
Page 62
64. Live load for garage LL 6.00
kN
m
2
Loads on slab
Hardener 8mm 24
kN
m
3
0.192
kN
m
2
Slab 200mm 25
kN
m
3
5
kN
m
2
Mechanical 0.30
kN
m
2
DL Hardener Slab Mechanical 5.492
kN
m
2
LL 6
kN
m
2
Loads on beam
wbeam 30cm 60cm 200mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
3
kN
m
wD.slab DL 3.5 m 19.222
kN
m
wL.slab LL 3.5 m 21
kN
m
wD wbeam wD.slab 22.222
kN
m
wL wL.slab 21
kN
m
wu 1.2 wD 1.6 wL 60.266
kN
m
Shear
L 8m
V0
wu L
2
241.066 kN
V x( ) V0 wu x
Concrete shear strength
bw 300mm d 600mm 40mm 10mm
20mm
2
540 mm
Vc 0.166MPa
f'c
MPa
bw d 134.46 kN
ϕ 0.75
Page 63
65. Location of no stirrup zone
V0 wu x
ϕVc
2
= x
V0
ϕ Vc
2
wu
3.163 m
Minimum stirrup
Av 2
π 10mm( )
2
4
1.571 cm
2
fy 390MPa
smax min
Av fy
0.062MPa
f'c
MPa
bw
Av fy
0.345MPa bw
591.894 mm
smax Floor smax 50mm 550 mm
Vs.min
Av fy d
smax
60.147 kN
Location of minimum stirrup zone
V0 wu x ϕ Vc Vs.min = x
V0 ϕ Vc Vs.min
wu
1.578 m
Required spacing of stirrup
Vu V0 wu
400mm
2
229.012 kN
Vs
Vu
ϕ
Vc 170.89 kN
Concrete "is enough" Vs 4 Vcif
"is not enough" otherwise
Concrete "is enough"
s
Av fy d
Vs
193.581 mm
smax.1 smax 550 mm
smax.2 min
d
2
600mm
Vs 2 Vcif
min
d
4
300mm
otherwise
smax.2 270 mm
s Floor min s smax.1 smax.2 50mm s 150 mm
Page 64
66. Example 13.2
Design of shear in support and midspan zones.
Stirrups in Support Zone
Required shear strength Vu V0 wu
400mm
2
229.012 kN
Concrete shear strength
Vc 0.166MPa
f'c
MPa
bw d 134.46 kN
ϕ 0.75
Stirrup "is minimum" Vu ϕ Vcif
"is required" otherwise
Stirrup "is required"
Required steel shear strength
Vs
Vu
ϕ
Vc 170.89 kN
Concrete "is enough" Vs 4 Vcif
"is not enough" otherwise
Concrete "is enough"
Spacing of stirrup
Av 2
π 10mm( )
2
4
1.571 cm
2
fy 390MPa
s
Av fy d
Vs
193.581 mm
smax.1 min
Av fy
0.062MPa
f'c
MPa
bw
Av fy
0.345MPa bw
591.894 mm
Page 65
67. smax.2 min
d
2
600mm
Vs 2 Vcif
min
d
4
300mm
otherwise
smax.2 270 mm
s Floor min s smax.1 smax.2 50mm 150 mm
Stirrups in Midspan Zone
Required shear strength Vu V0 wu
L
4
120.533 kN
Stirrup "is minimum" Vu ϕ Vcif
"is required" otherwise
Stirrup "is required"
Required steel shear strength
Vs
Vu
ϕ
Vc 26.25 kN
Concrete "is enough" Vs 4 Vcif
"is not enough" otherwise
Concrete "is enough"
Spacing of stirrup
Av 2
π 10mm( )
2
4
1.571 cm
2
fy 390MPa
s
Av fy d
Vs
1260.208 mm
smax.1 min
Av fy
0.062MPa
f'c
MPa
bw
Av fy
0.345MPa bw
591.894 mm
smax.2 min
d
2
600mm
Vs 2 Vcif
min
d
4
300mm
otherwise
smax.2 270 mm
s Floor min s smax.1 smax.2 50mm 250 mm
Page 66
69. 14. Column Design
Type of columns (by design method)
1. Axially loaded columns
e
M
P
= 0=
2. Eccentric columns
e
M
P
= 0
2.1. Short columns (without buckling)
Pu Mu
2.2. Long (slender) columns (with buckling)
Pu Mu δns
1. Axially Loaded Columns
Safety provision
Pu ϕPn.max
where Pu = axial load on column
ϕPn.max = design axial strength
For tied columns
ϕPn.max 0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast =
with ϕ 0.65=
For spirally reinforced columns
ϕPn.max 0.85 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast =
with ϕ 0.70=
where Ag = area of gross section
Ast = area of steel reinforcements
Ag Ast Ac= is an area of concrete section
Page 68
70. For tied columns
Diameter of tie
Dv 10mm= for D 32mm
Dv 12mm= for D 32mm
Spacing of tie
s 48Dv s 16D s b
For spirally reinforced columns
Diameter of spiral Dv 10mm
Clear spacing 25mm s 75mm
Column steel ratio
ρg
Ast
Ag
= 1%= 8%
Page 69
71. Determination of Concrete Section
Ag
Pu
0.80 ϕ
0.85 f'c 1 ρg fy ρg
=
Determination of Steel Area
Ast
Pu
0.80 ϕ
0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 f'c fy
=
Example 14.1
Tributary area B 4m L 6m
Thickness of slab t 120mm
Section of beam B1 b 250mm h 500mm
Section of beam B2 b 200mm h 350mm
Live load for lab LL 3.00
kN
m
2
Materials f'c 25MPa fy 390MPa
Solution
Loads on slab
Cover 50mm 22
kN
m
3
Slab 120mm 25
kN
m
3
Ceiling 0.40
kN
m
2
Mechanical 0.20
kN
m
2
Partition 1.00
kN
m
2
DL Cover Slab Ceiling Mechanical Partition 5.7
kN
m
2
LL 3
kN
m
2
Page 70
72. Reduction of live load
Tributary area AT B L 24 m
2
For interior column KLL 4
Influence area AI KLL AT 96 m
2
Live load reduction factor αLL 0.25
4.572
AI
m
2
0.717
Reduced live load LL0 LL αLL 2.15
kN
m
2
Loads of wall
Void 30mm 30 mm 190 mm 4
Brickhollow.10 120mm Void
55
1m
2
20
kN
m
3
1.648
kN
m
2
Brickhollow.20 220mm Void
110
1m
2
20
kN
m
3
2.895
kN
m
2
Loads on column
PD.slab DL B L 136.8 kN
PL.slab LL B L 72 kN
PB1 25cm 50cm 120mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
L 14.25 kN
PB2 20cm 35cm 120mm( ) 25
kN
m
3
B 4.6 kN
Pwall.1 Brickhollow.10 3.5m 50cm( ) L 29.657 kN
Pwall.2 Brickhollow.10 3.5m 35cm( ) B 20.76 kN
Number of floors n 6
PD PD.slab PB1 PB2 Pwall.1 Pwall.2 1.05 n 1298.219 kN
PL PL.slab n 432 kN SW 5% 7%( ) PD=
PD PL
B L n
12.015
kN
m
2
PL
PD PL
24.968 %
Page 71
73. Pu 1.2 PD 1.6 PL 2249.063 kN
Determination of column section
Assume ρg 0.03 k
b
h
= k
300
500
ϕ 0.65
Ag
Pu
0.80 ϕ
0.85 f'c 1 ρg fy ρg
Ag 1338.529 cm
2
h
Ag
k
472.322 mm b k h 283.393 mm
h Ceil h 50mm( ) 500 mm b Ceil b 50mm( ) 300 mm
b
h
300
500
mm Ag b h 1500 cm
2
Determination of steel area
Ast
Pu
0.80 ϕ
0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 f'c fy
Ast 30.851 cm
2
6
π 20mm( )
2
4
6
π 16mm( )
2
4
30.913 cm
2
Stirrups
Main bars D 20mm
Stirrup dia. Dv 10mm
Spacing of tie s min 16 D 48 Dv b 300 mm
Page 72
74. 2. Short Columns
Safety provision
Pu ϕPn
Mu ϕMn
Equilibrium in forces X
0=
Pn C Cs T=
Pn 0.85 f'c a b A's f's As fs=
Equilibrium in moments M
0=
Mn Pn e= C
h
2
a
2
Cs
h
2
d'
T d
h
2
=
Mn Pn e= 0.85 f'c a b
h
2
a
2
A's f's
h
2
d'
As fs d
h
2
=
Conditions of strain compatibility
εs
εu
d c
c
= εs εu
d c
c
=
fs Es εs= Es εu
d c
c
=
ε's
εu
c d'
c
= ε's εu
c d'
c
=
f's Es ε's= Es εu
c d'
c
=
Page 73
75. Unknowns = 5 : a As A's fs f's
Equations = 4 : X
0= M
0= 2 conditions of strain compatibility
Case of symmetrical columns: As A's=
Case of unsymmetrical columns: fs fy=
A. Interaction Diagram for Column Strength
Interaction diagram is a graph of parametric function, where
Abscissa : Mn a( )
Ordinate: Pn a( )
B. Determination of Steel Area
Given: Mu Pu b h f'c fy
Find: As A's=
Answer: As AsN a( )= AsM a( )=
AsN a( )
Pu
ϕ
0.85 f'c a b
f's fs
=
AsM a( )
Mu
ϕ
0.85 f'c a b
h
2
a
2
f's
h
2
d'
fs d
h
2
=
f's a( ) Es εu
c d'
c
fy=
fs a( ) Es εu
d c
c
fy=
Page 74
76. Example 14.2
Construction of interaction diagram for column strength.
Concrete dimension b 500mm h 200mm
Steel reinforcements As 5
π 16mm( )
2
4
10.053 cm
2
A's As 10.053 cm
2
d' 30mm 6mm
16mm
2
44 mm
d h d' 156 mm
Materials f'c 25MPa
fy 390MPa
Solution
Case of axially loaded column
Ag b h
Ast As A's
ϕ 0.65
ϕPn.max 0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast 1490.536 kN
Case of eccentric column
β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.85
c a( )
a
β1
Es 2 10
5
MPa εu 0.003 dt d
fs a( ) min Es εu
d c a( )
c a( )
fy
f's a( ) min Es εu
c a( ) d'
c a( )
fy
ϕ a( ) εt εu
dt c a( )
c a( )
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.90
Page 75
77. ϕPn a( ) min ϕ a( ) 0.85 f'c a b A's f's a( ) As fs a( ) ϕPn.max
ϕMn a( ) ϕ a( ) 0.85 f'c a b
h
2
a
2
A's f's a( )
h
2
d'
As fs a( ) d
h
2
a 0
h
100
h
0 20 40 60
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
Interaction diagram for column strength
ϕPn a( )
kN
ϕMn a( )
kN m
Example 14.3
Determination of steel area.
Required strength Pu 1152.27kN
Mu 42.64kN m
Concrete dimension b 500mm h 200mm
Materials f'c 25MPa
fy 390MPa
Concrete cover to main bars cc 30mm 6mm
16mm
2
Page 76
78. Solution
Location of steel re-bars
d' cc 44 mm
d h cc 156 mm
Case of axially loaded column
Ag b h ϕ 0.65
ϕ 0.65
Ast
Pu
0.80 ϕ
0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 f'c fy
2.465 cm
2
Case of eccentric column
β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.85
c a( )
a
β1
Es 2 10
5
MPa εu 0.003 dt d
fs a( ) min Es εu
d c a( )
c a( )
fy
f's a( ) min Es εu
c a( ) d'
c a( )
fy
ϕ a( ) εt εu
dt c a( )
c a( )
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.90
Graphical solution
AsN a( )
Pu
ϕ a( )
0.85 f'c a b
f's a( ) fs a( )
AsM a( )
Mu
ϕ a( )
0.85 f'c a b
h
2
a
2
f's a( )
h
2
d'
fs a( ) d
h
2
a1 134.2mm a2 134.25mm
a a1 a1
a2 a1
50
a2
Page 77
82. Conditions of strain compatibility
ε
s i
εu
d
i
c
c
=
ε
s i
εu
d
i
c
c
=
f
s i
Es ε
s i
= Es εu
d
i
c
c
=
Example 14.4
Checking for column strength.
Required strength Pu 13994.6kN
Mu 57.53kN m
Materials f'c 35MPa
fy 390MPa
Solution
Determination of Concrete Section
Case of axially loaded column
ϕ 0.65
Assume ρg 0.04
Ag
Pu
0.80 ϕ
0.85 f'c 1 ρg fy ρg
6094.36 cm
2
Aspect ratio of column section λ
b
h
= λ 1
h
Ag
λ
780.664 mm b λ h 780.664 mm
h Ceil h 50mm( ) b Ceil b 50mm( )
b
h
800
800
mm Ag b h 6400 cm
2
Page 81
83. Steel area
Ast
Pu
0.80 ϕ
0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 f'c fy
Ast 218.534 cm
2
4 7 4( )
π 25mm( )
2
4
4 5 4( )
π 20mm( )
2
4
232.478 cm
2
Spacing
800mm 50mm 2
8
87.5 mm
Interaction Diagram for Column Strength
Distribution of reinforcements
Bars
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
20
0
0
0
0
0
20
25
25
20
0
0
0
0
0
20
25
25
20
0
0
0
0
0
20
25
25
20
0
0
0
0
0
20
25
25
20
0
0
0
0
0
20
25
25
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
mm
Number of reinforcement rows n cols Bars( ) 9
Steel area
As0
π Bars
2
4
i 1 n Asi
As0
i
Ast As Ast 232.478 cm
2
Location of reinforcement rows
Concrete cover Cover 30mm 10mm 40 mm
d
1
Cover
Bars
1 n
2
52.5 mm ΔS
h d
1
2
n 1
86.875 mm
i 2 n d
i
d
i 1
ΔS
reverse d( )
T
747.5 660.63 573.75 486.88 400 313.13 226.25 139.38 52.5( ) mm
Case of axially loaded column
Page 82
84. ϕPn.max 0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast
ϕPn.max 14255.808 kN
Case of eccentric column
β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.796
c a( )
a
β1
fs i a( ) εs εu
d
i
c a( )
c a( )
sign εs min Es εs fy
dt max d( ) 747.5 mm
ϕ a( ) εt εu
dt c a( )
c a( )
ϕ 0.65 max
1.45 250 εt
3
min 0.9
ϕPn a( ) min ϕ a( ) 0.85 f'c a b
1
n
i
Asi
fs i a( )
ϕPn.max
ϕMn a( ) ϕ a( ) 0.85 f'c a b
h
2
a
2
1
n
i
Asi
fs i a( ) d
i
h
2
a 0
h
100
h
Page 83
86. D. Design of Circular Columns
Symbols
ns = number of re-bars
Dc = column diameter
Ds = diameter of re-bar circle
Location of steel re-bar
d
i
rc rs cos α
s i = rc
Dc
2
= rs
Ds
2
=
α
s i
2 π
ns
i 1( )=
Page 85
87. Depth of compression concrete
α acos
rc a
rc
=
Area and centroid of compression concrete
Asector
1
2
Radius Arch=
1
2
rc rc 2 α = rc
2
α=
x1
2
3
rc
sin α( )
α
=
Atriangle
1
2
Base Height=
1
2
2 rc sin α( ) rc cos α( )= rc
2
sin α( ) cos α( )=
x2
2
3
rc cos α( )=
Ac Asegment= Asector Atringle= rc
2
α sin α( ) cos α( )( )=
xc
Asector x1 Atrinagle x2
Ac
=
2
3
rc
sin α( ) sin α( ) cos α( )
2
α sin α( ) cos α( )
=
xc
2 rc
3
sin α( )
3
α sin α( ) cos α( )
=
Equilibrium in forces X
0=
Pn C
1
ns
i
T
i
= 0.85 f'c Ac
1
ns
i
A
s i
f
s i
=
Equilibrium in moments M
0=
Mn Pn e= C xc
1
ns
i
T
i
d
i
Dc
2
=
Mn Pn e= 0.85 f'c Ac xc
1
ns
i
A
s i
f
s i
d
i
rc
=
Conditions of strain compatibility
ε
s i
εu
d
i
c
c
=
f
s i
Es ε
s i
= Es ε
u
d
i
c
c
= with f
s i
fy
Page 86
88. Example 14.5
Required strength Pu 3437.31kN
Mu 42.53kN m
Materials f'c 20MPa
fy 390MPa
Solution
Determination of concrete dimension
ϕ 0.70
Assume ρg 0.02
Ag
Pu
0.85 ϕ
0.85 f'c 1 ρg fy ρg
2361.812 cm
2
Dc Ceil
Ag
π
4
50mm
550 mm
Ag
π Dc
2
4
2375.829 cm
2
Determination of steel area
Ast
Pu
0.85 ϕ
0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 f'c fy
46.597 cm
2
Ds Dc 30mm 10mm
20mm
2
2 450 mm
ns ceil
π Ds
100mm
15 As0
π 20mm( )
2
4
3.142 cm
2
Ast ns As0 47.124 cm
2
s
π Ds
ns
94.248 mm
Interaction diagram for column strength
ϕPn.max 0.85 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast 3448.996 kN
Page 87
89. β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.85
Es 2 10
5
MPa εu 0.003
c a( )
a
β1
i 1 ns αsi
2 π
ns
i 1( ) d
i
Dc
2
Ds
2
cos αsi
dt max d( ) 495.083 mm
ϕ a( ) εt εu
dt c a( )
c a( )
ϕ 0.70 max
1.7 200 εt
3
min 0.9
fs i a( ) εs εu
d
i
c a( )
c a( )
sign εs min Es εs fy
rc
Dc
2
α a( ) acos
rc a
rc
xc a( )
2 rc
3
sin α a( )( )
3
α a( ) sin α a( )( ) cos α a( )( )
Ac a( ) rc
2
α a( ) sin α a( )( ) cos α a( )( )( )
ϕPn a( ) min ϕ a( ) 0.85 f'c Ac a( )
1
ns
i
As0 fs i a( )
ϕPn.max
ϕMn a( ) ϕ a( ) 0.85 f'c Ac a( ) xc a( )
1
ns
i
As0 fs i a( ) d
i
rc
a 0
Dc
100
Dc
Page 88
90. 0 100 200 300
0
1000
2000
3000
Interaction diagram for column strength
ϕPn a( )
kN
Pu
kN
ϕMn a( )
kN m
Mu
kN m
3. Long (Slender) Columns
Stability index
Q
ΣPu Δ0
Vu Lc
=
where
ΣPu Vu = total vertical force and story shear
Δ0 = relative deflection between column ends
Lc = center-to-center length of column
Q 0.05 : Frame is nonsway (braced)
Q 0.05 : Frame is sway (unbraced)
Page 89
91. Unbraced Frame Braced Frame
ShearWall
Braced Frame
Brick Wall
Ties
Slenderness of column
The column is short, if
In nonsway frame:
k Lu
r
min 34 12
M1
M2
40
In sway frame:
k Lu
r
22
where
M1 min MA MB = M2 max MA MB =
= minimum and maximum moments at the ends of column
Lu = unsuppported length of column
r = radius of gyration
r
I
A
=
I A = moment of inertia and area of column section
k = effective length factor
k k ψA ψB =
ψA ψB = degree of end restraint (release)
Page 90
92. ψ
EIc
Lc
EIb
Lb
=
ψ 0= : column is fixed
ψ ∞= : column is pinned
Moments of inertia
For column Ic 0.70Ig=
For beam Ib 0.35Ig=
Ig = moment of inertia of gross section
Determination of effective length factor
Way 1. Using graph
Way 2. Using equations
For braced frames:
ψA ψB
4
π
k
2
ψA ψB
2
1
π
k
tan
π
k
2 tan
π
2 k
π
k
1=
Page 91
93. For unbraced frames:
ψA ψB
π
k
2
36
6 ψA ψB
π
k
tan
π
k
=
Way 3. Using approximate relations
In nonsway frames:
k 0.7 0.05 ψA ψB 1.0=
k 0.85 0.05 ψmin 1.0=
ψmin min ψA ψB =
In sway frames:
Case ψm 2
k
20 ψm
20
1 ψm=
Case ψm 2
k 0.9 1 ψm=
ψm
ψA ψB
2
=
Case of column is hinged at one end
k 2.0 0.3 ψ=
ψ is the value in the restrained end.
Moment on column
Mc M2 δns M2.min δns=
where
M2.min Pu 15mm 0.03h( )=
Moment magnification factor
Page 92
100. 15. Footing Design
A. Determination of Footing Dimension
Required area of footing
Areq
PD PL
qe
=
where
PD PL = dead and live loads on footing
qe = effective bearing capacity of soil
qe qa 20
kN
m
3
H=
qa = allowable bearing capacity of soil with FS 2.5= 3
20
kN
m
3
= average density of soil and concrete
H = depth of foundation
Checking for maximum stress of soil under footing
qmax qu
qmax
P
B L
1
6 e
L
e
L
6
if
4P
3 B L 2 e( )
e
L
6
if
=
where
qu = design bearing capacity of soil
qu qa
1.2PD 1.6 PL
PD PL
=
P = axial load on footing
P 1.2 PD P0 1.6 PL=
P0 20
kN
m
3
H B L=
e = eccentricity of load
Page 99
101. e
M
P
=
L B = long and width of footing
B. Determination of Depth of Footing
Checking for Punching
Vu ϕVc
where
Vu = punching shear
Vc = punching shear strength
ϕ 0.75= is a strength reduction factor for shear
Punching shear
Vu qu A A0 =
A B L=
A0 bc d hc d =
Punching shear strength
Vc 4 f'c b0 d= (in psi)
Page 100
102. Vc 0.332 f'c b0 d= (in MPa)
b0 bc d hc d 2=
Checking for Beam Shear
Vu1 ϕVc1
Vu2 ϕVc2
where
Vu1 Vu2 = beam shears
Vc1 Vc2 = beam shear strength
Beam shears
Vu1 qu B
L
2
hc
2
d
=
Vu2 qu L
B
2
bc
2
d
=
Beam shear strength
Vc1 0.166 f'c B d=
Vc2 0.166 f'c L d=
C. Determination of Steel Area
Page 101
103. Steel re-bars in long direction
Required strength
q1 qu B= L1
L
2
hc
2
=
Mu1
q1 L1
2
2
=
Design section: rectangular singly reinforced beam of B d
Steel re-bars in short direction
Required strength
q2 qu L= L2
B
2
bc
2
=
Mu2
q2 L2
2
2
=
Design section: rectangular singly reinforced beam of L d
Example 15.1
Required strength PD 484.71kN
PL 228.56kN
PL
PD PL
0.32
Mu 5.03kN m
Dimension of column stub bc 350mm hc 350mm
Depth of foundation H 2.0m
Allowable bearing capacity of soil qa 178.33
kN
m
2
3
2.5
213.996
kN
m
2
Materials f'c 25MPa
fy 390MPa
Page 102
104. Solution
Determination of Dimension of Footing
Effective bearing capacity of soil
qe qa 20
kN
m
3
H 173.996
kN
m
2
Required area of footing
Areq
PD PL
qe
4.099 m
2
Footing proportion k
B
L
= k
2
2.1
L
Areq
k
2.075 m B k L 1.976 m
L Ceil L 50mm( ) 2.1m B Ceil B 50mm( ) 2 m
B
L
2
2.1
m
Design bearing capacity of soil
qu qa
1.2 PD 1.6 PL
PD PL
284.224
kN
m
2
Checking for maximum stress of soil
Pu 1.2 PD B L H 20
kN
m
3
1.6 PL 1148.948 kN
e
Mu
Pu
4.378 mm
qmax
Pu
B L
1
6 e
L
e
L
6
if
4Pu
3 B L 2 e( )
otherwise
qmax 276.981
kN
m
2
qmax
qu
0.975
Soil "is safe" qmax quif
"is not safe" otherwise
Soil "is safe"
Page 103
105. Determination of depth of footing
Punching shear
A0 d( ) bc d hc d A B L
Vu d( ) qu A A0 d( ) Vu 320mm( ) 1066.154 kN
Punching shear strength
b0 d( ) bc d hc d 2
ϕ 0.75
ϕVc d( ) ϕ 0.332 MPa
f'c
MPa
b0 d( ) d ϕVc 320mm( ) 1067.712 kN
Beam shears
Vu1 d( ) qu B
L
2
hc
2
d
Vu1 300mm( ) 326.858 kN
Vu2 d( ) qu L
B
2
bc
2
d
Vu2 300mm( ) 313.357 kN
Beam shear strength
ϕVc1 d( ) ϕ 0.166 MPa
f'c
MPa
B d ϕVc1 300mm( ) 373.5 kN
ϕVc2 d( ) ϕ 0.166 MPa
f'c
MPa
L d ϕVc2 300mm( ) 392.175 kN
c 50mm 20mm
20mm
2
80 mm
dmin 150mm c 70 mm
d d dmin
d d 50mm
Vu d( ) ϕVc d( ) Vu1 d( ) ϕVc1 d( ) Vu2 d( ) ϕVc2 d( ) while
d
d 320 mm h d c 400 mm
Page 104
106. Steel reinforcements
ρshrinkage 0.0020return( ) fy 50ksiif
0.0018return( ) fy 60ksiif
max 0.0018
60ksi
fy
0.0014
return
otherwise
ρshrinkage 0.0018
Re-bars in long direction
b B Ln
L
2
hc
2
0.875 m wu qu b
Mu
wu Ln
2
2
217.609 kN m Mn
Mu
0.9
Mu
b
108.805
kN m
1m
R
Mn
b d
2
1.181 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
0.00312
As max ρ b d ρshrinkage b h 19.944 cm
2
s 150mm D 14mm n floor
b 75mm 2 D
s
1 13
n
π D
2
4
20.012 cm
2
Re-bars in short direction
b L Ln
B
2
bc
2
0.825 m wu qu b
Mu
wu Ln
2
2
203.123 kN m Mn
Mu
0.9
Mu
b
96.725
kN m
1m
R
Mn
b d
2
1.05 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
0.00276
As max ρ b d ρshrinkage b h 18.554 cm
2
s 160mm D 14mm n floor
b 75mm 2 D
s
1 13
n
π D
2
4
20.012 cm
2
Page 105
107. 16. Design of Pile Caps
1. Determination of Pile Cap
Number of required piles
n
PD PL
Qe
=
where
PD PL = dead and live loads on pile cap
Qe = effective bearing capacity of pile
Qe Qa 20
kN
m
3
3 D( )
2
H=
20
kN
m
3
= average density of soil and concrete
D = pile size
H = depth of foundation
Distance between piles = 2 D 4 D
Distance from face of pile to face of pile cap =
D
2
200mm
Checking for pile reaction
R
i
P
n
M
y
x
i
1
n
k
x
k
2
M
x
y
i
1
n
k
y
k
2
Qu=
where
P = load on pile cap
Mx My = moments on pile cap
Qu = design bearing capacity of pile
Qu Qa
1.2 PD 1.6 PL
PD PL
=
Page 106
108. 2. Depth of Pile Cap
Case of punching
Vu ϕ Vc
where
Vu = punching shear
Vu Routside= Qu noutside=
Vc = punching shear strength
Vc 0.332 f'c b0 d=
b0 bc d hc d 2=
Case of beam shear
Vu1 ϕVc1
Vu2 ϕVc2
where
Vu1 Vu2 = beam shears
Vc1 Vc2 = beam shear strength
Vu1 max Rleft Rright
=
Vu2 max Rbottom Rtop
=
Vc1 0.166 f'c B d=
Vc2 0.166 f'c L d=
Page 107
109. 3. Determination of Steel Reinforcements
In long direction
Required moment: Mu1 max Rleft xleft
hc
2
Rright xright
hc
2
=
Design section: Rectangular singly reinforced of B d
In short direction
Required moment: Mu2 max Rbottom xbottom
bc
2
Rtop xtop
bc
2
=
Design section: Rectangular singly reinforced of L d
Example 16.1
Pile size D 300mm Lp 9m
Allowable bearing capacity of pile Qa 351.5kN
Loads on pile cap PD 1769.88kN PL 417.11kN
My 33.92kN m Mx 56.82kN m
Depth of foundation H 1.5m
Column stub bc 350mm hc 500mm
Materials f'c 25MPa
fy 390MPa
Diameters of main bar
D1
D2
16mm
16mm
Concrete cover c 75mm
Depth of concrete crack hshrinkage 200mm
Diameter of shrinkage rebar Dshrinkage 12mm
Solution
Design of pile
Required strength of pile concrete
Page 108
110. Ag D D
f'c.pile
Qa
1
4
Ag
15.622 MPa Use f'c.pile 20MPa
Steel re-bars
Ast 0.005 Ag 4.5 cm
2
4
π 16mm( )
2
4
8.042 cm
2
Dimension of pile cap
Effective bearing capacity of pile
Qe Qa 20
kN
m
3
3 D( )
2
H 327.2 kN
Number of piles
n
PD PL
Qe
6.684
Required number of piles ceil n( ) 7
Location of pile
X
1 m
0
1m
0.5 m
0.5m
1 m
0
1m
Y
0.8m
0.8m
0.8m
0
0
0.8 m
0.8 m
0.8 m
Number of piles n rows X( ) n 8
Dimension of pile cap
B max Y( ) min Y( ) min
D
2
200mm
D
2
2 B 2.2m
L max X( ) min X( ) min
D
2
200mm
D
2
2 L 2.6m
Checking for pile reactions
Page 109
111. Qu Qa
1.2 PD 1.6 PL
PD PL
448.616 kN
P0 20
kN
m
3
H B L 171.6 kN
Pu 1.2 PD P0 1.6 PL 2997.152 kN
i 1 n ORIGIN 1
Rui
Pu
n
My X
i
1
n
k
X
k
2
Mx Y
i
1
n
k
Y
k
2
Ru
Qu
0.845
0.861
0.878
0.827
0.844
0.792
0.809
0.826
Xcap
1
1
1
1
1
L
2
Ycap
1
1
1
1
1
B
2
i 1 n
Xpile
i
X
i
1
1
1
1
1
D
2
Ypile
i
Y
i
1
1
1
1
1
D
2
2 1 0 1 2
2
1
1
2
Ycap
Ypile
Y
Xcap Xpile X
Page 110
112. Determination of Depth of Pile Cap
Punching shear
Outside d( ) X
hc
2
d
2
Y
bc
2
d
2
Vu d( ) Ru Outside d( ) Vu 700mm( ) 2247.864 kN
Punching shear strength
ϕ 0.75
b0 d( ) hc d bc d 2
ϕVc d( ) ϕ 0.332 MPa
f'c
MPa
b0 d( ) d ϕVc 700mm( ) 3921.75 kN
Beam shears
Left d( ) X
hc
2
d
Right d( ) X
hc
2
d
Bottom d( ) Y
bc
2
d
Top d( ) Y
bc
2
d
Vu1 d( ) max Ru Left d( ) Ru Right d( ) Vu1 700mm( ) 764.364 kN
Vu2 d( ) max Ru Bottom d( ) Ru Top d( ) Vu2 700mm( ) 0 N
Beam shear strength
ϕVc1 d( ) ϕ 0.166 MPa
f'c
MPa
B d ϕVc1 700mm( ) 958.65 kN
ϕVc2 d( ) ϕ 0.166 MPa
f'c
MPa
L d ϕVc2 700mm( ) 1132.95 kN
Depth of pile cap
Cover c D1
D2
2
99 mm
d d 300mm Cover
d d 50mm
Vu d( ) ϕVc d( ) Vu1 d( ) ϕVc1 d( ) Vu2 d( ) ϕVc2 d( ) while
d
d 651 mm h d Cover 750 mm
Page 111
113. Steel Reinforcements
ρshrinkage 0.0020return( ) fy 50ksiif
0.0018return( ) fy 60ksiif
max 0.0018
60ksi
fy
0.0014
return
otherwise
In long direction
b B
Mu1 Left 0( ) Ru
hc
2
X
643.378 kN m
Mu2 Right 0( ) Ru X
hc
2
667.876 kN m
Mu max Mu1 Mu2 667.876 kN m Mn
Mu
0.9
R
Mn
b d
2
0.796 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
0.00208
As max ρ b d ρshrinkage b h As 29.797 cm
2
As1
π D1
2
4
n1 ceil
As
As1
15
s1 Floor
b c
D1
2
2
n1 1
5mm
145 mm
In short direction
b L
Mu1 Bottom 0( ) Ru
bc
2
Y
680.262 kN m
Mu2 Top 0( ) Ru Y
bc
2
724.653 kN m
Mu max Mu1 Mu2 724.653 kN m Mn
Mu
0.9
Page 112
114. R
Mn
b d
2
0.731 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
0.00191
As max ρ b d ρshrinkage b h As 35.1 cm
2
As2
π D2
2
4
n2 ceil
As
As2
18
s2 Floor
b c
D2
2
2
n2 1
5mm
140 mm
Shrinkage reinforcement
b 1m hshrinkage h hshrinkage 0=if
hshrinkage otherwise
As ρshrinkage b hshrinkage 3.6 cm
2
As0
π Dshrinkage
2
4
n
As
As0
sshrinkage Floor
b
n
5mm
310 mm
Table
L c
D1
2
2
m
B c
D2
2
2
m
"N/A"
D1
mm
D2
mm
Dshrinkage
mm
n1
n2
"N/A"
s1
mm
s2
mm
sshrinkage
mm
Page 113
115. Dimension of pile cap B= 2.20 m
L= 2.60 m
Depth of pile cap h= 750 mm
Direction Length (mm) Dia. (mm) NOS Spacing (mm)
Long 2.43 16 15 145
Short 2.03 16 18 140
Top N/A 12 N/A 310
Page 114
116. 17. Slab Design
A. Design of One-Way Slabs
La = length of short side
Lb = length of long side
La
Lb
0.5 : the slab in one-way
La
Lb
0.5 : the slab is two-way
Thickness of one-way slab
Simply supported
Ln
20
One end continuous
Ln
24
Both ends continuous
Ln
28
Cantilever
Ln
10
Analysis of one-way slab
Design scheme: continuous beam
Determination of bending moments: using ACI moment coefficients
Design of one-way slab
Design section: rectangular section of 1m x h
Type section: singly reinforced beam
Page 115
117. Example 17.1
Span of slab Ln 2m 20cm 1.8m
Live load LL 12
kN
m
2
Materials f'c 20MPa
fy 390MPa
Solution
Thickness of one-way slab
tmin
Ln
28
64.286 mm
Use t 100mm
Loads on slab
Cover 50mm 22
kN
m
3
1.1
kN
m
2
Slab t 25
kN
m
3
2.5
kN
m
2
Ceiling 0.40
kN
m
2
Mechanical 0.20
kN
m
2
Partition 1.00
kN
m
2
DL Cover Slab Ceiling Mechanical Partition 5.2
kN
m
2
wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 25.44
kN
m
2
Bending moments
Msupport
1
11
wu Ln
2
7.493
kN m
1m
Mmidspan
1
16
wu Ln
2
5.152
kN m
1m
Steel reinforcements
Page 116
118. β1 0.65 max 0.85 0.05
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa
min 0.85
0.85
εu 0.003
ρmax 0.85 β1
f'c
fy
εu
εu 0.005
0.014
ρmin max
0.249MPa
f'c
MPa
fy
1.379MPa
fy
0.00354
ρshrinkage 0.0020return( ) fy 50ksiif
0.0018return( ) fy 60ksiif
max 0.0018
60ksi
fy
0.0014
return
otherwise
ρshrinkage 0.0018
Top rebars
b 1m d t 20mm
10mm
2
75 mm
Mu Msupport b 7.493 kN m
Mn
Mu
0.9
8.326 kN m
R
Mn
b d
2
1.48 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
0.004 ρ ρmax 1
As max ρ b d ρshrinkage b t 2.982 cm
2
As0
π 10mm( )
2
4
n
As
As0
smax min 3 t 450mm( )
s min Floor
b
n
10mm
smax
260 mm
Bottom rebars
Mu Mmidspan b 5.152 kN m
Mn
Mu
0.9
5.724 kN m
Page 117
119. R
Mn
b d
2
1.018 MPa
ρ 0.85
f'c
fy
1 1 2
R
0.85 f'c
0.003 ρ ρmax 1
As max ρ b d ρshrinkage b t 2.019 cm
2
As0
π 10mm( )
2
4
n
As
As0
smax min 3 t 450mm( )
s min Floor
b
n
10mm
smax
300 mm
Link rebars
As ρshrinkage b t 1.8 cm
2
As0
π 10mm( )
2
4
n
As
As0
smax min 5 t 450mm( )
s min Floor
b
n
10mm
smax
430 mm
B. Design of Two-Way Slabs
Design methods:
- Load distribution method
- Moment coefficient method
- Direct design method (DDM)
- Equivalent frame method
- Strip method
- Yield line method
Page 118
120. (1) Load Distribution Method
Principle: Equality of deflection in short and long directions
fa fb=
αa
wa La
4
EI
αb
wb Lb
4
EI
=
Case αa αb=
wa
wb
Lb
4
La
4
=
1
λ
4
= λ
La
Lb
=
wa wb wu=
From which, wa wu
1
1 λ
4
=
wb wu
λ
4
1 λ
4
=
For λ 1
1
1 λ
4
0.5
λ
4
1 λ
4
0.5
For λ 0.8
1
1 λ
4
0.709
λ
4
1 λ
4
0.291
For λ 0.6
1
1 λ
4
0.885
λ
4
1 λ
4
0.115
For λ 0.5
1
1 λ
4
0.941
λ
4
1 λ
4
0.059
For λ 0.4
1
1 λ
4
0.975
λ
4
1 λ
4
0.025
Page 119
121. Example 17.2
Slab dimension La 4.3m
Lb 5.5m
Live load LL 2.00
kN
m
2
Materials f'c 20MPa
fy 390MPa
Solution
Thickness of two-way slab
Perimeter La Lb 2
tmin
Perimeter
180
108.889 mm
t
1
30
1
50
La 143.333 86( ) mm
Use t 120mm
Loads on slab
SDL 50mm 22
kN
m
3
0.40
kN
m
2
1.00
kN
m
2
2.5
kN
m
2
DL SDL t 25
kN
m
3
5.5
kN
m
2
LL 2
kN
m
2
wu 1.2 DL 1.6 LL 9.8
kN
m
2
Load distribution
λ
La
Lb
0.782
wa
1
1 λ
4
wu 7.134
kN
m
2
wb
λ
4
1 λ
4
wu 2.666
kN
m
2
Page 120